Experimental Study and Thermal Modelling of Cocoa Shell Convective Drying in an Indirect Solar Dryer

The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced in the drying chamber. Then at steady time intervals, the sample is withdrawn from the drying chamber, for a rapid weighing. After each weighing, the sample is reintroduced in the dryer. At each time interval, the ambient temperature of the drying chamber and its relative humidity γ are measured by a thermo-hygrometer. From the experimental data, a theoretical determination of the moisture evaporated from the product was performed and a good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values, confirmed by the value of the RMSE. Those calculations used the constants in the Nusselt number found in literature. Then those constants were evaluated again, to get new values more suitable with the experimental data. The dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Grashof and Prandtl were calculated. That allowed the calculation of the average value of the Nusselt number. The average convective heat transfer coefficient was determined.

Analysis and calculating for preheat temperature and average convection heat change coefficient in the continue annealing furnace

The aim of the thesis is to utilize essential theory of heat transfer,to use correlative expressions to calculate average convection heat change coefficient and heating temperature of strip in Jet Preheat Furnace (JPF),make the calculating results accordant with production data,and make the calculation to be used the process of production.The method is to collect:entry temperature and speed of strip,temperature and speed of N_2 - H_2,to analyse heat transfer according to length and thickness of strip,jet hole and mutual position of jet piping in JPF,to analyse heat transfer and built the physical model.In mathematic model, Martin correlative expressions are tried to calculate using the data from production,and are modified in part properly.At the same time,heat boundary condition is analysed with theory of impact jet and production data.The conclusion is obtained that boundary condition is rarely average numerical value of temperature of strip and N_2 - H_2 with impact jet condition,instead of a relation of function of temperature of strip, temperature and speed of N_2- H_2,array of jet holes,diameter of hole,distance between hole and strip,and acquired a calculating expression.In calculation of examples,the thesis collected and calculated 15 kinds of strips.The thickness of strips are 2=0.51~1.41 mm,material DQ - IF、DDQ,EDDQ,SEDDQ and 340DDQ.Main assess numerical value is temperature value after strip is heated with certain speed and within section of time.Maximum error in 9 groups of numerical value in the thesis is 3.36%comparing with production data.The correlative expressions can be used in production to adjust temperature of strip through changing speed and temperature of N_2 - H_2 and speed of strip.The correlative expressions are compiled computer process.The process can be applied in on line control of production by rapid calculating speed.

Mathematical model of convection diathermanous coefficient of refrigerator car

It is analyzed that the influence factors on temperature field of refrigerator car. The mathematical model of convection diathermanous coefficient has been put forward. It is considered in the model that the parameters of wind speed , car speed , temperature of car surface , temperature of surroundings ,etc. If the boundary conditions and parameters used in calculation model of convection transmits heat coefficient are confirmed as following: the cold plank car velocity V is 120 km/ h, and air temperature is 25 ℃, and the atmosphere press is 1013250 Pa, and wind velocity Vf is 10 m/ s, and the length of car bodywork L is 5 m, and bodywork surface temperature is 25 ℃. The results were obtained by the model: when the wind velocity direction is the same as car velocity, the coefficient K of convection transmits heat is 51.4(W·m-2·K-1), and when the wind velocity direction is against the car velocity, K is 90.58 (W·m-2·K-1).

Effect Analysis of Volume Fraction of Nanofluid Al2O3-Water on Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient in Small Modular Reactor

Development and use of nuclear energy is currently growing very rapidly, in order to achieve increasingly advanced technology, both in terms of design, economic factors and safety factors. Thermal-hydraulics aspects of nuclear reactors should be done with calculation and near-perfect condition. Including today began development of a nuclear reactor with low power below 300 MW, or commonly called the Small Modular Reactor (SMR). One is CAREM-25 developed by Argentina with a power of 25 MW, where in CAREM already using natural circulation system and the use of nanofluid as coolant fluid. In this research, analytic modeling of thermal-hydraulics nuclear reactor SMR CAREM-25, when the nanofluid Al2O3-Water used as cooling fluid in the cooling system of a nuclear reactor. Further to this analytic modeling will be done on CFD. Analytic modeling with CFD to determine the flow phenomena and distribution as well as the effect of nano-particles of Al2O3-Water based on the volume fraction (1% and 3%) of the coefficient of heat transfer by natural convection.

Approximation of Derivative for a Singularly Perturbed Second-Order ODE of Robin Type with Discontinuous Convection Coefficient and Source Term

In this paper,a singularly perturbed Robin type boundary value problem for second-order ordinary differential equation with discontinuous convection coefficient and source term is considered.A robust-layer-resolving numerical method is proposed. Anε-uniform global error estimate for the numerical solution and also to the numerical derivative are established.Numerical results are presented,which are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Effect of Farm Product Intrinsic Properties on Convective Drying: Case of Okra

In this study, the material is okra, a cucurbitaceous largely consumed in West Africa and South Asia. The influence of the external air parameters on food drying with different size, maturity, shape of the material is considered by convective drying. So, the okra was cut in several parts according to its three characteristic zones, the basis, the middle of the okra and the extremity because the three parts of the vegetable have not the same resistances in transfers by convective drying. The maturity of the okra also has an influence. The okra dries faster in its younger or older age. Okra dries slowly when its maturity is convenient to be consumed. The drying duration of okra with the age of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days is respectively 580, 780, 990, 1200 and 850 min. When we consider the three (matters) constituent of the okra: the skin, the seeds and the central material, the central matter dries faster. The diffusion coefficient was identified in all cases in order to compare the influence of those intrinsic properties of that food.

基于能量流向的变压器饼式绕组散热分析及试验研究

变压器热点温度作为运行经济性、安全性的关键指标,是设备在线监测及状态评估中的重点。该文对变压器内部散热进行研究,着眼于饼式绕组及其油道结构,基于能量流向建立绕组温度变化的物理模型。基于这一模型,在一台内置分布式传感光纤的110kV三相ONAN变压器上开展试验研究,使用分布式光纤测温(distributed temperature sensing,DTS)技术对运行状况下的绕组整体温度分布进行实时监测,分析绕组在ONAN冷却方式下的散热状况。在变压器启动初期,绕组各处散热量较低,温升速率较快。约2 h后,各饼散热量基本与损耗相一致,散热率可达98%以上,因此将这一阶段称为准稳态。准稳态阶段,绕组整体散热率基本一致。负载变化前期不同位置散热量的差异是温度梯度形成的主要原因。基于DTS手段及散热器进出口处油温,提出绕组每饼平均对流换热系数的计算方法,基于无量纲数建立绕组内外表面局部对流换热系数的计算方法,对不同位置、负载率下两种对流换热系数的变化规律进行分析获得了绕组运行过程中对流换热系数分布规律及变化趋势。

基于电化学-热-力耦合模型的锂离子电池热失控研究

为提升锂离子电池的安全性能,减少由热失控导致的安全事故,分析电池温升的原因并有效降低其温度,依据电化学反应中浓度、电势与热模型中温度的相互影响关系,建立电化学-热-力耦合模型。通过模拟单电池和电池组温度分布的实时情况,分析单电池温度不均匀分布和电池组温度正态分布情况的原因,探讨换热面积和流通量对散热量的影响,研究电池组中单体电池的位置分布及不同传热介质的散热情况。研究结果显示:低温和相对高温环境下,欧姆热、极化热及电化学反应热产热占比不同,但产热最高温度未达到电极材料与电解液分解反应的临界温度420 K;高温环境下,电池温度持续升高接近临界温度,出现热失控趋势,对流换热系数对电池影响较大。电池组间隙为10 mm和20 mm时,整体温度比间隙为0时分别降低了1.1%和1.8%;与无间隙电池组相比,以铜板和铝板为传热介质的电池组温度分别降低了2.0%和1.6%。

面向回流焊工艺过程质量控制的温度场仿真技术研究

针对回流焊工艺过程中的质量控制问题,文章提出了一种创新的回流焊温度场仿真方法。该方法综合考虑热对流和热辐射的影响,以单温区炉腔作为回流炉,PCB组件作为被焊物体,借助Ansys Icepak软件模拟回流焊接过程,并搭建炉温测试平台用于监控PCB组件温度曲线,以分析其焊接质量。结果表明,仿真模型成功模拟了工艺参数组A~C的回流温度分布。仿真与实测温度曲线吻合较好,其中工艺参数组A实现了更高的焊接质量。文章提出的创新方法能够顺利实现回流焊工艺过程的质量控制,得到合理的回流温度曲线,为优化回流焊工艺提供了理论依据,有助于快速调整工艺参数以提高焊接质量和生产效率;同时该方法也可为其他类似工艺的温度场控制提供参考。

复合绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长数值模拟及自然覆冰试验验证

绝缘子覆冰对电力系统的安全可靠运行构成了严重威胁。目前,主要从试验角度定性解释伞裙结构对绝缘子覆冰形态、覆冰量的影响,少有基于覆冰增长机理的冰形数值模拟研究。因此以FXBW-35/70为研究对象,基于流体力学和热力学原理,计算分析了绝缘子表面冻结系数和对流换热系数的变化规律,建立了绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长三维数值模型,并进行了自然覆冰试验验证。结果表明,冻结系数随着温度、水滴直径和液态水含量的升高而降低;对流换热系数随着风速的增大而增大。绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长方向与位置有关,杆径覆冰主要沿径向增长,而伞裙边缘覆冰沿径向和轴向2个方向增长。模型计算得到的绝缘子覆冰特征参数与试验的误差均在15%以内,验证了模型的有效性。

水滴形热管阵列预冷器综合换热特性数值研究

提出了一种应用于高超声速飞行器进气预冷的水滴形热管阵列预冷器构想,以实现进气预冷的高效换热和低流动损失。基于将热管处理为恒定温度导热体的简化模型假设,采用数值模拟方法研究了水滴形热管预冷器的流动换热特性以及水滴热管形状、纵向间距和来流马赫数的影响,并与具有相同截面积的圆形热管预冷器进行了对比分析。结果表明,水滴外形减少了外掠高温来流在热管尾缘脱落涡的产生,流动变得平滑。与圆形热管预冷器相比,水滴形热管预冷器极大地减小了高温来流流动损失,仅为圆形热管阵列的30%。虽然温降有所降低,但综合性能因子大于圆形热管预冷器。在本文的研究参数范围内,存在相对较优的水滴形状和热管纵向间距,可以获得更高的综合换热特性;随着来流马赫数增大,预冷器的综合换热特性有所提升。

油浸式变压器的全域热网络模型

热点温度是衡量变压器绝缘性能和安全裕度的重要指标,对其进行快速准确计算具有重要的意义。对油浸式变压器内部的产热和传热机理进行了分析,得到自然对流边界层中速度和温度分布与流体普朗特数Pr的关系,考虑到局部自然对流换热系数的沿程变化以及不同区域传热特性的差异,对油浸式变压器进行了分区分层处理。基于热电类比法定义了多种热阻类型,构建了油浸式变压器的全域热网络模型;通过有限元仿真对比了热网络模型的计算结果。二者所得绕组温度变化趋势相同,热点温度相差约1.9%,热点位置相差约7.7%。相比于有限元仿真,热网络模型在求解时间和效率上更有优势,能够实现油浸式变压器运行状态的在线监测、实时分析和动态评估。

新浇筑混凝土热学参数现场试验与分析

寒冷地区自然入仓情况下混凝土浇筑温度难以得到保障,高拱坝需要较好的完整性才能保障结构的安全,不建议长间歇,由此需要准确地计算分析寒冷地区极端条件下的浇筑温度保障措施。由于新鲜混凝土自由水分含量与老混凝土存在较大区别,因此新浇筑混凝土表面等效热交换系数、导热系数、导温系数与老混凝土也可能存在较大差别,需要进行试验确定。因此,针对新浇筑混凝土布置试验,对距离坯层表面不同位置混凝土温度进行监测,提出相应的参数反演方法,对混凝土导热系数、导温系数和表面等效热交换系数进行反演分析。结果表明,新浇筑混凝土表面等效热交换系数、导热系数、导温系数与老混凝土存在较大差别,导热系数和导温系数为老混凝土的1.67倍,裸露时新浇筑混凝土表面等效热交换系数则为老混凝土的7.78倍。这些差异造成的计算误差足以影响施工措施的制定。该试验结果可以为坯层浇筑期间混凝土温度变化计算提供参考。

热辐射特征参数对快堆锥形顶盖空间换热特性影响的研究

池式钠冷快堆的钠池内充满高温液态钠,其上方覆盖有氩气,高温液态钠主要通过辐射换热及对流换热的方式向快堆主容器上部结构及氩气空间传递热量,其换热特性及其影响因素十分复杂。辐射发射率及液态钠蒸发形成的气溶胶层对主容器上部结构的热工水力特性会造成一定影响。因此,为保证主容器上部结构在不同温度载荷下的安全性与稳定性,十分必要获取不同辐射发射率及不同气溶胶层分布下的温度分布。本研究建立大型池式钠冷快堆主容器上部锥形顶盖空间(以下简称“锥顶盖”)数值计算模型,开展数值模拟计算,得到不同发射率及气溶胶层厚度影响下锥顶盖的温度场。研究结果表明,发射率越高,锥顶盖斜肩及氩气空间温度越高;当气溶胶层存在于靠近钠液面的高度范围时(0~0.2 m),增加其厚度可使氩气空间局部温度升高,但对锥顶盖斜肩温度影响有限。发射率增高53%,则辐射换热量增加31.47%,格拉晓夫数(Gr)减少19.29%,辐射换热效果增强,自然对流效果减弱;气溶胶层高度由0增加到0~0.1 m时,对辐射换热量的吸收增加22.68%,格拉晓夫数(Gr)减少19.29%,气溶胶层高度由0~0.1 m增加到0~0.2 m时,透过气溶胶层的辐射换热量减少了0.04%,格拉晓夫数(Gr)增加了0.9%,辐射换热效果减弱,自然对流效果加强。

微尺度下基于对流混合的充填不平衡影响因素数值模拟分析

针对流道中采用对流混合的充填不平衡新的调控方法,通过数值模拟研究了微尺度聚合物熔体流动因素对流道熔体温度分布调控特性的影响。以“H”型流道作为研究对象,在流道中布局了对流混合装置。采用单因素的实验方法研究熔体温度、对流换热系数、流道系统对熔体充填不平衡的影响。数值模拟结果表明:绝热边界条件时,升高熔体温度伴随着熔体自身黏度的下降,对称点之间的温差减小,改善了充填不平衡,对流换热边界时,升高熔体温度加大了熔体通过壁面散失的热量,对称点之间的温差加大,充填不平衡越明显;对流换热系数越小,熔体与壁面之间的导热效率越低,熔体平均温度较高,增加了对称点之间的温差,加剧了充填不平衡;随着流道系统的减小,微尺度效应减弱,可以降低对称点间的温差,充填不平衡的现象得到了较好的改善。其中对流换热系数对充填不平衡的影响最大,其次是流道系统,最后是熔体温度。

场协同扭转螺杆热输运性能的研究

应用Polyflow软件,采用数值模拟的方法对创新提出的场协同扭转螺杆在不同转速下的热输运特性进行了仿真分析,结合温度分布、对流换热系数、黏度、压力等参数对其热输运性能进行了系统研究,并与常规螺杆进行对比。结果表明,设置有扭转结构的场协同扭转螺杆温度均匀性得到改善,对流换热系数提高,强化了整个体系的传热效果,其中扭转元件串联排布的螺杆换热性能更优。并以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为原料,采用扭转挤出技术结合机头径向温差、换热系数等参数对常规螺杆与场协同扭转螺杆的传热性能进行了实验研究。所得结果与仿真一致,证明了场协同扭转螺杆具有强化传热、改善塑化均匀性的特性。

基于狮群优化算法的机床主轴热特性分析

热误差对于主轴的回转精度至关重要,而对流换热系数的精确计算是有限元稳态热分析获得精确结果的前提。通过利用狮群优化(Lion Swarm Optimization,LSO)算法对主轴的对流换热系数进行优化,LSO相对于遗传算法等其他优化算法有更快的收敛速度、更高的精度、更能较好地获得全局最优解。首先,通过使用Lion的热分析模块测量主轴系统的关键点温度和主轴的热伸长。其次,通过经验公式计算主轴不准确但接近真实的对流换热系数值,不准确的对流换热系数会导致不准确的有限元仿真温度结果,因此使用LSO对对流换热系数寻优,将对流换热系数被视为感兴趣的目标值,实验温度值与模拟温度值之间的均方根误差被视为适应度函数。在150代之后,搜索了误差最小的最佳对流换热系数。最后,通过对搜索到的最优对流换热系数进行主轴系统的有限元稳态热分析,并与实验结果进行比较,证明了所提方法的有效性。

偏滤器部件中W/Cu模块传热的数值模拟分析

利用理论公式和CFX仿真分别对偏滤器部件中平板型W/Cu模块进行稳态热分析,获得了不同热流密度下W/Cu模块的温度场和应力场的变化。理论计算得到的对流传热系数约为52304W·(m^(2)·K)^(‒1),而用CFX仿真分析得到的为35168~52186W·(m^(2)·K)^(‒1)。此外,两种稳态热分析方式得到的W/Cu模块的温度场数值相近;在20MW·m^(‒2)热流密度下,W/Cu模块的温度场、应力场分析结果均超出了对应材料的许用范围,严重影响了偏滤器部件的稳定运行。

某水电站尾调室高湿环境散湿量分析和半经验预测方法

地下水电站尾调室内环境常年高湿,对尾调室合理除湿,保障室内人员和机组设备的安全成为亟待解决的关键问题。其中,尾调室内散湿量的分析和预测是开展除湿工作必不可少的一步。基于实测数据、理论推导和数值分析,总结了某水电站尾调室各项空气参数的变化规律,计算对比了短期测试和长期测试的散湿量,确定了高湿环境下大空间对流传质系数(以空气含湿量差为基准)的影响因素,建立了某水电站尾调室的散湿量预测模型。结果显示:11月底至次年1月,在入口风速较低的情况下,入口空气温度与围岩换热至出口时上升1.5~2.2℃,入口低湿度空气至出口时接近饱和状态;尾调室内的散湿量是动态变化过程,在11月底处于峰值28~32g/(m^(2)·h),至次年1月不断下降至7~10g/(m^(2)·h);将对流传质系数视为风速和含湿量差的双因素函数具有较高的相关性,并给出了拟合计算式。