The conversion rates of SO2 to SO42- and NO2 to HNO3+NO3- are estimated from the field-data obtained in Beijing in summer, 1988. The results show that the conversion rate of NO2 is about four times as much as that of ...The conversion rates of SO2 to SO42- and NO2 to HNO3+NO3- are estimated from the field-data obtained in Beijing in summer, 1988. The results show that the conversion rate of NO2 is about four times as much as that of SO2; The conversion rates have a diurnal variation in a day. On the average, the rate of SO2 is estimated to be 4.7% h-1 during the daytime and 3.4% h-1 during the nighttime. Similarly, the rate of NO2 is estimated to be 17.2% h-1 and 12% h-1 respectively.展开更多
This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of whea...This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of wheat for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K+d×rainfall in growth season,Y P≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of K+c×rainfall in growth season,Y K≈a+b×temperature in growth season+c×rainfall in growth season-d×optimum yield-e×optimum nitrogen application amount,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:13,of which 8 were soil nutrients,the results showed that soil nutrients had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:4,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,explaining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus;contrary significant relationships:6,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,illustrating that phosphorus and nitrogen had inhibitory effect;complementary significant relationships:31,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.展开更多
This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice ...This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of rice for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield,Y K≈a respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships:①no significant relationships:25,of which 14 were soil nutrients and 9 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient yield ratio and fertilizer utilization ratio;②consistent significant relationships:2,one was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of N were positively correlated with the optimum production,explaining the importance of N for production,the other was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of P had a significantly positive correlation with conversion rate and utilization ratio of N,illustrating that nitrogen and phosphorus had mutual promotion;③contrary significant relationships:5,these showed as negative correlations of fertilizer utilization ratio and positive correlation of nutrient conversion ratio;④complementary significant relationships:22,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons,which showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.展开更多
This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maiz...This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of maize for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum potassium application amount,Y K≈a-b×optimum nitrogen application amount-c×temperature in growth season-d×rainfall in growth season,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:22,of which 16 were soil nutrients and 5 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:14,illustrating that conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize were consistent in most cases,and it was because that maize was planted for a long term,and its fertilizer absorption law was basically stable;contrary significant relationships:0,illustrating that there was no reverse relationship between conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize;complementary significant relationships:18,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization ratio was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.展开更多
On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the...On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used,the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly. Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate's conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate's conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates' conversion. The ethanol type fermentation of the acidogenic phase is the optimal acid type fermentation for the two phase anaerobic process.展开更多
Dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) is utilized to decompose xylene vapor in mobile gas under normal atmospheric pressure.The plasma is generated by an AC power source with a frequency of 6 kHz.In the experiment,the d...Dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) is utilized to decompose xylene vapor in mobile gas under normal atmospheric pressure.The plasma is generated by an AC power source with a frequency of 6 kHz.In the experiment,the discharge power on the DBD reactor was calculated by a Lissajous figure,and the specific input energy(SIE) of different discharge voltage or residence time was obtained.The concentrations of xylene,carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the gas were analyzed by gas chromatography.The spectra of DBD were diagnosed using a spectrometer.We calculated the conversion rate(CR),mineralization rate(MR) and carbon dioxide selectivity.The relationship between these quantities and the SIE was analyzed.The experimental results show that high concentration xylene can be decomposed mostly by DBD plasma.The CR can reach as high as 90%with the main product of carbon dioxide.展开更多
We evaluated the phenology and litterfall dynamics of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.)Lamk along the Okukubi River, Okinawa Island, Japan.Over 3 years, this species showed the highest litterfall of leaves and ...We evaluated the phenology and litterfall dynamics of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.)Lamk along the Okukubi River, Okinawa Island, Japan.Over 3 years, this species showed the highest litterfall of leaves and stipules in summer and the lowest litterfall in winter. From Kendall's coefficient of concordance, the monthly changes in leaf, stipule, and branch were strongly and significantly concordant among years. Leaf and stipule litterfall could be governed by monthly maximum wind speed, monthly day length, and monthly mean air temperature. Branch litterfall depended on monthly maximum wind speed and monthly rainfall, and increased exponentially with increasing monthly maximum wind speed. Mean total litterfall was 11.8 Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1), with the largest component being leaf litterfall(65.8 %). Annual leaf litterfall per plot was almost constant regardless of the tree density of the plot. Mean leaf longevity was 18 months.Flower and mature propagule litterfall might be influenced by monthly mean air temperature, monthly day length and monthly mean air temperature. The average development periods from flower buds to flowers and flower buds to mature propagules were 1 and 8 months, respectively.Except for leaf and branch, all vegetative and reproductive organ litterfall had clear annual cycles. B. gymnorrhiza showed a positive correlation between leaf production and reproductive organ production.展开更多
A DBD-type (dielectric barrier discharge) NTP (non-thermal plasma) reactor was designed and an experimental system was established, in order to study the mechanism of plasma chemistry reactions in a gas mixture of...A DBD-type (dielectric barrier discharge) NTP (non-thermal plasma) reactor was designed and an experimental system was established, in order to study the mechanism of plasma chemistry reactions in a gas mixture of C3H6/NO/O2/N2. This paper is focused on a. the effects of the initial concentrations of both NO and 02 upon NO conversion rate and the variations of NOx and 03 concentrations versus SED (specific energy density) when mixed gases of NO/O2/N2 passed the NTP reactor; b. the effects of the initial concentration of C3H6 upon NO oxidation and reduction reactions in mixed gases of NO/N2/CaH6 and NO/N2/O2/C3H6. The conclusions drawn are as follows, a. When the mixed gases of NO/O2/N2 passed the NTP reactor, NO was simultaneously involved in oxidation and reduction reactions with the former dominant and NO2 concentration increased at the NTP reactor outlet. The NO conversion rate decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of NO and 02, the O3 concentration firstly increased and then decreased with the increase in SED value, b. NO reduction reaction was very weak and energy consumption was very high in a mixed gases of NO/N2. However, when C3H6 was added, the NO conversion rate was significantly increased. When 63H6 was added to the mixed gases of NO/O2/N2, the NO conversion rate was significantly increased and the energy consumption was considerably reduced.展开更多
The properties and structural changes of unconverted oil(UCO)obtained from ebullated bed hydrogenation at different residue conversion rates were analyzed to clarify the reaction process of heavy components.Meanwhile,...The properties and structural changes of unconverted oil(UCO)obtained from ebullated bed hydrogenation at different residue conversion rates were analyzed to clarify the reaction process of heavy components.Meanwhile,the processing routes of UCO,delayed coking,and solvent deasphalting,were investigated.The results showed that with the increase of conversion,the impurity removal rate increased;meanwhile the contents of sulfur and metal in UCO decreased,while the contents of nitrogen and residual carbon increased,and the colloidal stability of UCO became worse.The structural parameters of UCO indicated that the change in molecular structure of heavy oil mainly covered the opening of cycloalkanes ring,hydrogenation saturation of aromatic rings and dealkylation reaction during hydrogenation in the ebullated bed;the aromatic structure was basically unchanged at high conversion,and was mainly due to the ring opening of cycloalkanes and the fracture reaction of alkyl side chains.The coking route of UCO showed that low sulfur petroleum coke with different grades could be prepared by adjusting the conversion in ebullated bed to produce UCOs with different properties.The coke generating coefficient and sulfur transfer coefficient in UCO coking process were higher than those in residue coking.The properties of deasphalted oil(DAO)of UCO were significantly improved and could be used as FCC or hydrocracking feedstock.The DAO yield of UCO feedstock at high conversion was higher,and its sulfur content was lower and CCR value was higher.展开更多
Using microbial fermentation to increase the content of free amino acids and short peptides in the organic fertilizer for castor bean meal can effectively promote plant growth and improve fruit quality.Using free amin...Using microbial fermentation to increase the content of free amino acids and short peptides in the organic fertilizer for castor bean meal can effectively promote plant growth and improve fruit quality.Using free amino acid and short peptide content as an indicator,through single factor and response surface optimization experiments,the process parameters(moisture content,fermentation time and inoculum quantity)of castor meal solid-state fermentation were optimized.The best process parameters for the solid-state fermentation were:the moisture content 62%,the fermentation time 20 d,and the inoculum quantity 0.23%.The moisture content had the greatest impact on the conversion rate of free amino acids and short peptides,and the protein conversion rate reached 65.6%.The scale-up experiment under the optimal conditions showed that the solid-state fermentation using the inoculum had a significant beneficial effect compared with other fermentation methods.The fermentation of castor cake fertilizer provides a theoretical and practical basis for production feasibility,and has important guiding significance for the effective utilization of castor bean meal.展开更多
Both the level of the high-frequency eddy kinetic energy(HF-EKE) and the energy-containing scale in the upstream Kuroshio Extension(KE) undergo a well-defined decadal modulation, which correlates well with the dec...Both the level of the high-frequency eddy kinetic energy(HF-EKE) and the energy-containing scale in the upstream Kuroshio Extension(KE) undergo a well-defined decadal modulation, which correlates well with the decadal KE path variability. The HF-EKE level and the energy-containing scales will increase with unstable KE path and decrease with stable KE path. Also the mesoscale eddies are a little meridionally elongated in the stable state, while they are much zonally elongated in the unstable state. The local baroclinic instability and the barotropic instability associated with the decadal modulation of HF-EKE have been investigated. The results show that the baroclinic instability is stronger in the stable state than that in the unstable state, with a shorter characteristic temporal scale and a larger characteristic spatial scale. Meanwhile, the regional-averaged barotropic conversion rate is larger in the unstable state than that in the stable state. The results also demonstrate that the baroclinic instability is not the dominant mechanism influencing the decadal modulation of the mesoscale eddy field, while the barotropic instability makes a positive contribution to the decadal modulation.展开更多
Selenium is an essential trace element for human health.Eating selenium-enriched eggs is conducive to easily and effectively solving the problem of selenium deficiency.In the production process of selenium-enriched eg...Selenium is an essential trace element for human health.Eating selenium-enriched eggs is conducive to easily and effectively solving the problem of selenium deficiency.In the production process of selenium-enriched eggs,different selenium sources,additive doses,feeding time,and the addition of other vitamins,trace elements,and methionine in the diet will influence the deposition of selenium in eggs.Through this review,it is intended to provide a reference for the practical,safe and economical production of selenium-enriched eggs.展开更多
Using the 'lumped mechanism' and 'counting species' methods, we developed a condensed gas-phase chemical model based on a simplified one. The modified quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA) scheme and...Using the 'lumped mechanism' and 'counting species' methods, we developed a condensed gas-phase chemical model based on a simplified one. The modified quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA) scheme and the error redistribution mass conservation technique are adopted to solve the atmospheric chemistry kinetic equations. Results show that the condensed model can well simulate concentration variations of gas species such as SO2, NOX, O-3, H2O2 and conversion rates of SO2 and NOX transformation to H2SO4 and HNO3. These results are in good agreement with those from the simplified model. The conversion rates of SO2 and NOX under different initial concentrations and meteorological conditions are computed, and the results can be directly applied to regional acid deposition model.展开更多
This paper conducted comparative study of the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice,wheat and maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice,wheat and ...This paper conducted comparative study of the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice,wheat and maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice,wheat and maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The main conclusions of this paper were as follow:①since the three crops all belonged to Gramineae,they were consistent in variation trends of fertilizer utilization ratio,nutrient conversion rate,relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient,optimum fertilization amount in most cases.②Due to the influence of the economic production,biological production,different water conditions in paddy field and dry farmland,length of growing season,cropping system(one year before and after the rotation)and so on,sometimes the laws of four aspects above mentioned for the three crops had opposite and gradient variations.展开更多
This paper studied the nitrogen index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil t...This paper studied the nitrogen index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as fertilization indicator of rice.②The conceptual model of nitrogen conversion rate of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of phosphorus conversion rate was Y P≈a-b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of potassium conversion rate was Y K≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum potassium fertilization amount-e×annual average precipitation.③The conceptual model of the optimum nitrogen fertilization amount of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-d×annual average precipitation,and the conceptual model of the optimum phosphorus fertilization amount was Y P≈a+b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount+c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of the optimum potassium fertilization amount was Y K≈a+b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount+c×annual average precipitation.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nitrogen of rice for plot was Y N≈a-b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil phosphorus was Y P≈a+b×soil available potassium-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil potassium of rice was Y K≈a-b×optimum potassium fertilization amount.展开更多
In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,...In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of wheat producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different wheat producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,and it constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for wheat in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of soil for wheat in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different wheat producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of wheat by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient indexes of more than 5000 kg/hm 2 of wheat production were less than 6 of hydrolysable N/available P and less than 7 of available K/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum K fertilization amount was 0.6-1.2 times of optimum P fertilization amount.展开更多
In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization of maize was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,a...In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization of maize was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,and the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of maize producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different maize producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,which constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for maize in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of maize soil in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different maize producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of maize by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient index of more than 9000 kg/hm 2 of maize production was less than 8 of hydrolysable N/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum N fertilization amount was more than 0.8 times of optimum P fertilization amount.展开更多
This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing ...This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the optimum N,P and K fertilization amounts of wheat were within the normal range,and the application of this standard could not cause obvious non-point source pollution.②The conversion rates of N,P and K of wheat were 58.78%,58.63%and 199.88%higher than the utilization ratios of N,P and K under the optimum fertilization amount,respectively.③At present,the soil N for wheat was in a low equilibrium stage,and soil P and K were in the middle and high levels,in which P was in the accumulation stage,and K was in the depletion stage.④The relationship between fertilizer effect or fertility and optimum production had consistency.The fertilizer effect was negatively correlated with the optimum fertilization amounts of its own nutrient and other nutrients.N,P and K fertilizers had mutual promoting effects when they were balanced.Soil nutrient played an inhibitory role in the fertilizer efficiency of its own nutrient.⑤The phosphorus and potassium utilization ratios were significantly positively correlated with the optimum phosphorus fertilization amount and the optimal potassium fertilization amount,which was the scientific basis for phosphorus and potassium concentrated fertilization of wheat.展开更多
This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing ...This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as indicator of fertilizer application of wheat.②The conceptual model of N utilization ratio of wheat for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum fertilizer amount of N-d×temperature in growing season-e×rainfall in growing season,and the conceptual model of P conversion rate was Y P≈a+b×optimum production+c×temperature in growing season+d×precipitation in growing season-e×optimum fertilizer amount of P-f×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of K conversion rate of wheat plots was that,Y K≈a-b×optimum fertilizer amount of K.③The conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of N of wheat for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum fertilizer amount of P-d×temperature in growing season-e×rainfall in growing season,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of P was Y P≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum fertilizer amount of N+d×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of K was Y K≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of P.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil N of wheat for plot was that Y N≈a-b×temperature in growing season-c×precipitation in growing season,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil P was Y P≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of N+d×precipitation in growing season-e×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil K was Y K≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K.展开更多
文摘The conversion rates of SO2 to SO42- and NO2 to HNO3+NO3- are estimated from the field-data obtained in Beijing in summer, 1988. The results show that the conversion rate of NO2 is about four times as much as that of SO2; The conversion rates have a diurnal variation in a day. On the average, the rate of SO2 is estimated to be 4.7% h-1 during the daytime and 3.4% h-1 during the nighttime. Similarly, the rate of NO2 is estimated to be 17.2% h-1 and 12% h-1 respectively.
基金Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015)Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)+2 种基金Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars".
文摘This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of wheat for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K+d×rainfall in growth season,Y P≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of K+c×rainfall in growth season,Y K≈a+b×temperature in growth season+c×rainfall in growth season-d×optimum yield-e×optimum nitrogen application amount,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:13,of which 8 were soil nutrients,the results showed that soil nutrients had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:4,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,explaining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus;contrary significant relationships:6,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,illustrating that phosphorus and nitrogen had inhibitory effect;complementary significant relationships:31,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.
基金Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)+2 种基金First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars"Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015).
文摘This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of rice for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield,Y K≈a respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships:①no significant relationships:25,of which 14 were soil nutrients and 9 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient yield ratio and fertilizer utilization ratio;②consistent significant relationships:2,one was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of N were positively correlated with the optimum production,explaining the importance of N for production,the other was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of P had a significantly positive correlation with conversion rate and utilization ratio of N,illustrating that nitrogen and phosphorus had mutual promotion;③contrary significant relationships:5,these showed as negative correlations of fertilizer utilization ratio and positive correlation of nutrient conversion ratio;④complementary significant relationships:22,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons,which showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.
基金Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015)Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)+2 种基金Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars".
文摘This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of maize for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum potassium application amount,Y K≈a-b×optimum nitrogen application amount-c×temperature in growth season-d×rainfall in growth season,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:22,of which 16 were soil nutrients and 5 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:14,illustrating that conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize were consistent in most cases,and it was because that maize was planted for a long term,and its fertilizer absorption law was basically stable;contrary significant relationships:0,illustrating that there was no reverse relationship between conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize;complementary significant relationships:18,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization ratio was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.
文摘On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used,the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly. Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate's conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate's conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates' conversion. The ethanol type fermentation of the acidogenic phase is the optimal acid type fermentation for the two phase anaerobic process.
文摘Dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) is utilized to decompose xylene vapor in mobile gas under normal atmospheric pressure.The plasma is generated by an AC power source with a frequency of 6 kHz.In the experiment,the discharge power on the DBD reactor was calculated by a Lissajous figure,and the specific input energy(SIE) of different discharge voltage or residence time was obtained.The concentrations of xylene,carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the gas were analyzed by gas chromatography.The spectra of DBD were diagnosed using a spectrometer.We calculated the conversion rate(CR),mineralization rate(MR) and carbon dioxide selectivity.The relationship between these quantities and the SIE was analyzed.The experimental results show that high concentration xylene can be decomposed mostly by DBD plasma.The CR can reach as high as 90%with the main product of carbon dioxide.
基金supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(No.23380094)from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sport,Science and Technology,Japan
文摘We evaluated the phenology and litterfall dynamics of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.)Lamk along the Okukubi River, Okinawa Island, Japan.Over 3 years, this species showed the highest litterfall of leaves and stipules in summer and the lowest litterfall in winter. From Kendall's coefficient of concordance, the monthly changes in leaf, stipule, and branch were strongly and significantly concordant among years. Leaf and stipule litterfall could be governed by monthly maximum wind speed, monthly day length, and monthly mean air temperature. Branch litterfall depended on monthly maximum wind speed and monthly rainfall, and increased exponentially with increasing monthly maximum wind speed. Mean total litterfall was 11.8 Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1), with the largest component being leaf litterfall(65.8 %). Annual leaf litterfall per plot was almost constant regardless of the tree density of the plot. Mean leaf longevity was 18 months.Flower and mature propagule litterfall might be influenced by monthly mean air temperature, monthly day length and monthly mean air temperature. The average development periods from flower buds to flowers and flower buds to mature propagules were 1 and 8 months, respectively.Except for leaf and branch, all vegetative and reproductive organ litterfall had clear annual cycles. B. gymnorrhiza showed a positive correlation between leaf production and reproductive organ production.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50776041)Provincial Science Foundation of Jiangsu of China (BK2008225) Scientific Research Foundation project of Jiangsu University of China (10JDG051)
文摘A DBD-type (dielectric barrier discharge) NTP (non-thermal plasma) reactor was designed and an experimental system was established, in order to study the mechanism of plasma chemistry reactions in a gas mixture of C3H6/NO/O2/N2. This paper is focused on a. the effects of the initial concentrations of both NO and 02 upon NO conversion rate and the variations of NOx and 03 concentrations versus SED (specific energy density) when mixed gases of NO/O2/N2 passed the NTP reactor; b. the effects of the initial concentration of C3H6 upon NO oxidation and reduction reactions in mixed gases of NO/N2/CaH6 and NO/N2/O2/C3H6. The conclusions drawn are as follows, a. When the mixed gases of NO/O2/N2 passed the NTP reactor, NO was simultaneously involved in oxidation and reduction reactions with the former dominant and NO2 concentration increased at the NTP reactor outlet. The NO conversion rate decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of NO and 02, the O3 concentration firstly increased and then decreased with the increase in SED value, b. NO reduction reaction was very weak and energy consumption was very high in a mixed gases of NO/N2. However, when C3H6 was added, the NO conversion rate was significantly increased. When 63H6 was added to the mixed gases of NO/O2/N2, the NO conversion rate was significantly increased and the energy consumption was considerably reduced.
文摘The properties and structural changes of unconverted oil(UCO)obtained from ebullated bed hydrogenation at different residue conversion rates were analyzed to clarify the reaction process of heavy components.Meanwhile,the processing routes of UCO,delayed coking,and solvent deasphalting,were investigated.The results showed that with the increase of conversion,the impurity removal rate increased;meanwhile the contents of sulfur and metal in UCO decreased,while the contents of nitrogen and residual carbon increased,and the colloidal stability of UCO became worse.The structural parameters of UCO indicated that the change in molecular structure of heavy oil mainly covered the opening of cycloalkanes ring,hydrogenation saturation of aromatic rings and dealkylation reaction during hydrogenation in the ebullated bed;the aromatic structure was basically unchanged at high conversion,and was mainly due to the ring opening of cycloalkanes and the fracture reaction of alkyl side chains.The coking route of UCO showed that low sulfur petroleum coke with different grades could be prepared by adjusting the conversion in ebullated bed to produce UCOs with different properties.The coke generating coefficient and sulfur transfer coefficient in UCO coking process were higher than those in residue coking.The properties of deasphalted oil(DAO)of UCO were significantly improved and could be used as FCC or hydrocracking feedstock.The DAO yield of UCO feedstock at high conversion was higher,and its sulfur content was lower and CCR value was higher.
基金Special Fund for International Cooperative Research of Qilu University of Technology(QLUTGJHZ2018010)。
文摘Using microbial fermentation to increase the content of free amino acids and short peptides in the organic fertilizer for castor bean meal can effectively promote plant growth and improve fruit quality.Using free amino acid and short peptide content as an indicator,through single factor and response surface optimization experiments,the process parameters(moisture content,fermentation time and inoculum quantity)of castor meal solid-state fermentation were optimized.The best process parameters for the solid-state fermentation were:the moisture content 62%,the fermentation time 20 d,and the inoculum quantity 0.23%.The moisture content had the greatest impact on the conversion rate of free amino acids and short peptides,and the protein conversion rate reached 65.6%.The scale-up experiment under the optimal conditions showed that the solid-state fermentation using the inoculum had a significant beneficial effect compared with other fermentation methods.The fermentation of castor cake fertilizer provides a theoretical and practical basis for production feasibility,and has important guiding significance for the effective utilization of castor bean meal.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41276026the Special Fund for Strategic Pilot Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA11020301the Joint Fund between Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province under contract No.U1406401
文摘Both the level of the high-frequency eddy kinetic energy(HF-EKE) and the energy-containing scale in the upstream Kuroshio Extension(KE) undergo a well-defined decadal modulation, which correlates well with the decadal KE path variability. The HF-EKE level and the energy-containing scales will increase with unstable KE path and decrease with stable KE path. Also the mesoscale eddies are a little meridionally elongated in the stable state, while they are much zonally elongated in the unstable state. The local baroclinic instability and the barotropic instability associated with the decadal modulation of HF-EKE have been investigated. The results show that the baroclinic instability is stronger in the stable state than that in the unstable state, with a shorter characteristic temporal scale and a larger characteristic spatial scale. Meanwhile, the regional-averaged barotropic conversion rate is larger in the unstable state than that in the stable state. The results also demonstrate that the baroclinic instability is not the dominant mechanism influencing the decadal modulation of the mesoscale eddy field, while the barotropic instability makes a positive contribution to the decadal modulation.
文摘Selenium is an essential trace element for human health.Eating selenium-enriched eggs is conducive to easily and effectively solving the problem of selenium deficiency.In the production process of selenium-enriched eggs,different selenium sources,additive doses,feeding time,and the addition of other vitamins,trace elements,and methionine in the diet will influence the deposition of selenium in eggs.Through this review,it is intended to provide a reference for the practical,safe and economical production of selenium-enriched eggs.
文摘Using the 'lumped mechanism' and 'counting species' methods, we developed a condensed gas-phase chemical model based on a simplified one. The modified quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA) scheme and the error redistribution mass conservation technique are adopted to solve the atmospheric chemistry kinetic equations. Results show that the condensed model can well simulate concentration variations of gas species such as SO2, NOX, O-3, H2O2 and conversion rates of SO2 and NOX transformation to H2SO4 and HNO3. These results are in good agreement with those from the simplified model. The conversion rates of SO2 and NOX under different initial concentrations and meteorological conditions are computed, and the results can be directly applied to regional acid deposition model.
基金Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)+2 种基金First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars"Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015).
文摘This paper conducted comparative study of the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice,wheat and maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice,wheat and maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The main conclusions of this paper were as follow:①since the three crops all belonged to Gramineae,they were consistent in variation trends of fertilizer utilization ratio,nutrient conversion rate,relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient,optimum fertilization amount in most cases.②Due to the influence of the economic production,biological production,different water conditions in paddy field and dry farmland,length of growing season,cropping system(one year before and after the rotation)and so on,sometimes the laws of four aspects above mentioned for the three crops had opposite and gradient variations.
基金Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)+2 种基金First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars"Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015).
文摘This paper studied the nitrogen index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as fertilization indicator of rice.②The conceptual model of nitrogen conversion rate of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of phosphorus conversion rate was Y P≈a-b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of potassium conversion rate was Y K≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum potassium fertilization amount-e×annual average precipitation.③The conceptual model of the optimum nitrogen fertilization amount of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-d×annual average precipitation,and the conceptual model of the optimum phosphorus fertilization amount was Y P≈a+b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount+c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of the optimum potassium fertilization amount was Y K≈a+b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount+c×annual average precipitation.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nitrogen of rice for plot was Y N≈a-b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil phosphorus was Y P≈a+b×soil available potassium-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil potassium of rice was Y K≈a-b×optimum potassium fertilization amount.
基金Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)+2 种基金First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars"Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015).
文摘In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of wheat producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different wheat producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,and it constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for wheat in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of soil for wheat in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different wheat producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of wheat by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient indexes of more than 5000 kg/hm 2 of wheat production were less than 6 of hydrolysable N/available P and less than 7 of available K/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum K fertilization amount was 0.6-1.2 times of optimum P fertilization amount.
基金Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)+2 种基金First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars"Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015).
文摘In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization of maize was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,and the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of maize producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different maize producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,which constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for maize in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of maize soil in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different maize producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of maize by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient index of more than 9000 kg/hm 2 of maize production was less than 8 of hydrolysable N/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum N fertilization amount was more than 0.8 times of optimum P fertilization amount.
基金Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015)Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)+2 种基金Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars".
文摘This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the optimum N,P and K fertilization amounts of wheat were within the normal range,and the application of this standard could not cause obvious non-point source pollution.②The conversion rates of N,P and K of wheat were 58.78%,58.63%and 199.88%higher than the utilization ratios of N,P and K under the optimum fertilization amount,respectively.③At present,the soil N for wheat was in a low equilibrium stage,and soil P and K were in the middle and high levels,in which P was in the accumulation stage,and K was in the depletion stage.④The relationship between fertilizer effect or fertility and optimum production had consistency.The fertilizer effect was negatively correlated with the optimum fertilization amounts of its own nutrient and other nutrients.N,P and K fertilizers had mutual promoting effects when they were balanced.Soil nutrient played an inhibitory role in the fertilizer efficiency of its own nutrient.⑤The phosphorus and potassium utilization ratios were significantly positively correlated with the optimum phosphorus fertilization amount and the optimal potassium fertilization amount,which was the scientific basis for phosphorus and potassium concentrated fertilization of wheat.
基金Collaborative Innovation Task of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences—Integration and Demonstration of Green and Efficient Agricultural Technology Innovation in Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area(CAAS-XTCX2016015)Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Guangxi(GUIKE AA17204077)+2 种基金Special Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(GUIKE AD18126012)First-class Discipline(Geography)Construction Project in GuangxiSpecial Funds for"Guangxi Bagui Scholars".
文摘This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as indicator of fertilizer application of wheat.②The conceptual model of N utilization ratio of wheat for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum fertilizer amount of N-d×temperature in growing season-e×rainfall in growing season,and the conceptual model of P conversion rate was Y P≈a+b×optimum production+c×temperature in growing season+d×precipitation in growing season-e×optimum fertilizer amount of P-f×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of K conversion rate of wheat plots was that,Y K≈a-b×optimum fertilizer amount of K.③The conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of N of wheat for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum fertilizer amount of P-d×temperature in growing season-e×rainfall in growing season,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of P was Y P≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum fertilizer amount of N+d×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of K was Y K≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of P.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil N of wheat for plot was that Y N≈a-b×temperature in growing season-c×precipitation in growing season,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil P was Y P≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of N+d×precipitation in growing season-e×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil K was Y K≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K.