Compound Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Converging-Diverging Tube with Evenly Spaced Twisted-tapes

Pressure drop and compound heat transfer characteristics of a converging-diverging tube with evenly spaced twisted-tapes （CD-T tube） have been investigated experimentally. Swirl was generated by evenly spaced twisted-tape elements which vary in twist ratio and rotation angle. Space ratio also has an important effect on the characteristics. For comparison, experiments in a smooth circular tube and a converging-diverging （CD） tube with-out twisted-tapes were carried out. The results show that the twisted-tape with twist ratio y=4.72 and rotation angle θ=180° has the best performance among the four types of twisted-tapes presented in this paper. At Reynolds number ranging from 3400 to 20000, when space ratio s=48.6, the heat transfer efficiency index, which increases as the Reynolds number increases, is 0.85-1.21 and 1.07-1.15 compared to that of a smooth circular tube and a CD tube without twisted-tape inserts, respectively.

3D Numerical Study on Compound Heat Transfer Enhancement of Converging-diverging Tubes Equipped with Twin Twisted Tapes

The paper presents a 3D numerical simulation of turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristics in converging-diverging tubes （CDs） and converging-diverg）ng tubes.equi.pped with twin counter-swirling twisted tapes （CDTs）. The effects of Reynolds number （Re= 10000-20000）, pitch length （P= 11.25, 22.5 mm）, rib height （e = 0.5, 0.8, 1.1 ram）, pitch ratio （8= 1 ＂ 8, 5 ＂ 4, 8 ＂ 1）, gap distance between twin t）visted tapes （b = 0.5, 4.5, 8.5 mm） and tape number （n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6） on Nusselt number （Nu）, Iriction tactor 0＇） and thermal enhancement factor （r/） are investigated under uniform heat flux conditions,using water as working fluid. In order to illustrate the heat transter and tlu^d tlow mechamsms, flow structures m ~StJs and ~SDIs are presented. The obtained results reveal that all geometric parameters have important effects on the thermal performance of CD and CDT, and both CD and CDT show better thermal performance than plain tube at the constant pumping power. It is also found that the increases in the Nusselt number and friction factor for CDT are, respectively, up to 6.3%-35.7% and 1.75-5.3 times of thecorresponding bare CD. All CDTs have good thermal perbrmance with greater than 1 which indicates that the compound heat transfer technique of CDT is commendable for the maximum enhanced heat transfer rate.

Molecular phylogeny of tribe Atraphaxideae(Polygonaceae)evidenced from five cpDNA genes

Traditionally, Atraphaxis, Calligonum, Pteropyrum and Parapteropyrum are included in the tribe Atraphxideae. Recently, sequence data has revealed that this tribe is not monophyletic. The structure of the tribe was examined by adding more taxa and sequences to clarify the congruence between morphology and molecular phylogeny, the systematic placements of four genera in Polygonaceae, as well as the infra-generic relationships of Atraphaxis and Calligonum within Atraphaxideae. Five chloroplast genes, atpB-rbcL, psbA-trnH, trnL-tmF, psbK-psbl, and rbcL of Atraphaxis, Calligonum, Pteropyrum, and Parapteropyrum were sequenced. The non-monophyly of Atraphaxideae was confirmed. Atraphaxis and Calligonum, respectively, formed a monophyletic group that was well supported. Calligonum is closely related to Pteropyrum; Atraphaxis is sister to Polygonum s. str. and Parapteropyrum is allied with Fagopyrum. Although the morphology suggested the four genera should form a tribe, the molecular data indicated Atraphaxideae was not one monophyletic group. The clades identified within Atraphaxis corresponded well with the current sectional classification based on morphological features. As for Cal- ligonum, Medusa was identified as a non-monophyletic section.

Dietary intakes of Karen hill triber children aged 1-6 years in northern Thailand

Malnutrition results from insufficient intakes of food including micronutrients such as vitamin A,iron,iodine, zinc,and folic acid.This paper reported the results from a study of dietary intakes of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in the north of Thailand.All children aged 1-6 years(n=158;83 boys,75 girls)from the three Karen villages(Mae Hae Tai,Mae Yot,Mae Raek) of Mae Chaem district in the north of Thailand were studied.All children were examined by a qualified medical doctor and were assessed for their nutrient intakes using 24 hours dietary recall.All families had income lower than the Thailand poverty line(US $1000/ year).For children aged 1-3 years,the nutrients generally consumed were much less than the Thai RDA. Compared with the Thai RDA,all children consumed much less energy(28%-40.5%RDA)than protein (55.8%-96.1%RDA).Interestingly,all boys and only girls from Mae Raek village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA but girls from Mae Hae Tai village and Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A less than the Thai RDA.For children aged 4-6 years,boys from Mae Raek village consumed protein(128.4%RDA) and vitamin C(143.1%RDA)above the Thai RDA.Girls from Mae Yot village also consumed vitamin C (132.9%RDA)above the Thai RDA.Both boys and girls from Mae Raek village and also girls from Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA.Other nutrients were consumed much less than the Thai RDA by all children.All children consumed protein more than 10%of the total energy consumption per day. Most of the energy consumed by children came from carbohydrate.Nearly all children consumed carbohydrate more than 50%of the total energy consumption per day except boys aged 1-3 years from Mae Raek village (consumed 45%).All children from Mae Hae Tai village and boys aged 4-6 years from Mae Yot village(consumed 27%)consumed fat less than 30%of the total energy consumption per day.It appeared that the priority recommendations for improving nutrition in Karen villages in Mae Chaem would be increase energy consumption such as fat and oil.More general work is needed on how children’s diets might be improved in a culturally acceptable manner,so as to bring consumption patterns closer to recommended allowance levels.

Forest utilization patterns and socio-economic status of the Van Gujjar tribe in sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttarakhand,India

The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State, India. The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years. They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures. A few years ago with the announcement of the establish- ment of the Rajaji National Park, the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park, which has affected their lifestyle. The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study. The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony, the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selec- tive trees for various uses. A total of 176 households were interviewed （giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size） by using pre-structured questionnaires. The education level was very low （12.9%） and the average income per household was recorded as Rs. 36000 （approximately $ 803） per year. The major source of income was dairy production （80.6%） followed by labor employment （13.9%）, NTFPs （4.2%） and agricultural production （1.4%）. More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest. The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg, respectively. A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources. Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder, fuel wood, agricultural implements, household articles, dye, medicine, fiber and other products. According to their utility value, the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis, followed by Terminalia alata, Bombax ceiba, Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo,

Ethnomedicinal Plants Used in the Healthcare Systems of Tribes of Dantewada, Chhattisgarh India

The tribal people depend on forests for their livelihood and most of the rural people still depend on traditional medicine as a primary healthcare source. The paper highlights the rich plant resources and the vast wealth of ethnobotanical information available with the various tribes of the region. In this paper, some new and less known ethno medicinal uses of 104 plants of tribes of Dantewada, Dakshin Bastar C.G. in different ailments have been reported. The main objective of present work is to give the information and documentation of medicinal plant used by tribal of the study sites. The ethnomedicinal information was gathered from interviews with living elders belonging to Madiya, Muriya, Gond and Bhatra tribes of the study area. The present work on ethnomedicinal plants, used in the healthcare systems of tribes in 15 villages, was carried out from Geedam block of Dantewada, Dakshin Bastar C.G.

A New Approach for Identifying Potentially Effective Indigenous Plants Consumed by Chenchu Tribes and Their Nutritional Composition-India

Traditional knowledge of plants and their properties always has been transmitted from generation to generation through the natural path of everyday life. Food habits of the indigenous population across the globe are very abnormal when compared to that of civilized people. The forest related tribal scientific studies of edible wild plants are extremely constructive to know the nutritional values of the forest indigenous foods and help to eliminate the malnutrition problems in vulnerable group. The existing study was undertaken with an intention and documented 34 exceptional plant species belonging to 15 families with their medicinal values, taxonomical names and nutritional profile. Among the 34 indigenous plant foods, the frequently available and consumed plant foods by particularly vulnerable tribal group Chenchu tribes were selected for nutritional investigation including proximate composition, mineral and vitamin analysis. Results show that the nutritional values of the edible indigenous plant foods are prominent compared to frequently consumed foods available in market. The present study observed that the conventional and nutritional information on wild plant foods is on sharp decline. Unless efforts are made to educate the present generations about the importance of these foods, which may be lost in near future. These studies could contribute significantly to Government policies to improve food security and helps to progress health and nutritional status in marginally deprived tribal communities in India, and in the enhancement of wild vegetable status, whose potential as sources of nutrition is currently undervalued.

The Mediating Effect of Quality of Life on Tourism Impact and Support Attitude in Alishan Tribes

The purpose of this study was aimed to analyze the effect of indigenous people’s perceived impact of tourism development on tribal quality of life and the support attitude toward tourism development. The research subjects were indigenous people who were at least 20 years old and came from one of eight Alishan tribes in Taiwan. This study conducted an investigation by random sampling, a total of 850 questionnaires were distributed and obtained 827 valid questionnaires. The valid return rate was 97.29%. Statistical analysis was performed on the valid questionnaires using descriptive statistics and partial least squares (PLS). According to the analytical result, Alishan indigenous people feel the negative environmental impact brought by tourism is the highest, but in terms of quality of life, they also maintain of nature and culture. When the positive economic, environmental, and sociocultural impact of tourism is higher, tribal quality of life and indigenous people’s support attitude toward tourism development will be more significant;however, when the negative economic, environmental, and sociocultural tourism impact is higher, tribal quality of life will be lower and indigenous people will tend to resist tourism development. Quality of life was found to be a moderator between tourism impact and support attitude toward development. This study proposed suggestions for indigenous tribes and the government to develop the tourism sector and introduced specific research directions for future tribal tourism researchers.

The Distribution of Tribe Blaptini( Coleoptera,Tenebrionidae) in China

In this paper,the distribution status of genera and species of the tribe Balptini discovered in China was summarized.According to related data,19 genera and 169 species of the tribe Balptini are distributed in various provinces and regions of China.Different genera and species of the tribe Balptini are distributed in different regions.This study laid the theoretical foundation for further investigation of the evolutionary process of tribe Blaptini in China.

Cultural Factors of Lisu Ethnic Tribe in Kachin State

This research is conducted with the aim of investigating the culture of Lisu ethnic tribe in Myanmar, the area of study which has been unexplored. This research paper deals with good historical evidence of Lisu ethnic group in the circle of Lolo Ethnic group during the 9th century A.D. They lived in their own states in the regions such as Bhamo, Putao and Loilin. Therefore, the tribes are named after their respective regions, such as Bhamo Lisu and Loilin Lisu. They were in the north, holding strong power in Yunnan Province called Nan-Chao. Their prestige remained for as long as their traditions, their own religion and their dressing （costume） and the way they earn their living, culture and literature aspiring national faith of Lisu.

The Fashion-Architecture＇s Theory： Reflecting Tribe Civilization into Contemporary Age

In megacities, the phenomenon of the highrise buildings which add fashion elements into the body and facades seems as big sculptures. Architect composed their work by applying the cross-pollination of design method. They adopted the various elements to enrich their building＇s facade in order to look different. On the other hand, the traditional architecture expressed the tribe civilization by placing their proud artifacts into the building＇s facade. The purpose of this study is to find a new theory of architecture during their process of becoming of the architecture＇s form. The study applied a phenomenological investigation method of several highrise building＇s facade at Jakarta and several districts of Singapore, Brisbane and Melbourne. The study result is a new theory named ＂the fashion-architecture＂ is a building composed by adopting the cross-pollination of design method. To enrich the building＇s facade, architect adopted anything including the fashion＇s design elements： accessories, millineries, and cosmetics also reflected by the traditional architecture. Their fashion-architecture works are reflecting the tribe civilization into a contemporary architecture design.

Mass Media and Urban Tribes, Analysis of Their Relations by Stafford Beer＇s Viable System Model

This paper discusses the relations between mass media and urban tribes, by Stafford Beer＇s viable system model （VSM）. During 1950-2010, the influence of media and advertising over individual decision-making processes has deepened of age range to which have targeted advertising and expanded for Western world, leading the culture diversity, naturally given, toward only one standardized culture prevailing nowadays. In the 1960s they were the women, then the young people during 1970s, and then children in the 1980s and during the 1990s over early childhood, when we learnt to speak （3 years old）, achieving brand loyalty among very young children and the brands of products for this age group. From this perspective, urban tribes have taken control of the lives of young people, offering a false freedom, at the moment of choosing ＂How to be yourself＂ from options given in the market as a ＂catalogue of predesigned identities＂. A phenomenon is so complex, so it requires a holistic framework able to make explicit its components and relations between them and the relationship with internal and external environment. In particular, the VSM provides a way to analyze communication＇s problems thus clarifying： how, when and where, repair and controlling into the organization, identifying strategies to improve decision-making. Given the recursive nature of the VSM, it is possible to navigate within the phenomenon, through different recursions＇ levels. It will help to define more assertive and effective policies by health authorities, education and government in general, and also help someone among young people to see themselves inside of a dynamic consumption and thus can leave the domain and enter into a recta-domain, with more wisdom and consciousness.

Walking to the Tsosisumkyi“Tribe”

Why do I refer to Tsosisumkyi village as a"tribe"?The simple reason is that this rural community did not go through any democratic reform while Tibet experienced its transition from a feudal serfdom to socialism.How is Tsosisumkyi today?Is there any kind of chieftain in control of this"tribe"?

GENERATIONS from EXILE TRIBE

他们一直乘着上升的气流。自2012年出道已经过了7年,他们的音乐更加丰富、精美,他们的合作更加有默契。再加上,每个人都有自己不同的个性,可以纯洁、可以复杂、可以大胆、可以纤细。他们拓展了自己的可能性,魅力也随之见长。他们最大的武器,就是纯粹却坚韧的'少年气'—。永远活泼纯粹又快乐,GENERATIONS永远是专心音乐的傻瓜。为音乐和组合献上自己的人生的7个人,是永远的少年,在这个夏天会绽放出更耀眼的光辉。

Taboos of Tibetan Nomadic Tribes

ＴａｂｏｏｓｏｆＴｉｂｅｔａｎＮｏｍａｄｉｃＴｒｉｂｅｓＡＯＨＯＮＧＴｉｂｅｔａｎｆｏｌｋｌｏｒｅｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｖａｒｉｏｕｓｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｃｅｌｅｂｒａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｉａｌＯｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｓ，ａｎｄｗｅｄｄｉｎｇａｎｄｆｕｎｅｒａｌ...

The Lhoba Tribe in Dermo

ＴｈｅＬｈｏｂａＴｒｉｂｅｉｎＤｅｒｍｏｂｙＷａｎｇＬｉｍｉｎＯｎＡｕｇｕｓｔ１５，１９５０，ｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｄａｙｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｖｅｎｔｈｍｏｎｔｈｉｎｔｈｅＴｉｂｅｔａｎＹｅａｒｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｏｎＴｉｇｅｒ，ａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｍｅａｓｕｒ...

铁骊族称来源及其居地考

铁骊族称有一个历史的演变过程。唐朝置铁利部,渤海置铁利府,辽朝置铁骊国,民国置铁骊县,新中国成立后置铁力县,后改铁力市。铁利、铁骊、铁力等不同称谓,都是铁骊(利)人以农业经济为主,从事耒耜耕、耦耕、犁耕的文化遗存。“利”是“犁”的古文,“力”与“丽”通,“力”一人一耒耕地,“丽”两人两耒耕地,“骊”是“犁耕”时代的写照。今铁力地区,各族人民自古就以农耕经济为主,兼渔猎经济。今铁力市及其周围地方,自唐代以来一直是唐代铁利部、辽代铁骊国中心位置,是铁骊族居住之地。

使鹿鄂温克部落传统木工艺文化基因的提取及设计应用

使鹿鄂温克部落曾经以山川河流为伴,是鄂温克族的一个部落,以狩猎和饲养驯鹿为生。特殊的生存环境与生产方式,使之依靠丰富的山林资源形成了独具特色的传统木工艺文化。然而,随着生活环境的迁移与生产方式的转变,这种历史悠久的民族传统工艺却陷入了发展困境。引入文化基因理论,在梳理与归纳使鹿鄂温克部落传统木工艺发展历程与器物种类的基础上,对其文化基因进行分析和提取。最后将形态、图案、色彩等显性文化基因与生态、审美、习俗等隐性文化基因融入设计实践进行创新探索。使鹿鄂温克部落传统木工艺文化基因的提取与设计应用,可拓展民族传统文化的传承路径,还可为当代民族化设计提供新思路。

“叶护葛逻禄”译名辨误

jafʁu(yabğū,yabqu,jabghu)和jabaqu(yabāğū,yabaqu)常见于古代波斯语文献和突厥语文献,是完全不同的两个词语。jafʁu即汉文史籍中的“叶护”;jabaqu为操用印欧语的炽俟(ʧigil)集团中的部落名,亦即狭义的葛逻禄,为葛逻禄集团的核心部落,汉文史籍中音译作“药勿葛”“婆蔔”“婆匐”。jabaqu qarluq实指狭义的葛逻禄,应译作“药勿葛葛逻禄”“婆蔔葛逻禄”或“婆匐葛逻禄”。将二者混同,译作“叶护民族”“叶护族”或“叶护葛逻禄”,并非仅是翻译之误,而是直接关涉到对葛逻禄历史和中亚古代史的认知问题。

学术部落及其领地:当代学习研究中三种文化的对立与融合

该文使用学术部落及其领地这一学科文化的人类学隐喻作为概念框架,对当代学习研究的学术部落及其领地进行了分析,鉴别了其中存在的三种文化并对其内涵进行了阐释,提出学习科学的文化是认知的文化,学习技术的文化是认知造物的文化,学习工程的文化是造物的文化。以此为基础,对当代学习研究中三种文化的对立产生的历史后果及其超越进行了探讨,为此需构建科学—技术—工程的文化连续统,建立学习研究的“生态学隐喻”,改变学术部落中的学术实践,形成一种全新的、更具内在统一性的学习研究文化。