Research on the Control Effects of Several Insecticides on Wheat Aphids

[Objective] The aim was to determine control effects of the 6 insecticides and recommended the optimal doses. [Method] In 2014, the control effects of sophocarpidine, pymetrozine, beta-cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and chlor- pyrifos on wheat aphids were tested, and every pesticide was designed with three doses in Shou County, Anhui Province, to explore the significance of differences on control effects. [Result] The results showed that the control effects of the 6 insecti- cides were satisfied, and the insecticides were safe on wheat. [Conclusion] During initial diseasing stage of aphid, it is recommended to use sophocarpidine soluble concentrate （1.5%）, pymetrozine water dispersible granule （50%）, imidacloprid wet- table powder （25%）, and acetamiprid wettable powder （5%）, and chlorpyrifos missi- ble oil （40%）, cypermethrin missible oil （4.5%） and imidacloprid wettable powder （25%） can be applied in peak-diseasing stage.

Control Effects of Bacillus subtilis DJ-6 and Pyraclostrobin Alone and in Combination Against Fusarium oxysporum

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen a synergistic biological fungicide complex to control Fusarium wilt, reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [Method] The inhibitory effects of Bacil us subtilis DJ-6 and pyraclostrobin alone or in combination at five ratios against Fusarium oxysporum were detected by mea-suring mycelium growth rate in laboratory tests. The growth promotion and disease control effect of combined or single use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilutions were detected in field trials. [Result] The EC50 values of combined use of B. subtilis DJ-6 and pyra-clostrobin at ratios of 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3, 1∶4 and 1∶5 against F. oxysporum were 5.311 5, 4.008 6, 3.570 6, 3.350 9 and 3.218 9 μg/ml, with the synergistic ratios （SR） of 2.28, 1.77, 1.53, 1.64, 1.11, among which the synergetic effect at 1∶1 was the best. The fungicidal activity of pyraclostrobin was greater than that of B. subtilis DJ-6 in laboratory tests. Field trials revealed that al the 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilu-tions of 20% pyraclostrobin·2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combination, 1∶1 000 dilution of 1 ×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP and 1∶2 000 dilution of 250 g/L pyra-clostrobin EC promoted the growth of strawberry by increasing plant height, leaf petiole, leaf blade area and stem diameter. Among them, the treatments with 1∶1 000 and 1∶2 000 of 20% pyraclostrobin · 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combina-tion had better effects than other treatments. The control effects of al the treat-ments were measured 30 and 80 d after fungicide application. The control effects of 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combina-tion were up to 100% and 93.11%, which were higher than those in al other treat-ments. The second highest control effects were found in the treatment with 1∶ 2 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination, they were 92.49% and 86.49%, higher than those in other treatments except the 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination. The control effects of 1∶3 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination were 82.61% and 72.42%, higher than those in treatment with 1∶1 000 dilution of 1×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP, but lower than those in treat-ment with 1∶2 000 dilution of 25% pyraclostrobin EC. [Conclusion] Al the results re-vealed that the combination use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000 to 1∶2 000 dilution had better control effect against strawberry Fusarium wilt.

A Message-array-based Mechanism for Tracking Control Effects in Supervisory Control Software

Supervisory control is a very popular paradigm for computer-controlled systems. Knowledge and tracking the control effect of every control operation is crucial to the control tasks. In the paper, we present a message-array-based mechanism to track control effects in supervisory control software. A novel data type, message array, is designed to efficiently support this tracking mechanism. The operation algorithms, adding algorithm （AA）, removing algorithm （RA）, and scheduler algorithm （SA） are proposed to operate the tracking messages in message array, which forms the special first input X output （FIXO） strategy of message array. Automatically tracking, recording, and rolling back are the characteristics of our tracking mechanism. We implement this messagearray-based mechanism on the famous human machine interface （HMI） software platform-proficy iFix, and construct experiments to evaluate the performance of the mechanism in various cases. The results show our mechanism can be well satisfied with supervisory control software.

Control Effects of Jinggangmycin and Its Compounded Reagents against Rice Sheath Blight

The control effects of six kinds of reagents against rice sheath blight were compared in the test. The results showed that 24% thifluzamide SC 300 mL/hm2 and 20% Jinggangmycin ~ prochloraz WP 750 g/hm2 had good control effect against rice sheath blight, and their control effects after spraying for 7 and 14 d were 72.16%, 77.91% and 66.52%, 71.08%, respectively. The control effects of both reagents were significantly better than other test reagents and control re- agent Jinggangmycin, and they had no adverse effect on growth and development of rice. Considering from the aspects of control effect and economy, 20% Jinggang- mycin ~ prochloraz WP was suggested to be used to control rice sheath blight, its recommended dosage was 600 -750 g/hm2, and the reagent volume was 750kg with coarse spraying.

Control Effects of 9 Fungicides on Citrus Canker

In order to screen out effective fungicides for controlling citrus canker,the control effects of 9 fungicides on Jinhong bingtang orange canker were studied.The results showed that 77%cupric calcium sulfate WP,30%copper oxychloride SC,46%copper hydroxide WG,30%thiodiazole-copper SC and 40%zinc thiazole SC had better comprehensive control effect on citrus canker,6%benziothiazolinone WG had an average effect,3%zhongshengmycin AS,2%kasugamycin AS and 33.5%oxine-copper SC had poor control effect.Therefore,fungicides could be used alternately or choose compounded preparation.In addition,adjuvants could be considered in use,which was an effective way to enhance efficacy,reduced dosage and delayed pesticide resistance.

Control Effects of Mixture of Metamifop and Cyhalofop-butyl on Annual Weeds Barnyard Grass in Direct-seeding Paddy Field

In order to explore the control effects of 10% metamifop EC and 20%cyhalofop-butyl OD on barnyard grass(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) as well as their safety to rice in rice direct-seeding paddy field, field efficacy experiments were carried out in Taoyuan County and Hanshou County of Hunan Province. The results showed that the control effect of different pesticide treatments on barnyard grass was good, and the control effect reached more than 93%. Of which, 10% metamifop EC 2 250 mL/hm^(2)+20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 500 mL/hm^(2)had the best control effect,exceeding 99% and each treatment had no significantly ponisonous to rice. However,considering cost-saving and effect-increasing, it was recommended to use 10%metamifop EC 1 050 mL/hm^(2)mixed with 20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 050 mL/hm^(2)for the control of barnyard grass, which not only had the effect of controlling barnyard grass, but also was safety to rice.

Evaluation of Control Effects against Sugarcane Pests：A New Sustained-release and Long-lasting Pesticide and Convenient and Efficient Pesticide Application Technology

[Objective]The paper was to screen a new ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxic pesticide and convenient and efficient pesticide application technology for controlling Ceratovacuna lanigera and Baliathrips serratus. [Method]2% Imidacloprid GR were selected and applied in the soil for field efficacy trial. [Result] The optimum dosage of 2% imidacloprid GR was 30 kg/hm^2（ active ingredient 600 g）,which can be mixed with fertilizer（ 30 kg pesticide and 40-80 kg fertilizer per hm^2） once combined with sugarcane planting management or big ridging during February and June. The control effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus could be more than 98. 2% and 81. 1%,respectively. The actual yield and sugar content in various pesticide treatments were increased by 33 390 kg/hm^2 and 6. 6% respectively compared to blank control. [Conclusion]2% imidacloprid GR has good control effects on C. lanigera and B. serratus. It is a new pesticide with ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxin effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus. Therefore,it could be used alternatively with other pesticides,to delay production and development of drug resistance.

Control Effects of 12 Kinds of Insecticides on Sugarcane Pests at Different Periods

[ Objective] The paper was to study control effects of 12 kinds of insecticides on sugarcane pests at different periods. [ Method] By field experiment, the control effects of different insecticides against sugarcane pests at planting stage, seedling stage and tillering stage of sugarcane were studied. [ Result] After seedcane was treated by Chlorantraniliprole, Durivo and Seed soaking, the dead heart seedlings were significantly reduced in fields, and the control effects were 87.13% ± 12.87%, 85.22% ± 14.78%, 82.71% ± 17.29%, respectively ; Durivo （ seedling emergence rate is 63.00% ± 10.30% ） and Seed soaking （ seedling emergence rate is 57.75 % ± 4.50% ） could also significantly enhance seedling emergence rate. After ＂removal-irrigation＂ treatment during seedling stage, the con- tml effects of Flubendiamide （76.26% ±4.31% ） and Chlorantraniliprele （61.66% ±6.65% ） against sugarcane stem borer were significantly higher than Virtako （60.17% ±7.06%）, Deltamethrin（38.75% ±9.88%）, lambda-cyhalothrin （54.06% ±6.83%）, 18% Dimehypo AS （37.98% ±10.31%） and Dipterex （38.64% ±9.34% ）. During tillering stage, with the increased application of 3.6% Dimehypo GR in cultivation and earthing up, the control effect on stem borer was significantly increased, and the control effect reached （72.03%± 17.06% ） as the dosage was 120 kg/hm2 ; when the dosage of phoxim exceeded 30 kg/hm2, the control effect on underground pests reached 44.00% ± 14.80%, and the control effect did not have significant difference as the dosage was ranged from 30 kg/hm2 to 60 kg/hm2. [ Conclusion] The paper provided scientific basis for selection of different control methods, different chemicals and dosages against pests during different periods.

Prevention and Control Effects of Aphidius gifuensis against Myzus persicae in Shuicheng

The prevention and control effects of Aphidius gifuensis against Myzus persicae in four major tobacco planting villages and towns in Shuicheng County were investigated from 2015 to 2016. The results showed that the parasitic rate of M. persicae before A. gifuensis release was 0. 85% in field,and that at 20 d after A. gifuensis release was 59. 49%. The incidence rate of aphid-transmitted virus disease was controlled at 0. 62%. The release of A. gifuensis increased its natural population quantity in field,and had obvious direct control effects against M. persicae. Meantime,it indirectly controlled the occurrence of aphid-transmitted virus disease to some extent.

Control Effects of Different Doses of MCPA-Na Against Weeds in Foxtail Millet Field

[ Objective] The paper was compare the control effects of different doses of MCPA-Na on weeds in foxtail millet field. [ Method ] Different doses of MC- PA-Na were sprayed on foxtail millet field, while artificial weeding and spraying water was designed as control. The strain control effect and fresh weight control effect were calculated. [Result]The strain control effect and fresh weight control effect of 2 250 g/hm^2 MCPA-Na at 25 and 40 d post spraying were the best, and the fresh weight control effects reached 84.19% and 87.23%, respectively. Compared to CK, the yield increase effect of 1 500 g/hm^2 was the best, and the yield increase rate was 54.31% ; followed by 1 125 g/hm^2. Generally, 1 500 g/hm^2 was the best dosage of MCPA-Na in foxtail millet production. [ Conclusion]The paper provided a theoretical basis for screening the best dose of herbicide in foxtail millet production.

Control Effects of Three Poisonous Baits on Solenopsis invicta Buren

The field control effects of different concentrations of indoxacarb baits,fipronil baits and chlorfenapyr baits on Solenopsis invicta was evaluated. The results showed that at 21 post administration,the control effects of 0. 04% indoxacarb on nests and worker ants reached 100%; the control effect of 0. 02% and0. 06% indoxacarb on active nests and worker ants were 87. 50% and 100%,respectively; 0. 000 25% and 0. 000 5% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr also had significant control effects on active nests and worker ants. At 30 d post administration,the decline rates of ant colony grade treated by 0. 04% and 0. 06% indoxacarb,0. 000 25% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr were 100%,100%,91. 44% and 98. 11%,respectively,and the comprehensive control effect reached 97. 18%.

Prevention and Control Effects of New Biological Formulations Sprayed by Different Methods on Proceras venosatus (Walker) and Tryporyza intacta Snellen in Middle and Late Stages

To screen new biological formulations, accurate and efficient application technology, field test was conducted with 72% Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)·monosultap WP, 8% lambda-cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA and 3.6% lambda-cyhalothrin·Bt SA through manual spraying and unmanned aerial vehicle spraying. Test results and comprehensive evaluation analysis demonstrated that 72% Bt·monosultap WP and 8%lambda-cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA by manual spraying and unmanned aerial vehicle spraying had good prevention and control effect on strains and internodes damaged by Tryporyza intacta Snellen in middle and late stage, which were ideal new biological formulations with high effi-ciency and low risk for prevention and control of T. intacta in middle and late stage, and could be popularized in sugarcane area. 72% Bt·monosultap WP at the dose of 3 000 g/hectare and 8% lambda-cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA at the dose of 750 mL/hectare could be sprayed in mid September at the peak occurrence period of the forth and fifth generations of T. intacta and Proceras venosatus. Agents were diluted with 900 kg water per hectare, and manually sprayed with electric knapsack sprayer; or agents were diluted with 15 kg of Haoyang aerial control special addi-tives and water per hectare, and sprayed with unmanned aerial vehicle. The control effect against borer-damaged strain rate was above 81.3% and that against borer-damaged internode rate was above 88.6%.

Field Control Effects of Four Biopesticides on Grape Gray Mold

[Objectives]The paper was to search for biopesticides with good control effect on grape gray mold.[Methods]A randomized field trial was carried out to compare the control effects of 100 million CFU/g Trichoderma harzianum WDG,200 million spores/g Trichoderma WP,24% validamycin AS,0.3% matrine AS on grape gray mold.[Results]Of the 4 biopesticides,200 million spores/g Trichoderma WP had the highest control effect on grape gray mold,with the control effect of 73.38% at 7 d post the second application,significantly higher than those of 100 million CFU/g T.harzianum WG and 0.3% matrine AS;the control effect was 75.77% at 14 d post the second application,significantly higher than those of other 3 biopesticides.[Conclusions]The 200 million spores/g Trichoderma WP shows a good control effect on grape gray mold with a long-lasting control effect,so it is more is for the control of summer black grape gray mold in Jianshui County.

Field Control Effects and Crop Safety Assessment of Triazole Fungicides on Apple Rust

In order to provide a reference basis for efficient prevention and control of apple rust,apple rust(Gymnosporangium yamadai)was used as the test material,the field control effects of six triazole fungicides with different concentrations and different application times on apple rust,and the safety of application in different periods on the crop were investigated in field trials.The results showed that the control effect and safety of myclobutanil were excellent.In the prevention test,the effects of myclobutanil 40%EC 2000 times and 4000 times dilutions in protecting apple leaves from G.yamadai infection reached more than 98%at 10 d after the second spraying in the fruitlet stage,and in the treatment test,the control effects of inhibiting the spread of leaf lesions were 90.89%and 87.17%at 16 d after the fourth spraying in the fruit expansion stage,respectively.The results of the crop safety test showed that when applying the triazole fungicides with different concentrations from the red bud stage to the fruit expansion stage of apple trees,there were no adverse effects on the leaves,branches,flowers and fruit,as well as no rust or deformity on the fruit surface.When spraying the fungicides from the red bud stage to the fruit expansion stage,except that the single fruit weights in the treatment of the 10%difenoconazole DC 2000 times and myclobutanil 40%EC 4000 times dilutions were reduced without a significant difference from the control,and the values of other treatments were all reduced by more than 9%compared with the control.When applying the fungicides during the fruit expansion period,none of the tested fungicide treatments had a significant effect on the fruit growth.

Control Effects of Different Agents on Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease

[Objectives] This study was conducted to screen out suitable agents for controlling tobacco mosaic virus disease and the best control period in Zhangzhou tobacco area, providing a theoretical basis for the control of virus diseases, thereby improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco and the income of tobacco farmers. [Methods] The effects on tobacco mosaic virus disease under the interaction between different agents and different application periods were investigated. The incidence of tobacco mosaic virus disease was investigated, and its control effect was analyzed. [Results] Different agents and different application periods had different control effects on tobacco mosaic virus disease. The incidence of tobacco mosaic virus disease: At 30 and 45 d after transplanting, the incidences of A2B1 treatment were the lowest, at 0.85%, 1.71%, respectively;and at 60 d after transplanting, the incidence of A3B1 treatment was the lowest, only 10.68%. The control effect: At 30 and 45 d after transplanting, A2B1 treatment had better control effects, reaching 79.39% and 73.06%, respectively. [Conclusions] 3% hypersensitive protein sprayed at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting achieved the best effect, followed by 10% ningnanmycin sprayed at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting. In tobacco production, it is recommended to apply 1 000 times dilution of 3% supersensitive protein microgranules for three times(at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting), which can effectively prevent tobacco mosaic virus disease.

Synergistic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica and low doses of dinotefuran on the efficient control of the rice pest Sogatella furcifera

The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.

A Comparative Analysis of the Control Effect of Medical Expenses between General Hospitals and Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals from 2012 to 2021

Objective To analyze the changing trend of average medical expenses and structure in general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)hospitals and the effects and differences achieved by the two kinds of hospitals through controlling unreasonable growth of medical expenses,so as to provide reference for controlling the rapid rise of medical cost in public hospitals and optimizing the cost structure.Methods Based on the changes of related indicators of medical expense control from 2012 to 2021,the overall characteristics,changes of cost structure and trends of medical expenses in general hospitals and TCM hospitals were investigated.Results and Conclusion From 2012 to 2021,the increase of medical expenses in general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine hospitals had slowed down,the proportion of drug revenue to medical income began to decline,and the medical service income increased.However,the proportion of inspection,test and sanitary materials income has increased instead of decreasing,but the management cost has decreased.The two kinds of hospitals have achieved certain cost control results,the structure of medical cost has changed greatly,and the technical service and labor value of medical personnel have been reflected to a certain extent.However,it is still necessary to explore a more scientific and reasonable cost control mechanism to promote the further optimization of medical cost structure.

Probe frequency- and field intensity-sensitive coherent control effects in an EIT-based periodic layered medium

A periodic layered medium, with unit cells consisting of a dielectric and an electromagnetically-induced transparency （EIT）-based atomic vapor, is designed for light propagation manipulation. Considering that a destructive quantum interference relevant to a two-photon resonance emerges in EIT-based atoms interacting with both control and probe fields, an EIT-based periodic layered medium exhibits a flexible frequency-sensitive optical response, where a very small variation in the probe frequency can lead to a drastic variation in reflectance and transmittance. The present EIT-based periodic layered structure can result in controllable optical processes that depend sensitively on the external control field. The tunable and sensitive optical response induced by the quantum interference of a multi-level atomic system can be applied in the fabrication of new photonic and quantum optical devices. This material will also open a good perspective for the application of such designs in several new fields, including photonic microcircuits or integrated optical circuits.

Effects of Different Herbicides on Maize Growth and Weed Control in Maize Fields

Effects of four herbicides(paraquat, acetochlor, nicosulfuron and atrazine) on the growth of maize and control effect of plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were studied. The results showed that 15 days after spraying the herbicides on weeds,the prevention and control effect of paraquat on weeds was the optimum, and its effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were above 81.57%; the prevention and control effect of acetochlor on weeds was the second best; the prevention and control effect of atrazine on weeds was the worst, and its effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were only 51.04% and 37.86%. After 30 or 45 days, the prevention and control effect of atrazine and nicosulfuron on weeds in the maize fields was better than the other herbicides, and their effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were higher than 70.00% and 85.00%. Acetochlor and paraquat had certain phytotoxicity to the growth of maize after about 15 days, and its leaves became yellow and grew slowly. On the whole, nicosulfuron had good prevention and control effect on weeds and had no phytotoxicity to the growth of maize.

Effects of policies and containment measures on control of COVID- 19 epidemic in Chongqing

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an emerging,rapidly evolving disease that spreads through the respiratory system and is highly contagious.In March 2020,the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.In China,the pandemic was controlled after 2 mo through effective policies and containment measures.Describing the detailed policies and containment measures used to control the epidemic in Chongqing will provide a reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in other areas of the world.AIM To explore the effects of different policies and containment measures on the control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing.METHODS Epidemiological data on COVID-19 in Chongqing were prospectively collected from January 21 to March 15,2020.The policies and prevention measures implemented by the government during the epidemic period were also collected.Trend analysis was performed to explore the impact of the main policy measures on the effectiveness of the control of COVID-19 in Chongqing.As of March 15,the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in Chongqing was 1.84/100000(576 cases)and the infection fatality rate was 1.04%(6/576).The spread of COVID-19 was controlled by effective policies that involved establishing a group for directing the COVID-19 epidemic control effort;strengthening guidance and supervision;ensuring the supply of daily necessities and medical supplies and equipment to residents;setting up designated hospitals;implementing legal measures;and enhancing health education.Medical techniques were implemented to improve the recovery rate and control the epidemic.Policies such as“the lockdown of Wuhan”,“initiating a first-level response to major public health emergencies”,and“implementing the closed management of residential communities”significantly curbed the spread of COVID-19.Optimizing the diagnosis process,shortening the diagnosis time,and constructing teams of clinical experts facilitated the provision of“one team of medical experts for each patient”treatment for severe patients,which significantly improved the recovery rate and reduced the infection fatality rate.CONCLUSION The prevention policies and containment measures implemented by the government and medical institutions are highly effective in controlling the spread of the epidemic and increasing the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients.