Sodium-Modified Fluorapatite: A Mild and Efficient Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of <i>α,α</i>’-Bis(Substituted Benzylidene) Cycloalkanones under Conventional Heating and Microwave Irradiation

A versatile and environmentally friendly method for α,α’-bis(substituted ben-zylidene) cycloalkanones has been developed using a heterogeneous catalysis technology. We have synthesized a series of the α,α’-bis(substituted benzylidene) cycloalkanones, a biologically important class of compounds, via the cross aldol condensation between arylaldehydes and cycloketones using sodium-modified fluorapatite (Na/FAP) as a highly efficient solid catalyst under conventional heating in aqueous media and solventless conditions under microwave. Catalyst reuse, ease of separation of the pure product, and high yields are some of the unique features of this process. Shorter reaction times (4 - 7 min) and higher yields (80% - 94%) were achieved under microwave irradiation conditions.

Influence of microwave irradiation on the preparation of novolacs for the shell process

In this paper, the characteristics of the preparation of novolacs for the shell process under microwaveirradiation are investigated. Both polymerization and dehydration of the resins under microwave irradiation are comparedwith those under conventional heating and further analysis is made. The results show that compared with those underconventional heating, the polymerization and dehydration time under microwave irradiation are shortened by 85.2% and80.7% respectively; On the other hand, the polymerization and dehydration under microwave irradiation lead to aremarkable increase in flow distance of the resins. Furthermore, the polymerization under microwave irradiation leads toreduced cure time, while the dehydration under microwave irradiation causes a slight increase in cure time.

A rapid synthesis of isoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones under microwave irradiation with solid acid catalysis in solvent-free conditions

A rapid and efficient method for the synthesis of isoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4（5H）-ones has been developed through cyclocondensation of 5-aminoisoxazole-4-carboxamides with orthoesters under conventional heating and solvent-free microwave irradiation with solid acid catalysis. In comparison, the reactions are faster and the yields are higher under microwave irradiation.

Randomized clinical trial on seven-day-per-week continuous accelerated irradiation for patients with esophageal carcinoma: Preliminary report on tumor response and acute toxicity

AIM: Tumor response and normal tissue toxicity of seven-day-per-week continuous accelerated irradiation (CAIR) for patients with esophageal carcinoma were evaluated and compared to conventional irradiation (CR). METHODS: Sixty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were randomized into two groups: the CAIR group (30 patients) and the CR group (30 pa- tients). Patients in the CAIR group received radiotherapy (RT) with 2 Gy/fraction per day at 7 d/wk with a total dose of 50-70 Gy (average dose 64.2 Gy). The overall time of irradiation was 3.6-5.0 wk (average 4.6 wk). RT in the CR group was 2 Gy/fraction per day at 5 d/wk with a total dose of 40-70 Gy (average dose 61.7 Gy). The overall time of irradiation was 4.0-7.0 wk (average 6.4 wk). RESULTS: The data showed that the immediate tumor response to RT was better in the CAIR group than in the CR group. Efficiency rates (CR plus PR) were 82.8% (24/29) and 58.6% (17/29), respectively (P = 0.047). In both groups the incidences of esophagitis and tracheitis were insignificant (P = 0.376, 0.959), and no patient re- ceived toxicity that could not be tolerated. CONCLUSION: CAIR shortens overall treatment time and is well tolerated by patients. It may be superior to CR in enhancing the local response of tumor, but its remote effect for esophageal carcinoma awaits further follow-up.

CLINICAL STUDY IN ACCELERATED HYPERFRACTIONATED IRRADIATION IN THE TREATMENT OF LOCAL ADVANCED NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

Objective To evaluate the effect of accelerated hyperfractionated irradiation (AHFJ) and conventional fractionated irradiation (CFI) for local advanced non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The patients of AI-IFJ group were irradiated to large-field target volume by a daily fraction of 2Gy, and small-field target volume by a daily fraction of 1Gy with more than 6h interval. The total dose of large-field target volume was SOGy/25Fx/SW and of small-field target volume was 7SGy/SOFx/5W. The patients in CFI group were irradiated by a daily fraction of 2Gy to the total dose of 66Gy/33Fx/6. 6W. After 3 months of radiotherapy, the tumor response rates of complete recovery (CR), partial recovery (PR), and no change (NC) and 1- and 2- year survival rate in the two groups were observed. Results The tumor response rates of CR,PR,NC in AHFI group and CFI group were 22.9%(8/35), 60.0%(21/35), 17.1%(6/35) and 11.4% (4/35), 51.4% (18/35), 37.2% (13/35) respectively (P>0. 05). All patients were followed up 2 years or more. The 1- and 2- year survival rates in AHFI group and CFI group were 62.9% (22/35), 31 .4% (11/35) and 42.9% (15/35) , 17.1% (6/35) respectively (P< 0.05). The incidences of esophagitis and pneumonitis in AHFI group and CFI group were 34.3% (12/35), 22. 9% (8/35) and 40.0% (14/35), 17.1% (6/35)(P>0. 05). Conclusion In comparison with CFI, AHFI may increase 1- and 2- year sur-vival rate after treatment of local advanced non-small cell lung cancer, while the radio-reactions, either early or late, did not increase significantly.

Synthesis of Novolacs under Microwave Irradiation

Novolacs were successfully synthesized using oxalic acid as the catalyst in a self-designed device based on a domestic microwave oven, The fundamental characteristics of the synthesis of novolacs under microwave irradiation （MI） were investigated, and the properties of the resins polymerized and dehydrated under microwave irradiation and conventional heating （CH） were analyzed comparatively, The results show that MI reduced the polymerization and dehydration time greatly; and that the resins polymedzed and dehydrated under MI presented longer flow distances （ i. e., higher flowability） and shorter cure time than those obtained under CH.

The Effects by γ Ray Irradiation on Silicon Photodiodes

The relationships between irradiation doses of γ ray and the main photoelectric characteristics of PIN photodiode or conventional photodiode with different structure were studied. The experimental results show that after the photodiodes being irradiated,the photocurrent decreases,especially for short wavelength of light. The dark current of the photodiodes with smaller active area decreases while increases for that with larger active area,and the response time shortens. The plane scanning experiment of laser beam indicates that the homogeneity of the device's surface is not influenced by the irradiation. The results prove that PIN photodiode shows relatively good radioresistance.

Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Oximation of Acetylferrocene

Microwave-assisted reactions are an environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing organic compounds. In this study, oximation of acetylferrocene and acetophenone was conducted under both microwave irradiation and conventional heating conditions. Acetylferrocene and acetophenone were subjected to oximation under the two conditions in various solvent mixtures, and the extent of conversion was determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Microwave irradiation was found to accelerate the rate of oximation of both acetylferrocene and acetophenone. Acceleration of the reaction under microwave irradiation was attributed to the efficient absorption of microwaves by the ferrocene nucleus.

螺旋断层放疗与常规放疗在全脑全脊髓照射中的剂量学比较

目的探讨螺旋断层放疗(HT)与常规放疗(CRT)计划在全脑全脊髓照射中的剂量学特点,为临床选择不同的治疗方案提供依据。方法选取行全脑全脊髓放疗患者的CT图像10例,勾画靶区及危及器官(OAR)后,分别传输至Xio-Release 4.62.00及HI·ART Version 4.0.4治疗计划系统,给予全中枢靶区(PTV CSI)36Gy/18f,根据RTOG 02-25标准限制OAR剂量。2组计划完成后,分别对靶区的均匀指数(HI)、适形指数(CI)、等剂量曲线覆盖程度、剂量体积直方图的分布和OAR的平均剂量(Dmean)及体积分数进行评估,并进行统计分析。结果 HT计划中计划靶区体积(PTV)的HI、CI优于CRT组(P<0.05);2组计划的靶区最大量(Dmax)、Dmean均大于处方剂量(36Gy),其中HT组较CRT组更接近处方剂量(P<0.05);CRT和HT组的V95、V107分别为(98.0±1.2)%、(34.7±18.9)%和(99.2±0.3)%、(0.6±1.3)%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HT组除骨髓、Body外其他OAR的Dmean均低于CRT组,其中在眼球、心脏、Body中的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);HT组除眼球外其他OAR的V5均高于CRT组,其中在肺、心脏、胃、肝脏、肾、骨髓、Body中的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组计划中OAR V10的差异较小(P>0.05);HT组除Body外其他OAR V20均低于CRT组,其中在眼球、肺、心脏、胃、肾、肝脏中的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在全脑全脊髓照射中,HT计划优于CRT计划,值得临床进一步推广,但正常组织低剂量区的提高对临床的影响尚有待进一步观察。

乳腺癌五种照射技术比较研究

目的评价乳腺癌放疗时,适形、调强技术对保护正常组织和改善靶区剂量均匀度的作用。方法比较五种乳腺癌照射技术,包括常规切线照射技术、三维适形(3DCRT)切线照射技术、野中野照射技术、调强切线照射技术和调强五野照射技术。随机选择5位乳腺癌患者,为每位患者设计上述五种照射技术的治疗计划。处方剂量为46Gy/2Gy/23f。所有计划都使95%靶区体积达到处方剂量要求。分别比较他们的剂量分布、剂量体积直方图(DVH)、靶区剂量均匀度以及正常组织如肺、心脏所受剂量。结果五种技术靶区剂量均匀度的优劣:3D和调强技术比常规技术有改善趋势。但所有计划的靶区剂量分布方差分析无显著性差异(P=0.951)。3D技术和野中野技术各项指标值都基本相同。5野调强靶区剂量均匀度最佳。五种技术保护正常组织的效果:3D技术在正常组织的保护方面都优于常规技术。调强技术使患侧肺、心脏高剂量区体积降低,低剂量区增加。但使对侧肺和对侧乳腺的受照剂量略有增加。5野调强使正常组织受低剂量照射的范围显著增加。结论对于早期乳腺癌保乳术后放疗,在常规技术已达到较好疗效情况下,仍需要为提高患者生存质量、减少晚期并发症而努力。3DCRT技术在改善靶区剂量均匀度的同时,肺和心脏受照体积和受照剂量均低于常规技术;其计划时间和治疗时间与常规技术相近,因而可认为3DCRT是目前取代常规切线照射技术的较好选择。

微波辐射法制备Cu-SSZ-13催化剂及其对柴油车尾气NO_x的脱除

采用微波辐射法和传统水热法分别制备了Cu-SSZ-13催化剂,用于柴油车尾气NOx的脱除.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸脱附、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对样品进行表征.结果表明,微波辐射法大大缩短了SSZ-13分子筛的晶化时间,晶化9 h制得样品的结晶度与传统水热法晶化72 h制得样品的结晶度相近,同时孔结构参数也得到了一定程度的改善,微波辐射法制备样品的Br?nsted(B)酸性位和Lewis(L)酸性位增多,活性组分铜的负载量也得到显著的提高,使得微波辐射法制备的催化剂呈现出优异的低温活性和水热稳定性.

螺旋断层放疗与常规放疗在全脑全脊髓放疗中的急性血液学毒性比较

目的比较螺旋断层放疗和常规放疗在全脑全脊髓放疗中引起的急性血液学毒性。方法回顾性分析70例全脑全脊髓放疗患者放疗期间的急性血液学资料,按治疗技术分为螺旋断层放疗组(HT组14例)和常规放疗组(CRT组56例),参照CTCAE v3.0不良反应评价标准观察患者放疗期间急性血液学毒性情况并比较两组骨髓抑制情况,组间差异性比较采用χ2检验。结果放疗期间HT组和CRT组白细胞、血小板及血红蛋白下降发生率分别为100%、100%、78.6%及91.1%、67.9%、32.1%(P<0.05);两组Ⅲ~Ⅳ度白细胞、血小板、血红蛋白减低的发生率分别为85.7%、50%、14.2%及35.8%、10.7%、0(P<0.05);HT组和CRT组各有92.8%(10/14)和10.7%(6/56)的患者因骨髓抑制延误放疗(P<0.05);HT组平均出现骨髓抑制时间为11.50天,CRT组为17.37天(P<0.05)。放疗前化疗患者较未化疗患者骨髓抑制严重。结论全脑全脊髓螺旋断层放疗骨髓抑制较常规放疗发生率高、程度重,临床需引起重视,可能与骨髓、全身低剂量照射范围及剂量、化疗等因素相关,需进一步研究。

全脑照射调强放疗和常规放疗剂量学对比

目的:对比分析全脑照射采用调强放疗和常规放疗剂量学的差异。方法:对14例全脑照射患者分别采用调强放疗技术和常规放疗技术制作放疗计划,比较2个计划靶区适形度指数(comformity index,CI)、均匀性指数(homogeneity index,HI)和各个危及器官的受照射剂量。结果:调强放疗靶区CI优于常规放疗,靶区HI劣于常规放疗;在皮肤、脑干、视交叉、眼晶体最大剂量(D_(max))和平均剂量(D_(mean))方面,常规放疗优于调强放疗;2种放疗技术在眼球、视神经、垂体D_(max)和D_(mean)方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。结论:在目前的治疗条件下,全脑照射调强放疗技术与常规放疗技术相比,没有明显优势。

常规、后超外照射及外照加腔内照射治疗中晚期食管癌的疗效分析

目的:观察和比较常规分割、后程加速超分割外照射及外照射加腔内照射三种方法治疗中晚期食管癌的疗效及其放射反应。方法:从1994年5月至1995年6月对111例中晚期食管癌患者进行了常规分割外照射、后程加速超分割放疗及常规外照射加腔内近距离照射的随机分组研究。所有病例均为鳞癌,无锁骨上淋巴结转移及远处转移,年龄在40～75岁。常规分割照射组(常规组)40例:6000cGy/30次·6周,每日1次,1次200cGy,每周5天。后程加速超分割组(后超组)41例:前3周常规分割,3000cGy/15次·3周,后2周加速超分割照射,3000cGy/20次·2周,每日2次,每次150cGy,每周5天。外照射加腔内照射组(外加内组)30例;常规外照射至3500cGy时行腔内照射,外照射不停(仅内照射当天停1次),内照射500cGy/次,1次/周,内照2次共1000cGy,外照射总量为5000cGy。所有病例随访达3年。结果:常规组、后超组及外加内组的1～3年生存率分别为57.5%、56.1%、53.3%和22.5%、29.3%、26.7%,各组生存率相比无统计学差异。3组食管炎发生率分别为22.5%、41.5%和50.0%,后超组及外加内组的食管炎发生率较高。结论:后程加速放疗及外照射加内照射治疗中晚期食管癌均未能明显提高生存率,且食管炎发生率较高,具体哪一种照射方法为最佳治疗方案,下结论仍为时过早。

微波作用下壳聚糖的O-烷基化反应

对微波辐射与常规条件下壳聚糖的O烷基化反应进行了对比 .结果表明 ,在微波辐射条件下 ,用相转移催化剂和以NaOH水溶液作为碱性试剂和载体 ,壳聚糖与溴代烷能迅速地发生反应 ,生成相应的O烷基化产物 ,反应速度是常规法的 180多倍 ,极大地节约时间和提高效率 ,并且发现微波辐射下反应的取代度比常规法的有一定的提高 .

乳腺癌保乳术后三种放疗技术剂量学评价

目的:比较乳腺癌保乳术后常规放疗(CR)、三维适形(3D-CRT)放疗、调强适形(IMRT)放疗靶区剂量均匀性、危及器官受照体积等方面的差异。方法:随机选择10例乳腺癌患者,为每例患者设计上述三种照射技术的治疗计划。处方剂量为50Gy/25次。所有计划都使95%靶区体积达到处方剂量要求。根据积分剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较靶区受量和相关正常器官受量的差异和剂量分布。结果:CR、3D-CRT、IMRT靶区均匀性指数分别为1.16±0.03、1.15±0.03和1.14±0.02(P=0.279),适形度指数分别为0.61±0.05、0.65±0.06和0.69±0.06(P=0.025);三种放疗技术中患侧肺V30分别为19.39±3.09、15.53.±3.98、15.68±4.38(P=0.057),V20分别为22.26±3.52、18.87±4.24、20.68±4.52(P=0.202),V10分别为26.68±3.72、23.96±4.76、34.27±14.02(P=0.039),V5分别为33.71±3.70、31.66±5.49、49.81±24.25(P=0.018);对侧乳腺V3分别为3.31±3.74、2.37±3.11、14.24±3.81(P=0.007);心脏V5分别为19.99±17.22、13.77±11.10、38.42±29.95(P=0.037)。结论:与CR相比,3D-CRT和IMRT能够改善靶区均匀性和适形度,并降低患侧肺的高剂量受照体积,但IMRT同时增加了患侧肺、对侧乳腺、心脏低剂量受照体积。

电离辐射旁效应的研究方法概述

无论是放射性核素内照射还是不同射线外照射,无论是辐照体外培养细胞还是活体照射,都存在一定的辐射旁效应。旁效应的研究方法很多,如低剂量常规辐照,未照射细胞与照射细胞共同培养,用辐照细胞条件培养基处理未辐照细胞,微束单细胞定点辐照等。本文就辐射旁效应的研究方法做一综述。

乳腺癌保乳术后常规、三维适形和直接子野优化调强放疗技术剂量学评估

目的:比较乳腺癌保乳术后常规放疗(CR)、三维适形(3D-CRT)放疗、直接子野优化调强适形(DMPO-IMRT)放疗靶区剂量分布及危及器官受照体积等方面的差异。方法:随机选择10位乳腺癌患者,为每位患者设计上述三种照射技术的治疗计划。处方剂量为50 Gy/2 Gy/25次。所有计划都使95%靶区体积达到处方剂量要求。根据积分剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较靶区受量和相关正常器官受量的差异和剂量分布。结果:三种技术靶区均匀性指数(HI)和适形度指数(CI)差异均有显著性意义(P=0.049,P=0.001),其中尤以DMPO-IMRT的指标最佳。与CR相比,3DCRT降低了患侧肺、对侧乳腺和心脏在各个剂量区的受照体积,而DMPO-IMRT增大了患侧肺(V20、V30除外)、对侧乳腺和心脏的受照体积。与3DCRT相比,DMPO-IMRT增大了患侧肺(V30除外)、对侧乳腺和心脏的受照体积。结论:与CR相比,3D-CRT和DMPO-IMRT改善了靶区的均匀性和适形度。与此同时,3DCRT降低了本研究中各个剂量区危及器官的受照体积,DMPO-IMRT在降低患侧肺高剂量受照体积的同时,增大了患侧肺、对侧乳腺、心脏的低剂量受照体积。

红蓝光交替照射治疗颜面部痤疮患者的护理体会

目的:探讨红蓝光交替照射治疗颜面部痤疮的疗效及护理,为红蓝光交替照射治疗颜面部痤疮提供临床依据。方法:选取我院皮肤科就诊的颜面部痤疮患者110例,将其随机分为实验组和对照组,每组55例,对照组采用常规护理方法,实验组在常规护理的基础上采用红蓝光交替照射护理方法,以4周为1个疗程,治疗3个疗程后进行疗效评价。结果:治疗3个疗程后进行结果比较,发现实验组的有效率为96.7%,对照组的有效率为83.6%,两组同期比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:红蓝光交替照射治疗颜面部痤疮疗效比常规护理痤疮显著,值得推广。

持续蓝光照射和间隙蓝光照射治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效对比研究

目的探究持续性蓝光照射和间隙性蓝光照射治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效。方法选取我院2013年6月-2015年2月期间收治的64例黄疸新生儿,采用抽签方式分为:A组32人和B组32人,两组黄疸患儿先同时进行常规治疗,A组患儿采用间隙性蓝光照射治疗,B组患儿采取持续性蓝光照射治疗。对两组患儿的各项体征和精神状态进行观察,记录患儿的黄疸好转情况和不良反应进行。结果 A组(间隙组)和B组(持续组)的总有效率的差异没有统计学意义(93.75%vs 96.87%,P>0.05),A组(间隙组)患儿比B组(持续组)患儿的不良反应的发生率要低(34.38%vs 46.88%,P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义。结论采用间隙性蓝光治疗与持续性的蓝光照射治疗两种方案对新生儿的黄疸都具有明显的效果,而采用间隙性的蓝光照射治疗可以大程度的降低患儿的不良反应的发生率。