A Lyapunov-based three-axis attitude intelligent control approach for unmanned aerial vehicle

A novel Lyapunov-based three-axis attitude intelligent control approach via allocation scheme is considered in the proposed research to deal with kinematics and dynamics regarding the unmanned aerial vehicle systems.There is a consensus among experts of this field that the new outcomes in the present complicated systems modeling and control are highly appreciated with respect to state-of-the-art.The control scheme presented here is organized in line with a new integration of the linear-nonlinear control approaches,as long as the angular velocities in the three axes of the system are accurately dealt with in the inner closed loop control.And the corresponding rotation angles are dealt with in the outer closed loop control.It should be noted that the linear control in the present outer loop is first designed through proportional based linear quadratic regulator(PD based LQR) approach under optimum coefficients,while the nonlinear control in the corresponding inner loop is then realized through Lyapunov-based approach in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances.In order to complete the inner closed loop control,there is a pulse-width pulse-frequency(PWPF) modulator to be able to handle on-off thrusters.Furthermore,the number of these on-off thrusters may be increased with respect to the investigated control efforts to provide the overall accurate performance of the system,where the control allocation scheme is realized in the proposed strategy.It may be shown that the dynamics and kinematics of the unmanned aerial vehicle systems have to be investigated through the quaternion matrix and its corresponding vector to avoid presenting singularity of the results.At the end,the investigated outcomes are presented in comparison with a number of potential benchmarks to verify the approach performance.

Control Approaches to Soil Pollution from Heavy Metals

With the continuous development of human society and economy and the continuous progress of industrial technology,more and more pollutants are discharged into the natural environment,and soil environment is also affected at the same time. Among pollutants leading to soil pollution,heavy metals have resulted in most serious soil pollution. Here,many control and restoration approaches to soil pollution from heavy metals are proposed,and characteristics and applicable conditions of various methods are compared,so as to provide theoretical references for the control and restoration of soil pollution from heavy metals in future.

Application of hybrid robust three-axis attitude control approach to overactuated spacecraft——A quaternion based model

A novel hybrid robust three-axis attitude control approach, namely HRTAC, is considered along with the well-known developments in the area of space systems, since there is a consensus among the related experts that the new insights may be taken into account as decision points to outperform the available materials. It is to note that the traditional control approaches may generally be upgraded, as long as a number of modifications are made with respect to state-of-the-art, in order to propose high-precision outcomes. Regarding the investigated issues, the robust sliding mode finite-time control approach is first designed to handle three-axis angular rates in the inner control loop, which consists of the pulse width pulse frequency modulations in line with the control allocation scheme and the system dynamics. The main subject to employ these modulations that is realizing in association with the control allocation scheme is to be able to handle a class of overactuated systems, in particular. The proportional derivative based linear quadratic regulator approach is then designed to handle three-axis rotational angles in the outer control loop, which consists of the system kinematics that is correspondingly concentrated to deal with the quaternion based model. The utilization of the linear and its nonlinear terms, simultaneously, are taken into real consideration as the research motivation, while the performance results are of the significance as the improved version in comparison with the recent investigated outcomes. Subsequently, there is a stability analysis to verify and guarantee the closed loop system performance in coping with the whole of nominal referenced commands. At the end, the effectiveness of the approach considered here is highlighted in line with a number of potential recent benchmarks.

Monte-Carlo based cascade control approach with focus on real overactuated space systems

The present research relies on a cascade control approach through the Monte-Carlo based method in the presence of uncertainties to evaluate the performance of the real overactuated space systems.A number of potential investigations in this area are first considered to prepare an idea with respect to state-of-the-art.The insight proposed here is organized to present attitude cascade control approach including the low thrust in connection with the high thrust to be implemented,while the aforementioned Monte-Carlo based method is carried out to guarantee the approach performance.It is noted that the investigated outcomes are efficient to handle a class of space systems presented via the center of mass and the moments of inertial.And also a number of profiles for the thrust vector and the misalignments as the disturbances all vary in its span of nominal variations.The acquired results are finally analyzed in line with some well-known benchmarks to verify the approach efficiency.The key core of finding in the research is to propose a novel 3-axis control approach to deal with all the mentioned uncertainties of space systems under control,in a synchronous manner,as long as the appropriate models in the low-high thrusts are realized.

Sex determination mechanisms and sex control approaches in aquaculture animals

Aquaculture is one of the most efficient modes of animal protein production and plays an important role in global food security.Aquaculture animals exhibit extraordinarily diverse sexual phenotypes and underlying mechanisms,providing an ideal system to perform sex determination research,one of the important areas in life science.Moreover,sex is also one of the most valuable traits because sexual dimorphism in growth,size,and other economic characteristics commonly exist in aquaculture animals.Here,we synthesize current knowledge of sex determination mechanisms,sex chromosome evolution,reproduction strategies,and sexual dimorphism,and also review several approaches for sex control in aquaculture animals,including artificial gynogenesis,application of sex-specific or sex chromosome-linked markers,artificial sex reversal,as well as gene editing.We anticipate that better understanding of sex determination mechanisms and innovation of sex control approaches will facilitate sustainable development of aquaculture.

Design of robust fuzzy controller for ship course-tracking based on RBF network and backstepping approach

This study presents an adaptive fuzzy neural network (FNN) control system for the ship steering autopilot. For the Norrbin ship steering mathematical model with the nonlinear and uncertain dynamic characteristics, an adaptive FNN control system is designed to achieve high-precision track control via the backstepping approach. In the adaptive FNN control system, a FNN backstepping controller is a principal controller which includes a FNN estimator used to estimate the uncertainties, and a robust controller is designed to compensate the shortcoming of the FNN backstepping controller. All adaptive learning algorithms in the adaptive FNN control system are derived from the sense of Lyapunov stability analysis, so that system-tracking stability can be guaranteed in the closed-loop system. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive FNN control system is verified by simulation results.

Design approaches for active,semi-active and passive control systems based on analysis of characteristics of active control force

In this paper, the characteristics of forces in active control systems connected to adjacent levels of a building are analyzed. The following characteristics are observed： （1） active control can provide significantly superior supplemental damping to a building, but causes a small frequency shift; （2） the linear quadratic regulator （LQR）-based control force is composed of an elastic restoring force component and a damping force component, where the damping force is almost identical to the total control force, however, the elastic restoring force is very small; and （3） the active control forces prevent mction most of the time during the entire control process. These three characteristics imply that active control systems connected to adjacent levels of a building behave like passive damping devices with adjustable parameters, namely damping characteristics in an active control, which is the mechanism used by semi-active control devices to reach similar performance as active control systems. Two indices are defined to quantify the damping characteristics of control forces in active control systems. These two indices can also be used to quantify the capacity of semi-active control to achieve the perfonrlance of active control. Based on the above observations, two principles are founded for optimization of parameters of semi-active control devices and passive dampers. The first is that the maximum output force of a semi-active or passive device to be designed is identical to an active device, called ＂design principle＂. The other is the response equivalent principle, which states that the response of a building with semi-active or passive devices is the same as with active devices when the same maximum output force is applied. The design procedure for semi-active control devices and passive dampers is described in detail. Finally, numerical simulations of two benchmark problems is conducted to demonstrate the damping characteristics of active control and investigate the capacity of semi-active control to achieve the same performance as active control.

A New Design of Robust H∞Load-Frequency Controller for Optimal Coordination of Energy Generation in Power System Stability Using LMI Approach

This paper presents the problem of robust H∞?load frequency controller design and robust H￥ based approach called advanced frequency control (AFC). The objective is to split the task of balancing frequency deviations introduced by renewable energy source (RES) and load variations according to the capabilities of storage and generators. The problem we address is to design an output feedback controller such that, all admissible parameter uncertainties, the closed-loop system satisfies not only the prespecified H∞? norm constraint on the transfer function from the disturbance input to the system output. The conventional generators mainly balance the low-frequency components and load variations while the energy storage devices compensate the high- frequency components. In order to enable the controller design for storage devices located at buses with no generators, a model for the frequency at such a bus is developed. Then, AEC controllers are synthesized through decentralized static output feedback to reduce the complexity. The conditions for the existence of desired controllers are derived in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) algorithm is improved. From the simulation results, the system responses with the proposed controller are the best transient responses.

Semi-tensor product approach to controllability and stabilizability of finite automata

Using semi-tensor product of matrices, the controllability and stabilizability of finite automata are investigated. By expressing the states, inputs, and outputs in vector forms, the transition and output functions are represented in matrix forms.Based on this algebraic description, a necessary and sufficient condition is proposed for checking whether a state is controllable to another one. By this condition, an algorithm is established to find all the control sequences of an arbitrary length. Moreover, the stabilizability of finite automata is considered, and a necessary and sufficient condition is presented to examine whether some states can be stabilized. Finally, the study of illustrative examples verifies the correctness of the presented results/algorithms.

Feedback iterative learning control for time-delay systems based on 2D analysis approach

This paper deals with the iterative learning control （ILC） design for multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO）,time-delay systems （TDS）.Two feedback ILC schemes are considered using the so-called two-dimensional （2D） analysis approach.It shows that continuous-discrete 2D Roesser systems can be developed to describe the entire learning dynamics of both ILC schemes,based on which necessary and sufficient conditions for their stability can be provided.A numerical example is included to validate the theoretical analysis.

Quality Control Approaches for Chinese Herbal Medicines

The current official quality control approaches meet the challenges from the complexity of herbal medicines.In fact,any herbal medicines containing numerous unknown components,its curative effect usually depends on the whole of herbal medicines,so it is impossible and unnecessary to qualitatively and quantitatively study every component.By investigating the limitations of current quality control approaches for herbal medicines and the difference and similarity in the chemical substantial style as well as quality control pattern of herbal medicines,a new quality control approach for Chinese herbal medicines should be explored and designed.The combination approach of chemical analysis with bioassay is promising to be developed and employed in order to ensure the safety and efficacy of Chinese herbal medicines.

A New Approach to Intelligent Model Based Predictive Control Scheme

This paper describes a new approach to intelligent model based predictive control scheme for deriving a complex system. In the control scheme presented, the main problem of the linear model based predictive control theory in dealing with severe nonlinear and time variant systems is thoroughly solved. In fact, this theory could appropriately be improved to a perfect approach for handling all complex systems, provided that they are firstly taken into consideration in line with the outcomes presented. This control scheme is organized based on a multi-fuzzy-based predictive control approach as well as a multi-fuzzy-based predictive model approach, while an intelligent decision mechanism system (IDMS) is used to identify the best fuzzy-based predictive model approach and the corresponding fuzzy-based predictive control approach, at each instant of time. In order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control scheme, the single linear model based generalized predictive control scheme is used as a benchmark approach. At last, the appropriate tracking performance of the proposed control scheme is easily outperformed in comparison with previous one.

Parametric approach to track following control of FFSM

A robust task space tracking scheme is proposed for the free-flying space manipulator system. The dynamic equations of the system are derived via the law of momentum conservation, and then a linear state space representation is formulated by local linearization. A parametric approach is applied by using the eigenstructure assignment theory and the model reference method. A feedback stabilizing controller and a feedforward compensation controller are built based on the approach. Then an optimization procedure is followed after that to obtain the desired requirement and characteristics. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Application of Conjugate Gradient Approach for Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem with Model-Reality Differences

In this paper, an efficient computational algorithm is proposed to solve the nonlinear optimal control problem. In our approach, the linear quadratic optimal control model, which is adding the adjusted parameters into the model used, is employed. The aim of applying this model is to take into account the differences between the real plant and the model used during the calculation procedure. In doing so, an expanded optimal control problem is introduced such that system optimization and parameter estimation are mutually interactive. Accordingly, the optimality conditions are derived after the Hamiltonian function is defined. Specifically, the modified model-based optimal control problem is resulted. Here, the conjugate gradient approach is used to solve the modified model-based optimal control problem, where the optimal solution of the model used is calculated repeatedly, in turn, to update the adjusted parameters on each iteration step. When the convergence is achieved, the iterative solution approaches to the correct solution of the original optimal control problem, in spite of model-reality differences. For illustration, an economic growth problem is solved by using the algorithm proposed. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm proposed. In conclusion, the applicability of the algorithm proposed is highly recommended.

Optimal control system of the intermittent bus-only approach

To guarantee bus priority with a minimum impact on car traffic at intersections, an optimal control system of the intermittent bus-only approach （IBA） was proposed. The problems of the existing system are first solved through optimization： the judgment time of the IBA system was advanced to allow a bus to jump car queues if the bus was detected to arrive at the intersection, and the instant that the IBA lane became available to cars was controlled dynamically to increase the capacity of the IBA lane. The total car delay in one cycle was then analyzed quantitatively when implementing the optimal control system. The results show that in comparison with the existing system of the IBA, the car delay is greatly reduced and the probability of a car stopping twice is low after optimizing the IBA system.

A Gauss-Newton Approach for Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem with Model-Reality Differences

Output measurement for nonlinear optimal control problems is an interesting issue. Because the structure of the real plant is complex, the output channel could give a significant response corresponding to the real plant. In this paper, a least squares scheme, which is based on the Gauss-Newton algorithm, is proposed. The aim is to approximate the output that is measured from the real plant. In doing so, an appropriate output measurement from the model used is suggested. During the computation procedure, the control trajectory is updated iteratively by using the Gauss-Newton recursion scheme. Consequently, the output residual between the original output and the suggested output is minimized. Here, the linear model-based optimal control model is considered, so as the optimal control law is constructed. By feed backing the updated control trajectory into the dynamic system, the iterative solution of the model used could approximate to the correct optimal solution of the original optimal control problem, in spite of model-reality differences. For illustration, current converted and isothermal reaction rector problems are studied and the results are demonstrated. In conclusion, the efficiency of the approach proposed is highly presented.

Robust parametric approach for tracking control of an air-breathing hypersonic cruise vehicle

To realize the stabilization and the tracking of flight control for an air-breathing hypersonic cruise vehicle, the linearization of the longitudinal model under trimmed cruise condition is processed firstly. Furthermore, the flight control problem is formulated as a robust model tracking control problem. And then, based on the robust parametric approach, eigenstructure assignment and reference model tracking theory, a parametric optimization method for robust controller design is presented. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Epidemic Regularity and Control Effect of Huanglongbing (HLB) in Different Management Approaches

In order to reveal the epidemic regularity of Huanglongbing （HLB） in different management approaches, different citrus production areas were selected between 2002 and 2012 to compare epidemic regularity of different types and control effects of different management approaches with plant incidence rate. All survey data in 11 years were used to build a mathematical model, and epidemic evolution and control effects were quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that diffusion and prevalence of HLB generally increased linearly. In naturally growing citrus orchards without artificial control, the annual diseased plant rate was 11.11%, and the epidemic diffusion model was y1 = 12. 24x - 1.382 8 （ n =9, r =0. 976 9 ＊ ＊ ）. Under general prevention and control conditions, the annual diseased plant rate was 4.69%, the epidemic diffusion model was Y2 = 5. 449 8x - 1.603 5 （ n = 11, r =0. 974 9 ＊ ＊ ）, and the control effect was 43.93% （22.93% - 55.04% ）. In citrus orchards with integrated prevention and control, the epidemic diffusion model was Y3 = 0. 366 3x - 0. 342 2 （ n = 11, r = 0. 989 8 ＊ ＊ ）, the control effect was 96.15% （94.95% -97.40% ）, and the annual diseased plant rate was 0.31%. Thus, HLB is preventable and controllable as long as integrated prevention and control work is implemented well.

Robust H_∞ Control of Uncertain Linear Systems with Multiple State Delays—LMI Approach

This paper deals with the problem of robust H∞ control for uncertain systems with multiple state delays. The parameter uncertainties are unknown but norm - bounded. An LMI based method is developed for robust H∞ stabilization for a class of uncertain systems with multiple state delays via linear memoryless state feedback control. The resuits depend on the size of the delays and are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities, so they are less con. servative than those of delay - independent.

基于分数阶滑模控制的无人机轨迹跟踪控制器设计

四旋翼无人机在农业、工业和国防等领域广泛应用,但其复杂的系统特性和对扰动的敏感性使得控制变得困难。首先,考虑分数阶方法具有良好的鲁棒性以及调节灵活性的优点,将整数阶积分滑模面和改进的分数阶指数趋近律相结合,设计出了一种新的分数阶积分滑模控制器。然后,将所设计的分数阶积分滑模控制器应用于四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪控制问题。仿真结果表明,所提控制器作用下的四旋翼无人机进行轨迹跟踪时响应速度快、无超调,且对外界干扰具有较强的鲁棒性。