Comparison of life cycle performance of distributed energy system and conventional energy system for district heating and cooling in China

The distributed energy system has achieved significant attention in respect of its application for singlebuilding cooling and heating.Researching on the life cycle environmental impact of distributed energy systems(DES)is of great significance to encourage and guide the development of DES in China.However,the environmental performance of distributed energy systems in a building cooling and heating has not yet been carefully analyzed.In this study,based on the standards of ISO14040-2006 and ISO14044-2006,a life-cycle assessment(LCA)of a DES was conducted to quantify its environmental impact and a conventional energy system(CES)was used as the benchmark.GaBi 8 software was used for the LCA.And the Centre of Environmental Science(CML)method and Eco-indicator 99(EI 99)method were used for environmental impact assessment of midpoint and endpoint levels respectively.The results indicated that the DES showed a better life-cycle performance in the usage phase compared to the CES.The life-cycle performance of the DES was better than that of the CES both at the midpoint and endpoint levels in view of the whole lifespan.It is because the CES to DES indicator ratios for acidification potential,eutrophication potential,and global warming potential are 1.5,1.5,and 1.6,respectively at the midpoint level.And about the two types of impact indicators of ecosystem quality and human health at the endpoint level,the CES and DES ratios of the other indicators are greater than1 excepting the carcinogenicity and ozone depletion indicators.The human health threat for the DES was mainly caused by energy consumption during the usage phase.A sensitivity analysis showed that the climate change and inhalable inorganic matter varied by 1.3%and 6.1%as the electricity increased by 10%.When the natural gas increased by 10%,the climate change and inhalable inorganic matter increased by 6.3%and 3.4%,respectively.The human health threat and environmental damage caused by the DES could be significantly reduced by the optimization of natural gas and electricity consumption.

Coordinated Exploration Model and its Application to Coal and Coal-associated Deposits in Coal Basins of China

China is a top world producer of coal resources with numerous coal-rich basins country-wide that also contain coalbed methane(CBM),an unconventional natural gas resource.Recent exploration of coal and CBM resources has also led to the discovery of rare,precious,and scattered metal minerals,including sandstone-type U and Ga–Ge–Li.High-grade and industrial-value deposits have been discovered in the Ordos,Junggar,and other basins across China during exploration for coal resources.Application of coordinated exploration theories and techniques in multiple energy and coal-associated ore deposits,such as coal and unconventional natural gas in coal,achieves efficient and practical exploration of natural resources.Based on the systematic study of accumulation and occurrence of coal and coal-associated mineral resources in coal basins,the basic idea of coordinated exploration for coal and coal-associated deposits is proposed,and multi-targets and multi-methods based on a coordinated exploration model of coal-associated deposits is developed.Coordinated exploration expands the main exploration objective from coal seams to coal-associated series,extending the exploration target from targeting coal only to coal-associated deposits.Entrance times for exploration are decreased to realize coordinated exploration for coal,unconventional natural gas and syngenetic/associated mineral resources in coal by implementing a’one-time approach’―one time in and out of a coal seam to minimize disturbance and time needed for extraction.According to the differences of geological background in China’s coal basins,four coordinated exploration model types,including co-exploration of coal and coal-associated unconventional natural gas,coal and solid minerals,coal and metal minerals,and coal with water resources are established.Other models discussed include a multi-target coordinated exploration model for the combination of coal,coal-associated gas,solid minerals,and metal minerals accordingly.The exploration techniques of coal and coal-associated resources include regional geological investigation and research and synthetic application of other techniques including seismic surveys,drilling,logging,and geochemical exploration.Particularly,applying the’multi-purpose drill hole’or reworking coalfield drill holes into parameter wells,adding sample testing and logging wells,determining gas-bearing layers by logging and gas content measurement,jointly measuring multiple logging parameters,sampling,and testing of coal-strata help in the exploration and evaluation of coal resources,coal-associated unconventional natural gas resources,and coal-associated element minerals.Accordingly,a system of integrated Space–Air–Ground exploration techniques for coordinated exploration of coal and coal-associated minerals is established.This includes high-resolution,hyperspectral remote-sensing technique,high-precision geophysical exploration and fast,precise drilling,testing of experimental samples,as well as coordinated exploration and determination methods of multi-target factors,multi-exploration means,multi-parameter configuration and optimization,big data fusions and interpretation techniques.In recent years,the application of this integrated system has brought significant breakthroughs in coal exploration in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang and other provinces,discovering several large,ten-billionton coalfields,such as the Eastern Junggar and Tuha basins,and also in exploration and development of CBM from lowrank coals in Fukang,Xinjiang,discovery the Daying U Deposit in Inner Mongolia,the Junggar Ultralarge Ga Deposit,Lincang,Yunnan,and the Wulantuga,Inner Mongolia,Ge-bearing coal deposits,and the Pingshuo Ultralarge Li–Ge Deposit.