Research on Vehicle Control Technology Using Four-Wheel Independent Steering System

The enhancement of vehicle handling stability and maneuverability through active and independent rear wheels control is presented. Firstly, the configuration of four-wheel independent steering prototype vehide is introduced briefly. Then the concrete overall design of the electronic controllers of four wheel independent steering system （4WIS） is formulated in details. Under the control strategy of zero sideslip angle at mass center, the mathematical model of 4WIS is established to deduce the equations of separated rear wheel steering angles. According to these equations, simulation analysis for 4WIS vehicle performances is finished to show that 4WIS vehicle can improve the maneuverability greatly at low speed and increase the handling stability at high speed. Finally, the road test of 4WIS vehide has performed to verify the correctness of simulation and show that compared with the conventional four wheel steering （4WS） vehicle, the 4WIS vehicle not only improves the kinematical harmony but also decreases steering resistance and lighten abrasion of tires.

Steering Control of Wheeled Armored Vehicle with Brushless DC Motor

Considering the steering characters of one type of wheeled armored vehicle, a brushless direct current （DC） motor is adapted as the actuator for steering control. After investigating the known algorithms, one kind of algorithm, which combines the fuzzy logic control with the self-adapting PID control and the startup and pre-hrake control, is put forward. Then a test-bed is constructed, and an experiment is conducted. The result of experiment confirms the validity of this algorithm in steering control of wheeled armored vehicle with brushless DC motor.

The Development of Self-Balancing Controller for One-Wheeled Vehicles

The purpose of this study is to develop a self-balancing controller (SBC) for one-wheeled vehicles (OWVs). The composition of the OWV system includes: a DSP motion card, a wheel motor, and its driver. In addition, a tilt and a gyro, for sensing the angle and angular velocity of the body slope, are used to realize self-balancing controls. OWV, a kind of unicycle robot, can be dealt with as a mobile-inverted-pendulum system for its instability. However, for its possible applications in mobile carriers or robots, it is worth being further developed. In this study, first, the OWV system model will be derived. Next, through the simulations based on the mathematical model, the analysis of system stability and controllability can be evaluated. Last, a concise and realizable method, through system pole-placement and linear quadratic regulator (LQR), will be proposed to design the SBC. The effectiveness, reliability, and feasibility of the proposal will be con- firmed through simulation studies and experimenting on a physical OWV.

Bias Momentum Attitude Control System Using Energy/Momentum Wheels

The integrated power and attitude control for a bias momentum attitudecontrol system is investigated. A pair of counter-spinning wheels is used to provide the biasangular momentum and store/ discharge energy for power requirement of the devices on the spacecraft.The roll/yaw motion is controlled by pitch magnetic dipole moment. The torque-based control law ofthe wheels is designed, so that the desired pitch control torque is provided and the operation ofcharging/discharging energy is carried out based on the given power. System singularity in thecontrol law of wheels is fully avoided by keeping the wheels counter-spinning. A power managementscheme using kinetic energy feedback is proposed to keep energy balance, which can avoid wheelsaturation caused by superfluous energy. The minimum moment of inertia of the wheels is limited bythe maximum bias angular momentum and the minimum energy, such constrains are analyzed incombination with the geometrical method. Numerical simulation results are presented to demonstratethe effectiveness of the control scheme.

Fuzzy logic for large mining bucket wheel reclaimer motion control—from an engineer's perspective

The bucket wheel reclaimer(BWR) is a key piece of equipment which has been widely used for stacking and reclaiming bulk materials(i.e.iron ore and coal) in places such as ports,iron-steel plants,coal storage areas,and power stations from stockpiles.BWRs are very large in size,heavy in weight,expensive in price,and slow in motion.There are many challenges in attempting to automatically control their motion to accurately follow the required trajectories involving uncertain parameters from factors such as friction,turbulent wind,its own dynamics,and encoder limitations.As BWRs are always heavily engaged in production and cannot be spared very long for motion control studies and associated developments,a BWR model and simulation environment closely resembling real life conditions would be beneficial.The following research focused mainly on the implementation of fuzzy logic to a BWR motion control from an engineer's perspective.First,the modeling of a BWR including partially known parameters such as friction force and turbulence to the system was presented.This was then followed by the design of a fuzzy logic-based control built on a model-based control loop.The investigation provides engineers with an example of applying fuzzy logic in a model based approach to properly control the motion of a large BWR following defined trajectories,as well as to show possible ways of further improving the controller performance.The result indicates that fuzzy logic can be applied easily by engineers to overcome most motion control issues involving a large BWR.

Real-time Non-linear Target Tracking Control of Wheeled Mobile Robots

A control strategy for real-time target tracking for wheeled mobile robots is presented.Using a modified Kalman filter for environment perception,a novel tracking control law derived from Lyapunov stability theory is introduced.Tuning of linear velocity and angular velocity with mechanical constraints is applied.The proposed control system can simultaneously solve the target trajectory prediction,real-time tracking,and posture regulation problems of a wheeled mobile robot.Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed tracking control laws.

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF BRAKING MOMENT FOR A WHEEL AND TYRE

in the design of the antiskid braking system (ABS) of an aircraft, the braking moment is one of the most important parameters, because it influences not only the deceleration and the taxiing distance of an aircraft, but also the strength and the fatigue life of the landing gear. Furthermore, the determination of braking moment will be concerned in the reasonableness of the demands proposed for the material design of a brake. For this reason, through setting up the mechanical model of a wheel and tyre under taxiing and braking, dynamic simulations on the optimal closed-loop control of braking moment are carried out by means of the nonlinear control theory. The simulation results show that the difference between the real output of the ABS and the expected one can tend to the minimum under the optimal control. And also, this optimal control can guarantee the braking moment to change smoothly.

Modeling and Adaptive Control of an Omni-Mecanum-Wheeled Robot

The complete dynamics model of a four-Mecanum-wheeled robot considering mass eccentricity and friction uncertainty is derived using the Lagrange’s equation. Then based on the dynamics model, a nonlinear stable adaptive control law is derived using the backstepping method via Lyapunov stability theory. In order to compensate for the model uncertainty, a nonlinear damping term is included in the control law, and the parameter update law with σ-modification is considered for the uncertainty estimation. Computer simulations are conducted to illustrate the suggested control approach.

Air Tightness Control of Passenger Car Wheels

Since the tubeless tires and especially cast alloy wheels are used, the air tightness of wheels is an important factor of the automobiles quality. Based on specification of the car industry that up to 10% decrease of the prescribed nominal tire pressure during a time of six-month is allowed, the requirements presented in specifications and norms are treated and validated. The practical experience and influences on the wheel tightness control are discussed and the data presented in a report of a wheel manufacturer, concerning the replacements of wheels in service due to air leakage are evaluated. Summarizing the results of analyses, a proposal is made for the testing of the cast aluminum car wheels to meet the requirements for a reliable and economical air tightness control in modern test facilities.

基于RFID和磁导航的AGV小车S7-1200PLC控制系统设计

该项目利用S7-1200PLC作为AGV主控制器,采取驱动轮差速进行转向控制,采用磁导航传感器和RFID标签传感器实现循迹和定位功能,实现AGV小车在立体仓库、VMC850数控加工中心、CK40S数控车床、RB20工业机器人、装配单元之间产品的搬运功能。

一种适应卫星姿态侧摆机动的混合轮系控制方法

针对高稳定度轮控大型卫星因动量轮力矩小而难以满足侧摆成像任务需求问题,开展了混合轮系配置方案及控制方法研究。首先,提出常规轮系配置卫星滚动轴方向串联大力矩飞轮的混合配置方案,并设计飞轮开环前馈与常规动量轮闭环反馈相结合的控制策略;其次,设计以容许角动量最大量为权重的飞轮组前馈力矩分配律和具有角动量反馈的飞轮力矩跟踪控制方法,实现飞轮力矩合理分配及其模型不确定性导致输出力矩偏差抑制;然后,设计估计器对星体内外扰动力矩进行估计与补偿,以确保卫星高稳定度性能实现;最后,给出在轨应用情况,验证所提出方案及方法的有效性。在轨应用表明,采用该控制方法,有效缩短了整星侧摆稳定时间达100 s以上,且非机动期间姿态稳定度优于3.75×10-5(°)/s。

自动泊车前轮转角闭环的分层控制方案

为提高自动泊车系统中控制器的抗扰动能力,优化控制律执行效果,提出了前轮转角闭环的分层控制方案.设计了以行驶距离为非时间参考量的fal函数非光滑控制律,输出前轮转角控制量.以阿克曼转向模型为基础,建立了前轮转角观测器,并使用模糊滑模控制器实现前轮转角闭环的横向控制.搭建Carsim/Simulink联合仿真系统,在典型泊车场景下验证所设计控制器的有效性、跟踪效果及鲁棒性.使用实车测试平台开展了试验.结果表明:所设计的前轮转角闭环分层控制方案能够快速准确地跟踪目标路径,提高了泊车系统的横向控制精度,并在未知转向非线性扰动下也具有良好的跟踪控制效果.

基于状态估计的轮毂电机驱动控制策略研究

为克服轮毂电机响应慢,控制精度和抗干扰性差的难题,本文在滑模控制(Sliding mode control,SMC)的基础上,开发基于转速和角度在线状态估计的超螺旋滑模(Super-twisting sliding mode control,STSMC)轮毂电机转速转矩联合控制策略。采用单移线工况,轮毂电机汽车匀速换变道时分别对各轮毂电机进行转速控制,满足阿克曼转向要求,变道后采用正弦过渡方法对各轮毂电机进行转矩控制,电机快速平滑输出期望转矩,车辆直线加速。为防止转速和角度传感器误差或者损坏,轮毂电机控制中采用最大相关熵平方根广义高阶容积卡尔曼算法(Maximum correlation entropy square root generalized high-order cubature Kalman filter,MCSRGHCKF)对转速和转子角度进行无传感器估计,实验测试得到转子角度估计误差为-0.05 rad,转速误差为0.3 r/min,满足电机控制要求。从电机启动到匀速运行阶段采用STSMC算法控制,转速超调量为6.33%,最大输出转矩为0.35 N·m,响应时间为0.22 s,稳态转速脉动为±0.5 r/min,转矩脉动为±0.01 N·m,相比PID和SMC算法,控制效果更佳。在转速切换转矩控制,转矩可按照正弦函数平滑过渡,最大超调仅为2.86%,电机运行平稳。

汽车线控转向系统稳定性控制策略研究

以汽车线控转向系统为研究对象,构建滑模观测器对汽车质心侧偏角进行实时估计,用于主动前轮转向控制器设计。以汽车线性二自由度模型为参考模型,设计了基于扰动补偿的主动前轮转向滑模控制器,由主动转向控制器决策出额外附加前轮转角,使车辆响应跟随理想横摆角速度与质心侧偏角,改善汽车的横向稳定性。通过所建立的Carsim和Simulink联合仿真平台,在双移线低路面附着系数,有、无侧向风的工况下验证了主动转向控制策略的有效性。

基于扩张状态观测器的里程计定位补偿无人车轨迹跟踪控制

无人车的轨迹跟踪精度与车载传感器密切相关,应用图像、基站定位等方法容易受到实际中存在的各种干扰的影响导致传感器数据出现误差甚至丢失,进而影响无人车的轨迹跟踪精度。鉴于此本文以差速驱动型无人车为研究对象,提出了一种仅依赖轮式里程计的无人车轨迹跟踪控制方法,同时通过扩张状态观测器来估计总扰动的方式解决里程计在复杂工况下受干扰产生读数偏移以及长时间运行产生的累计误差等问题。本文首先对里程计的定位过程进行了分析,通过对里程计建立扩张状态观测器准确测量影响定位的干扰,并且针对里程计的偏差,采取扰动补偿措施以提升定位精度。随后对车辆的轨迹跟踪动态误差进行了深入研究,并设计了相应的误差方程,以制定轨迹跟踪控制策略。在实际弯曲道路测试中,车辆可以稳定在0.21 m的跟踪误差范围内,验证了本文所提方法的可行性和有效性。

基于电动方向盘的拖拉机自动导航转向控制方法

为提高轮式拖拉机自动导航过程中转向控制的精度与稳定性,该研究以雷沃欧豹M704-2H拖拉机作为试验平台,采用电动方向盘作为转向执行机构,分析转向机械间隙对控制精度的影响,针对转向间隙特性设计转向控制算法。首先,为了获得准确的转向角,利用GNSS(global navigation satellite system)与二轮车模型快速标定虚拟轮转角,标定结果表明:虚拟轮转角的最大误差为1.3°,平均误差为0.11°。然后,对转向系统的机械间隙进行分析,设计一种带有间隙补偿的模糊PD(proportional derivative)转向控制算法,并在Simulink中验证算法的可行性。实车试验结果表明,该算法跟踪方波转角信号的响应时间为1.1 s,最大稳态误差为0.65°,平均稳态绝对误差为0.132°。跟踪正弦波转角信号的平均延时为0.5 s,最大误差为1.91°,平均绝对误差为1.09°。与无间隙补偿算法相比,有间隙补偿算法跟踪方波信号最大稳态误差减小了0.022°,平均稳态绝对误差减少了0.112°,角度误差在±0.2°内的时间提升了71%;跟踪正弦波信号最大误差减小了0.68°,平均绝对误差减小0.23°。田间直线导航转向控制试验结果表明,转角跟踪的绝对平均误差为0.61°,最大跟踪误差为2.82°,转向控制跟踪精度较高,稳定性好,满足导航作业需求。

基于主动后轮转向的车辆稳定性控制策略

为实现四轮轮毂电机驱动车辆的操纵稳定性控制,提出了主动后轮转向和附加横摆力矩复合控制策略。针对高速行驶转向灵敏度大的问题,对前后轮转向比进行优化。策略采用分层式控制框架,上层基于线性时变模型预测控制算法,建立了四轮轮毂驱动车辆时变预测模型,推导和跟踪包含后轮转向系统的理想输出轨迹,并计算了跟踪理想状态轨迹所需附加力和力矩。下层通过求解四轮转矩分配优化问题,实现了滑移率阈值控制,解决了再生制动和机械制动的分配问题。仿真结果表明,提出的复合控制策略能够达到预期控制效果,改良了车辆横纵向稳定性。

全向轮式分拣装置货物移动轨迹模块化设计

全向轮式分拣装置通过对分拣平台上均布的各个全向轮进行独立及有选择性的速度控制,可实现以不同速度沿不同轨迹输送货物。文章提出一种全向轮式分拣装置货物移动轨迹的模块化设计方法,实现货物在分拣平台上沿任意指定路线灵活输送。将货物在分拣平台上的任意轨迹移动分解为直线段与圆弧段2种轨迹的不同组合;分别对直线段和圆弧段进行轨迹移动模块化设计,输入各段起点和终点的位置及速度等初始化参数,模块自动完成货物移动质心轨迹生成、货物移动扫掠面计算、扫掠面界内全向轮判断以及界内全向轮速度计算;最后,通过直线轨迹移动段与圆弧轨迹移动段的不同组合搭建货物分拣与堆码轨迹,对全向轮式分拣装置货物移动轨迹模块化设计方法进行试验测试。结果表明,文章提出的模块化设计方法大大降低了全向轮式分拣装置货物输送控制设计的难度。

线控主动四轮转向汽车控制策略研究

目的针对线控四轮转向汽车横向稳定性不足及控制鲁棒性差等问题,提出一种主动转向反馈控制策略。方法使用Simulink搭建线控转向系统转向执行机构动力学模型,将MATLAB/Simulink与Carsim联合仿真,建立线控四轮转向整车模型;基于二自由度模型分析横摆角速度和质心侧偏角对汽车稳定性的影响,推导理想的横摆角速度和质心侧偏角;以横摆角速度增益恒定为依据设计理想传动比,得到期望前轮转角,以横摆角速度误差为控制量设计模糊控制器得到附加前轮转角对期望转角实时修正,实现前轮主动转向;针对横摆角速度和质心侧偏角与理想值之间的误差,加权得到稳定性控制目标;设计自适应积分滑模反馈控制策略输出后轮转角,对理想值进行跟踪,实现后轮主动转向。结果仿真实验结果表明:所搭建的线控转向系统能够准确反映汽车动力学特性。相比无控制的机械前轮转向汽车与横摆反馈控制的四轮转向汽车,线控主动四轮转向汽车在双移线工况下将质心侧偏角控制在0值附近波动,横摆角速度跟踪误差控制在1.149 deg/s以内;在角阶跃工况下将质心侧偏角稳态值控制在0.065 deg,横摆角速度稳态值误差为0.074 deg/s。结论线控主动四轮转向控制策略在双移线和角阶跃工况下控制效果显著,鲁棒性能好,能有效提高汽车的操纵稳定性和主动安全性。

采用SGCMG的两轮单辙平台自平衡控制技术

针对以自行车、摩托车为代表的两轮单辙平台的自然不稳定问题,采用单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)为平衡控制机构,研究两轮单辙平台不同工况下自平衡控制算法。分析两轮单辙平台横向力矩,推导横滚转动动力学方程,并根据不同状态误差设计了增益调度PID控制器;建立轮-地接触点模型,修正曲线运动时目标横滚角,减小反馈静差,获得更好的动态响应;以前叉转向趋势预估未来时刻转向角度与目标平衡横滚角度,提前调整姿态以重力矩抵消离心力矩,模拟人骑行时的预判压弯行为。相关算法经仿真验证与实车测试,可在静止与曲线运动等工况下保持动态平衡,效果良好,表明了算法的有效性。