Physical and numerical investigations of target stratum selection for ground hydraulic fracturing of multiple hard roofs

Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.

Numerical research on stability control of roofs of water-rich roadway

In order to study the strength-weakening law of roofs of water-rich roadway, this study used FLAC software, and simulated and analyzed the failure characteristics of the surrounding rock of water-rich roadway under the condition of different cross sections and support parameters, finally obtained the stress distribution of the principle stress of the roadway as well as the displacement variation of its surrounding rock. Results indicate that the roof stability of roadway with semicircular cross section is better than the roadway with inclined rectangular cross section under water-rich condition. Besides, the surrounding rock deformation of roadway under the action of water shows a pronounced increase compared to the roadway without the action of water due to the fact that water will obviously weaken the surrounding rock of roadway, especially its roof. It is very beneficial to control roof stability of water-rich roadway and guarantee the roadway stability during its service life by improving the pretension of bolt and cable as well as decreasing inter-row spacing of the bolt.

Roof filling control technology and application to mine roadway damage in small pit goaf

To recover coal resources that have been damaged by traditional mining methods and ensure stability of the lower roadway in a small pit goaf,the goaf area must be filled and reinforced.In this research,the 1202 working face of the Hanzui mine is considered as an example for classifying the roof of the mining tunnel under the small kiln destruction zone,the effect of the goaf on the roadway is determined based on the radio tunnel penetration method,a mechanical model to determine the roof filling control mechanism was established,and the duct foaming system and roof filling process were designed.The results show that the scope and degree of influence of the goaf on the mining lane are large,but safe tunneling can be ensured through the use of a steel shed and advanced grouting techniques.When the roof conditions are not similar,materials with different filling heights and filling strengths can be used to control the roof filling of the roadway.By combining field experience and laboratory tests,it was determined that a high-foaming material with a water-cement ratio of 1:0.6,a suitable high-foaming additive,and a water volume ratio of 1:30 is cost-efficient for filling and meets the filling strength requirements.Finally,the reliability of the proposed technology was verified by field experiments,which provide a reference for filling operations in similar mines.

Research into stope roof control of compound roof by solid backfilling mining

Based on the analysis of the failure characteristics and backfilling effect of the compound roof at 1801 backfilling workface in Taiyuan coal mine, China, we propose a method of controlling the pre- subsidence of a compound roof by using pre-stressed bolts to improve the backfilling ratio of the work- face so as to maintain the global stability of the stope roof. In addition, PHASE simulation software was employed to analyze the influence law of pre-stressing force, length, and interval on roof subsidence at the workface. On the basis of the numerical simulation results, a model for calculating the pre-stressing force and length of the bolts, the interval between the bolts, as well as roof subsidence at the workface, was established by using SPSS regression analysis software. Moreover, the research results were applied successfully to the 1801 filling workface. According to the monitoring data of roof closure, it was found that the final subsidence value for the goal roof was 350 mm and the filling ratio at the workface was 86%, which could fully meet the demand for safety production at the workface. The safe and effective control of the stope roof was therefore realized, which achieves the goal of safe and efficient backfilling mining under a compound roof.

Analysis and control on anomaly water inrush in roof of fully-mechanized mining field

Caving of mine roofs from water inrush due to anomalous pressure is one of the major disasters and accidents that can occur in mines during production.Roof water inrush can trigger a wide range of roof collapse,causing major accidents from breaking roof supports while caving.These failures flood wells and do a great deal of damage to mines and endanger mine safety.Our objective is to analyze the anomalies of water inrush crushing the support at the #6301 working face in the Jisan Coal Mine of the Yanzhou Mining Group.Through information of water inrush to the roof,damage caused by tectonic movements,information on the damage caused by roof collapse and the theory about the distribution of pressure in mine abutments,we advice adjusting the length of the working face and the position of open-off cut relatively to the rich water area.In the case of anomalous roof pressure we should develop a state equation to estimate preventive measures with＂transferring rock beam＂theory.Simultaneously, we improve the capacity of drainage equipment and ensured adequate water retention at the storehouse. These are all major technologies to ensure the control and prevention against accidents caused by anomalous water inrush in roofs,thus ensuring safety in the production process of a coal mine.

Controlling floor heave of extraction opening by reinforcing sides and roof

The effect of reinforcing roof, sides and floor corners to control floor heave of extraction opening was analyzed, It was proved by engineering practice and numerical simulation that reinforcing any part of surrounding rock have certainly control effect for floor heave, in the basis of this, the new way that roof, sides and floor corners were rein-forced to control floor heave was put forward. Contrasting control result of reinforcing floor with this, it is determined that reinforcing is more suitable to control floor heave of extrac-tion opening than reinforcing floor when advancing abutment pressure is in some range.

Preventing roof fall fatalities during pillar recovery:A ground control success story

For decades, pillar recovery accounted for a quarter of all roof fall fatalities in underground coal mines.Studies showed that a miner on a pillar recovery section was at least three times more likely to be killed by a roof fall than other coal miners. Since 2007, however, there has been just one fatal roof fall on a pillar line. This paper describes the process that resulted in this historic achievement. It covers both the key research findings and the ways in which those insights, beginning in the early 2000 s, were implemented in mining practice. One key finding was that safe pillar recovery requires both global and local stability.Global stability is addressed primarily through proper pillar design, and became a major focus after the2007 Crandall Canyon mine disaster. But the most significant improvements resulted from detailed studies that showed that local stability, defined as roof control in the immediate work area, could be achieved with three interventions:(1) leaving an engineered final stump, rather than extracting the entire pillar,(2) enhancing roof bolt support, particularly in intersections, and(3) increasing the use of mobile roof supports(MRS). A final component was an emphasis on better management of pillar recovery operations.This included a focus on worker positioning, as well as on the pillar and lift sequences, MRS operations,and hazard identification. As retreat mines have incorporated these elements into their roof control plans,it has become clear that pillar recovery is not ‘‘inherently unsafe." The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges that remain, including the problems of rib falls and coal bursts.

顶板水平井分段分簇压裂治理掘进巷道瓦斯模式研究

为了解决淮南矿区碎软低渗煤层掘进巷道瓦斯抽采效率低的问题,提出了煤层顶板水平井分段分簇压裂瓦斯治理模式。运用数值模拟方法和物理相似模拟方法研究了煤层顶板水平井水力压裂裂缝扩展过程;运用产能模拟的方法研究了分段分簇压裂的产气效果,对分簇压裂和不分簇压裂进行了剩余瓦斯含量对比分析。裂缝扩展数值模拟结果表明:煤层顶板水平井内的裂缝能够扩展至煤层,将煤层全部压开,且由于煤层的塑性大于顶板砂质泥岩,煤层形成比顶板更为宽泛的压裂缝。裂缝扩展物理相似模拟结果表明:在考虑了泥岩伪顶发育的条件下,水平钻孔布置在碎软煤层顶板的砂岩内,在合理的垂直距离和大排量压裂液施工的环境下,若煤层发育有较薄的泥岩伪顶,裂缝能沿着射孔孔眼穿过直接顶−伪顶界面(粉砂岩−泥岩界面)和伪顶−煤层界面(泥岩−煤层界面),扩展至下伏煤层内,裂缝延伸形成1条弯曲不规则的阶梯型裂缝,能实现对碎软煤层的压裂改造目标。但是,当煤层发育有较厚的泥岩伪顶时,泥岩对水力压裂产生了阻挡作用,导致裂缝难以压开下伏煤层。产能模拟结果表明:在相同的地层环境和施工条件下,经过3 a的抽采,单段不分簇压裂能够产生更大的瓦斯抽采影响范围,但不能均匀降低掘进巷道的瓦斯含量,压裂段之间出现了瓦斯抽采空白带,分簇压裂产生的瓦斯抽采影响范围小,却能够更均匀的降低掘进巷道的瓦斯含量。经过在淮南地区潘谢煤矿的工程验证,在10 m^(3)/min的施工排量下,裂缝长度最长可以达到193.8 m,最大缝高27.0 m,单井日产气量最高达到1490 m^(3)/d,2 a的瓦斯抽采量达到31×10^(4) m^(3),说明煤层顶板水平井分段分簇压裂技术是淮南地区碎软低渗煤层掘进巷道瓦斯高效抽采的有效模式。

一种煤矿顶板灾害防治知识图谱构建方法

目前煤矿顶板灾害防治措施决策及事故原因分析等过程主要依赖人工经验,智能化水平较低。顶板灾害防治知识图谱可整合顶板灾害防治知识和经验,辅助顶板灾害事故原因分析和顶板灾害防治措施决策。提出了一种煤矿顶板灾害防治知识图谱构建方法。采用本体方法完成煤矿顶板灾害防治知识建模,将顶板灾害防治领域的概念分为矿井地质类、开采技术类、防治措施类和事故表征类,将概念之间的关系定义为使用、引发、易发、治理、预防和适用,为煤矿顶板灾害防治知识抽取(实体抽取和关系抽取)奠定基础;结合煤矿顶板灾害防治领域文本存在大量嵌套实体和关系之间存在实体重叠的特点,确定了基于跨度的实体抽取方法和基于依存句法树引导实体表示的关系抽取方法;构建了顶板灾害防治领域语料库,采用Neo4j图数据库存储数据,为顶板灾害防治知识图谱的应用提供数据来源支撑;展示了煤矿顶板灾害防治知识图谱局部构建结果,说明该知识图谱可辅助顶板灾害事故原因分析和防治措施决策,从而提高顶板管理的智能化水平;指出基于该知识图谱,结合自然语言处理和知识推理等技术,可实现顶板管理知识问答。

底板动压巷道压裂弱结构体应力转移控制技术

为了满足煤矿安全生产的需要,许多巷道都会布置在煤层底板中,如部分运输大巷、排水巷道、瓦斯抽采巷道等。采动应力容易造成底板巷道围岩应力升高,加剧底板巷道围岩变形,造成支护永久失效、顶板下沉、巷道底鼓、两帮收敛等破坏。针对此,提出了在应力传递路径上实施水力压裂,在指定的区域制造出一定空间形态的水压裂缝网,形成压裂弱结构体,实现区域范围内的应力转移,从而降低巷道区域范围内的应力,控制巷道的围岩稳定性的控制技术,并通过理论分析及现场工程验证等方式,揭示了底板动压巷道压裂弱结构体应力转移的力学机制,建立了相应的力学模型,对压裂弱结构体的合理位置、范围等影响因素进行了求解。得出:(1)压裂弱结构体使局部应力场发生明显变化,出现应力升高区和应力降低区,应力降低区主要分布在弱结构体与采动应力连线的方向上,主要集中在一个拱形的范围内;由于膨胀效应,在与应力来源垂直的方向上产生应力集中,出现应力升高区。(2)最大主应力变化幅度与压裂弱结构体的长轴长L、短轴长H、到巷道的距离P、与巷道连线的水平夹角β、压裂层的强度C及内摩擦角α、压裂的损伤变量D等有关。其中到巷道的距离P对卸压效果影响最大,损伤变量D对卸压效果影响最小。(3)采用提出的计算方法设计了淮北矿业集团袁店一矿的103运输集中巷的卸压方案,工程应用结果表明,底板动压巷道变形速率明显减缓,验证了底板强动压巷道压裂弱结构体应力转移模型的合理性。

托顶煤巷道易片冒顶板变形机理与超前导管预注浆控制技术研究

目的 为探究厚煤层易片冒区域托顶煤巷道顶板变形破坏机理,并对易片冒区托顶煤巷道顶板进行有效控制,方法 以常村煤矿2701工作面皮带运输巷为例,通过等截面梁理论分析托顶煤巷道顶板破断成因,研究托顶煤巷道顶板的稳定性与巷道宽度和顶煤强度的关系。通过极限平衡准则得到巷帮位移的计算公式,证明托顶煤巷道具有帮顶协同变形机制。建立托顶煤巷道数值模型,研究巷道埋深、侧压系数、顶煤厚度和顶煤强度与托顶煤巷道围岩稳定性的关系。结果 结果表明:巷道埋深越大,其对托顶煤巷道两帮稳定性的影响越大;侧压系数的增加对巷道两帮和底鼓量的影响更大,对顶板影响较小;顶板下沉量与顶煤厚度呈正相关,底鼓量则与顶煤厚度呈负相关;顶煤强度的增加使巷道顶板下沉量与两帮移近量均近似呈线性减小趋势,底鼓量基本保持不变。结论 通过幂律型流体柱形渗透注浆扩散理论得到超前导管注浆半径,由此提出托顶煤巷道超前导管预注浆帮顶联合控制技术,成功控制易片冒托顶煤巷道顶板冒落问题,可为类似地质条件的托顶煤巷道顶板控制提供借鉴。

矿井采煤工作面顶板事故防治策略研究

随着中国采煤工作面深度和开采规模不断扩大,顶板事故不断增多,给矿井生产带来了极大的影响。如何有效防治顶板事故,成为了亟须解决的问题。论述了矿井采煤工作面顶板事故防治的重要性,通过对事故成因的分析,提出了相应的防治策略,通过对比,证实了研究方向的准确性,可以为矿山安全生产提供有益的参考。

沿空留巷围岩控制技术在2-300采面的应用

干河煤矿2-300工作面开采厚煤层,采用110工法。为控制工作面沿空留巷的围岩变形,设计了“切顶卸压+恒阻锚索”围岩控制方案,配合使用“金属网+钢筋网+可伸缩U型钢”联合挡杆技术隔绝采空区。应用结果表明,留巷巷道回采期间顶底板移近量最大为76mm,巷帮变形量最大为49mm,围岩变形均在可控范围内。

同忻煤矿窄煤柱宽度留设及围岩控制实践

针对特厚煤层综放开采沿空掘巷时,留设宽煤柱护巷造成煤炭资源丢失严重,以及围岩变形量大、煤壁片帮等问题,以同忻煤矿8311工作面5311回风巷为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场观测相结合的方法,对其沿空掘巷护巷煤柱合理宽度的留设进行了分析。研究表明,理论分析得知留设煤柱宽度为6 m左右时可确保5311回风巷位于沿空边缘煤体支承压力降低区和煤体应力屈服区,有利于巷道围岩的稳定。基于3DEC数值模拟分析,得到留设6 m煤柱5311回风巷的稳定性以及8311工作面回采后沿空掘巷超前段顶板、实体煤帮、煤柱内围岩应力分布和塑性区演化特征。经现场应用,验证了综放开采留设窄煤柱掘巷技术的优越性和可靠性。

顶煤破坏区巷道预注浆加固技术与再生顶板结构效应研究

针对顶煤破坏区下巷道围岩破碎,导致扩帮困难等问题,以韩咀煤业32101工作面开切眼为研究对象,分析了顶煤破坏区扩帮巷道失稳机理;提出了顶板预注浆围岩控制技术,在形成止浆帷幕基础上,然后通过注浆构建再生顶板。通过数值模拟进行加固效果校验,结果表明注浆后巷道塑性区范围显著减小;现场应用结果表明:采用顶板预注浆加固措施后,32101工作面切眼围岩变形量较小,围岩加固效果良好。

超长大采高回撤通道破坏特征及主被动协同控制技术

针对超长大采高工作面预掘回撤通道大变形失稳导致巷道破坏、设备回撤受阻等安全问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场试验等方法,基于回撤通道破坏特征分析,提出“控顶固帮”主被动协同控制技术。建立了超长工作面采动支撑压力顶帮联合失稳力学模型,基于超长大采高顶板断裂位置与围岩稳定关系,揭示回撤通道破坏机理。利用UDEC数值模拟对超长大采高回撤通道区域环境进行验证,提出了“实时断顶+垛式支架+锚杆索”协同控制方案,保障回撤通道稳定。该技术在黄玉川煤矿226_(上)03综采工作面回撤通道成功应用,监测结果表明:工作面贯通后,回撤通道顶板下沉量为75.6 mm,底板鼓出量95.7 mm,两帮变形量103 mm,变形量小、支护效率高、成本低,实现了黄玉川煤矿超长大采高工作面回撤通道稳定安全高效的目的。

双厚组合坚硬顶板定向长钻水力压裂评价体系研究

针对双厚组合坚硬顶板厚煤层工作面开采过程中的强矿压显现问题,本文提出了定向长钻水力压裂方案,并基于压力实测、瞬变电磁及钻孔窥视方法从孔内、孔外、动态、静态四个方面对定向长钻水力压裂裂缝扩展进行可视化监测评价。研究成果表明:压裂过程包括钻孔周围微裂隙发育扩展,出现宏观裂缝,宏观裂缝周围微裂隙发育,出现新的宏观裂缝,直至压裂完成;钻孔径向20m范围内岩层电阻率较低,大裂缝较为发育;设计的3个钻孔压裂后影响范围基本可以覆盖整个顶板治理区域;长钻孔内各压裂段裂隙可以实现贯通,钻孔内纵裂隙、横裂隙交替发育形成三维裂隙网络;压裂后顶板微震事件总能量和总次数都显著降低,压裂层位顶板能量提前释放,表现为“高频低能”显现,工作面来压强度明显改善。

临空巷道煤柱割缝爆破切顶联合卸压技术研究

坚硬顶板下临空巷道存在着高应力集中、大变形、难支护等问题,以葫芦素煤矿21105工作面为工程背景,分析了坚硬顶板下工作面回采期间上覆顶板破断规律,研究了临空巷道围岩变形机理,提出了临空巷道“顶板爆破+煤柱割缝”联合卸压巷道变形控制方法,采用FLAC3D软件模拟了卸压前后临空巷道围岩应力分布规律。在葫芦素煤矿21105工作面回风巷采取“顶板爆破+煤柱割缝”联合卸压措施后,临空煤柱深基点应力峰值降低36.1%,浅基点应力峰值降低19.1%,试验区域微震日均能量降低67.0%,日均微震总能量降低35.7%,采取卸压措施后临空巷道顶底板移近量减小60.1%,两帮移近量减小41.6%,巷道变形得到有效控制。试验结果表明临空巷道“顶板爆破+煤柱割缝”联合卸压技术可有效降低煤柱应力,减少巷道变形,为坚硬顶板下临空巷道变形控制提供了一种新的治理手段。

浅谈煤矿采煤工作面顶板控制措施

主要探讨了煤矿采煤工作面顶板控制措施。通过分析顶板控制对采煤工作面稳定性的影响、对确保采煤工作面安全和生产效率的重要性,以及顶板控制失效的情况,提出了一系列有效的顶板控制措施,包括选择支护方式、实施预防性支护和建立灾害监测预警系统。研究对煤矿采煤工作面的顶板控制具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。

大巷煤柱回收工作面顶板控制技术研究

针对轿子山煤矿9717大巷煤柱回收综采工作面实际生产情况,综合运用现场监测、数值模拟和理论分析手段,开展大巷煤柱回收孤岛工作面矿压显现规律及控制方法研究,进行工作面预裂爆破强制放顶参数设计,并在该工作面进行工程应用,对回采期间顶板及工作面超前段回采巷道进行矿压监测,分析工作面矿压显现特征,达到保障工作面安全生产目标。研究成果将对类似地质条件下的煤柱回收工作面的回采具有一定的借鉴意义。