Health Facilities Readiness to Implement Standard Precautions for Infection Prevention and Control in Tanzania: Lesson Learnt from SARA Reports

Introduction: Standard Precautions are a set of measures applied in the care of all individuals/patients regardless of their infectious status aiming at preventing healthcare workers and patients from infections, preventing environmental contamination and spread of infections to the community. Many health facilities have not implemented them to an acceptable level. The purpose of the study is to report progress of improvement in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions for infection prevention and control based on SARA reports. Methods: We generated mean scores of all standard precautions each year and calculated their standard deviations, variances and confidence intervals. One-way ANOVA was used to determine if the mean scores were equal. Finally, the trend of improvement in health facilities readiness to implement the standard precautions was generated. Results: A total of nine standard precautions were reported in SARA reports for 2012, 2017 and 2020. The mean scores of the standard precautions were 52.22% in 2012, 64.55% in 2017 and 69.66% in 2020. The overall trend showed an increase in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions, although the mean scores were not statistically different (p-value 0.3217). Conclusion: SARA surveys conducted in Tanzania in 2012, 2017 and 2020 have shown an overall increase in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions. Safe final waste disposal was being done in fewest facilities while single-use or auto-disable syringes were in most facilities that were sampled in all years. SARA surveys may be a useful way to evaluate Infection Prevention and Control adherence in health facilities.

Latest Developments and Problems in Standardization of Resource Control Technologies for NGN

As a hot spot of next generation network, research over resource control has been carried out for years both in China and abroad. With a gradual progress in standardization, this field presents new development trends and features. Based on latest progresses in standardization promoted by ITU-T, TISPAN and 3GPP, new technologies concerned with resource control are introduced. Considering the problems faced in standardization deployment, relevant resource control functions are also analyzed in this article.

Research on Decision Model of Control over Technology Standard Alliance

Technology standard alliance, as vectors of research, development and circulation for technology standard, has already become an important transformation form from laboratory standard to fact standard for all countries. However, during the process of forming the technology standard alliance, it is a focus for members in the alliance to take control over others. How to construct a scientific and reasonable decision model of control over technology standard alliance is closely related to each enterprise member＇s interest. Under the condition that the risk is neutral, the paper explored necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge sharing and the most endeavor among enterprise members through constructing a decision model of control over technology standard alliance, and put forward that the joint control model was the best decision model for constructing the technology standard alliance.

Quality Standard Research of Shenqi Qiangjing Granules

[Objectives]The paper was to establish the quality standard of Shenqi Qiangjing granules and to conduct routine inspection of granular dosage forms.[Methods]The particle size,moisture,loss on drying,dissolubility,content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were detected.Radix Astragali,Herba Epimedii,Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis were qualitatively identified by thin layer chromatography(TLC).[Results]The particle size,moisture,loss on drying,dissolubility,content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were all in line with the relevant regulations of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2020 edition).Radix Astragali,Herba Epimedii,Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis had clear fluorescent spots in TLC assay,and no such spots were found in negative control.[Conclusions]The method has the advantages of simple operation,accurate and reliable results,strong specificity and good repeatability,and can effectively control the quality of Shenqi Qiangjing granules.

水库清淤物处置原则研究及综合利用实践案例

针对当前水库清淤物处置及资源化利用等问题,引入固废处置的“三化”原则,从无害化处理、减量化处理和资源化利用3个方面,提出了水库清淤物处置及综合利用的控制指标及限值要求。以大渡河沙湾水库清淤实践为例,分析了“三化”达标的不同级配泥沙应用于堤防建设、城市建设及造地回填等工程的实践与成效,研究成果可为水库清淤及淤积物处置利用提供参考借鉴。

健康体检机构呼吸道传染病疫情防控管理标准化研究

本文根据健康体检机构特点和疫情防控需求,从组织保障、物资配备、场所管理、工作人员管理、受检者管理、消毒隔离、传染病疫情报告、应急处置等方面,提出健康体检机构疫情防控管理标准化要点,明确标准研制思路,并提出进一步建议,以促进健康体检机构呼吸道传染病疫情防控管理的规范化。

多型ROV统一操控技术研究

当前操控设备通常只适用于特定型号ROV,为满足深海空间站搭载多型ROV装备统一操控的需求,在调研国外ROV操控技术发展现状的基础上对多型ROV统一操控技术进行研究,梳理ROV操控标准信息接口,完成ROV操控通用软件的架构设计,并提出设备免驱的ROV操控电气接口,可为ROV通用操控设备的研制提供参考。

滑坡在役防治工程缺陷分类和健康评价方法

为快速评估常见在役滑坡防治工程的运行状态并采取科学有效的维护手段,笔者在三峡库区、汶川震区和川东地区实地调查了160余处抗滑挡墙、抗滑桩和格构锚固工程,获取了上述三类滑坡防治工程表征损伤的第一手资料,总结分析了其变形破坏模式及特征,定义了滑坡防治工程缺陷的概念,定性地提出了缺陷程度分级标准。在统计分析滑坡防治工程损伤特征基础上,选取了墙身滑移距离、墙身沉陷位移、墙身倾斜程度、墙身裂缝密度、桩体倾斜程度、桩体剪切程度、桩体裂缝密度、格梁最大裂缝宽度、单根格构梁裂缝率和受损格构变形区比例等10个控制指标作为其缺陷分类指标,结合多元线性回归法,对单体工程结构进行综合量化评分评定,进而建立了半定量的滑坡防治工程健康评价方法。

影像检查规范化及管理体系建设与实施

基于“健康中国”战略的正式实施,为响应我国“十四五”时期党中央以及国务院对于人民群众医疗高质量发展的要求,通过优化医疗资源的利用效率,降低就医负担,并保障医疗质量以及安全;其内容包括影像检查规范化。本研究基于文献查阅以及江苏省影像规范化执行现状提出建设性意见和建议;影像检查规范化需要行政部门和医疗机构的体系支撑,同时还要有行业以及设备厂家的技术保障;行政主管部门制定和定期更新符合我国国情的影像指南以及具体实施细则,加强影像平台数据库建设,建立影像检查管理与评估体系,加大影像质控覆盖范围。医疗机构基于影像检查指南以及相关制度,强化培训并严格落实考核制度,执行影像检查和报告的智能质控和评价系统;开设独立的影像门诊或多科室联合门诊,提高临床诊疗的科学性和精准性。医务人员加强学习和执行相关检查指南以及实施细则,基于多学科诊疗平台提高规范化影像检查水平,积极开展影像新技术的研发和应用,提高影像检查的高效性和诊断的精准性。通过制定统一的符合我国国情和时代的影像指南以及影像工作实施细则,执行具体规范措施和方案,大力推进影像检查规范化。

A holistic strategy for quality and safety control of traditional Chinese medicines by the “iVarious” standard system

An effective quality control system is the key to ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs). However, the current quality standard research lacks top-level design and systematic design,mostly based on specific technologies or evaluation methods. To resolve the challenges and questions of quality control of TCMs, a brand-new quality standard system, named "iVarious", was proposed. The system comprises eight elements in a modular format. Meaning of every element was specifically illustrated via corresponding research instances. Furthermore, frankincense study was taken as an example for demonstrating standards and research process, based on the "i Various" system. This system highlighted a holistic strategy for effectiveness,security, integrity and systematization of quality and safety control standards of TCMs. The establishment of"i Various" integrates multi-disciplinary technologies and progressive methods, basis elements and key points of standard construction. The system provides a novel idea and technological demonstration for regulation establishment of TCMs quality standards.

英国砌体规范变形裂缝控制简介

该文从砌体结构变形、砌体变形裂缝控制、相连结构构件变形考虑等三个方面,对英国BS 5628规范砌体裂缝控制要求进行简要介绍和分析,希望对我国砌体结构裂缝理论发展和相关标准规范完善能够有所参考和借鉴。

DRG联合住院病案首页标准化控制对普外科病案缺陷的影响

目的:探究DRG条件下联合住院病案首页标准化控制对普外科缺陷指标的影响。方法:选取吕梁市人民医院DRG联合住院病案首页标准化控制前后住院病案各1200份,对比分析DRG联合住院病案首页标准化控制前后普外科病例缺陷变化情况。结果:DRG分组下病案首页标准化控制后,普外科病案首页缺陷率为4.83%,DRG分组下病案首页标准化控制前缺陷率为20.25%,两组对比差异显著(P<0.05);对两组7项主要缺陷类型进行对比,标准化控制后各缺陷类型发生率均较标准化控制前更低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);标准化控制后患者病案首页基本信息、住院过程和诊疗信息产生数据错误的概率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:DRG与住院病案首页标准化控制相结合,可显著改善普外科病案首页填写质量以及病案管理水平,为病案首页质控提供依据,可推广应用。

密封电子元器件与装置多余物检测发展综述

密封电子元器件与装置作为航天系统中的重要组成部分,具有高精密性、高可靠性以及高复杂性的典型特点,而多余物问题是严重影响其高可靠性的主要因素之一。随着航天技术的快速发展,多余物检测技术也在不断改进与深入。该文以认识多余物、控制多余物产生以及检测多余物为主线,围绕多余物的防控方法、检测方法、检测标准进行综合论述。着重分析了检测方法中的颗粒碰撞噪声检测(PIND)方法,分别从小型元器件多余物检测、中大型装置多余物检测两个角度,针对现有研究进展逐一进行了详细的介绍。在此基础上,结合现有国内多余物检测研究的现状,针对多余物检测的难点与未来发展趋势进行归纳,并提出了期望与目标。

标准化作业在火电调试中的探索与实践

标准化作业是实现火电调试现场安全目标的有效手段,结合火电调试特点将调试作业过程分解为一系列风险控制点,并建立以控制点安全管理为基础的标准化作业体系。通过某6×800 t/h循环流化床机组调试实践,验证了该标准化作业体系的适用性。该标准化作业体系较好地解决了风险隐患辨识不足、预控措施有效性难以确认的问题,提升了调试过程中的事故防范水平。

铁路房建工程数据管控系统软件研发

针对铁路房建工程中存在人工汇总效率低、标准不统一、易出错等问题,开发一套铁路房建工程数据管控系统软件。该系统通过制定房建标准化分类命名及标准化的提资模板,实现数据的批量导入;同时通过输入相关参数,可以自动配置全线房屋并汇总房屋相关需求数据,各专业可以通过该系统开展具体的设计并将设计数据汇总至系统中,形成房建数据湖,并利用数据湖生成各专业的数据统计表格。该系统解决了日常工作中专业间提资数据不完整、不可信、获取慢等问题,并实现设计数据的即时共享,大幅提高设计效率及质量,促进铁路房建工程的数字化转型,有力支持以铁路全专业为主体的协同设计系统的研发。

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型(DRAINMOD)模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60 cm加深至120 cm,排水间距由120 m加密至20 m时,稻作期排水量与总氮(TN)输出负荷增加9.0%~22.2%、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)输出负荷增加4.0%~16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%~23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120 cm,间距为120~20 m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%~35.3%、NH_(3)-N输出负荷减少7.6%~27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%~40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60 cm加深至120 cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。

基于新国标下的棒材生产线改造研究

为适应热轧带肋钢筋新国标GB/T1499.2-2018对金相组织和性能新要求,实现企业高质量发展和提高产品竞争力,文章通过对全连续式棒材生产线高速轧制和切分轧制这二种轧制模式的对比研究,结合粤韶钢铁原棒材生产线的布局和工艺设备状况,提出把原棒材生产线改造为高速棒材轧制线方案。通过对冷却系统进行多段分级冷却的控冷工艺技术改造等措施,成功实现合金减量化生产工艺,达到了产线产品高质化、钢厂智能化的改造目的。

盾构下穿高速铁路隧道沉降变形控制标准研究

针对新建盾构下穿高速铁路隧道变形控制难的问题,以石家庄地铁4、5号线以及北京地铁8号线等3个典型的穿越高铁工程为依托,研究下穿高铁隧道沉降变形控制标准.首先,利用有限元软件Midas GTS NX构建精细化的无砟轨道-隧道三维有限元模型,计算盾构下穿整体现浇隧道、盾构法隧道及U型槽段引起的不同沉降工况下的结构内力值,得出满足裂缝宽度限值的结构允许变形值,并且计算了满足规范限值要求的CRTSⅡ型和CRTSⅢ型轨道结构的允许变形值.然后,利用Abaqus软件构建车轨耦合动力模型,计算不同列车速度和沉降工况下车辆的安全性和舒适性指标,得出轨道高低不平顺允许值.最后,汇总各结构的允许变形值,给出结构沉降变形控制标准.研究结果表明:从结构裂缝宽度限值、轨道10 m弦长高低偏差限值和动力学最敏感指标限值方面计算的既有结构允许变形值能够作为盾构下穿高铁隧道沉降变形的控制标准,可作为现行规范的支撑与补充.研究成果可为类似风险大、要求较严的高速铁路穿越工程项目提供隧道及轨道变形控制值参考.