高轻载效率少功率器件的可模块化扩展ZVS高增益变换器

提出一种高轻载效率且少功率器件的可模块化扩展零电压开关高增益Boost变换器。该变换器可以通过增加升压模块数量n,极大地提高变换器的升压能力;具有2个开关管和n+1个二极管,且各功率管承受相同的电压应力,均为[(n+1)U_(in)+U_(o)]/(n+2);输入电感工作在连续导通模式,其余电感工作在双向导通模式,且反向峰值电流之和大于输入电感电流的谷值,从而实现所有功率管的软开关。所提变换器采用柔性开关频率控制策略,即根据输入电压和负载大小适当地调整开关频率,使电感电流脉动量维持在合适的范围内,既确保实现功率管的软开关,又具有较小的通态损耗,因此在整个负载范围内均具有较高的运行效率。以一个扩展模块为例,对所提变换器的工作原理、稳态特性、软开关条件、控制方法进行深入分析,并通过一台250 W的样机实验验证了理论分析的正确性。

Recent advancements in continuously scalable conversion-ratio switched-capacitor converter

Switched-capacitor(SC)DC-DC converter[1]is an impor-tant alternative to inductive DC-DC converter,in terms of removing the bulky power inductor.Hence,it is widely used in low-profile,low-power applications,such as the internet of things(IoT)sensor nodes and energy harvesting[2].Mean-while,considering that capacitor has a much higher energy density than inductor,high-power applications.

Energy-Efficient Implementation of BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter for Nano-Communication Using QCA Technology

Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique was adopted to investigate integration with other complicated circuits.Using a unique XOR gate,the recommended circuit’s cell complexity has been decreased.The findings produced using the QCADesigner-2.0.3,a reliable simulation tool,prove the effectiveness of the current structure over earlier designs by considering the number of cells deployed,the area occupied,and the latency as design metrics.In addition,the popular tool QCAPro was used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed design.The proposed technique reduces the occupied space by∼40%,improves cell complexity by∼20%,and reduces energy dissipation by∼1.8 times(atγ=1.5EK)compared to the current scalable designs.This paper also studied the suggested structure’s energy dissipation and compared it to existing works for a better performance evaluation.

Robust optical mode converter based on topological waveguide arrays

Optical mode converters are essential for enhancing the capacity of optical communication systems. However, fabrication errors restrict the further improvement of conventional mode converters. To address this challenge, we have designed an on-chip TE0–TE1mode converter based on topologically protected waveguide arrays. The simulation results demonstrate that the converter exhibits a mode coupling efficiency of 93.5% near 1550 nm and can tolerate a relative fabrication error of 30%. Our design approach can be extended to enhance the robustness for other integrated photonic devices, beneficial for future development of optical network systems.

ANovel Non-Isolated Cubic DC-DC Converter with High Voltage Gain for Renewable Energy Power Generation System

In recent years,switched inductor(SL)technology,switched capacitor(SC)technology,and switched inductor-capacitor(SL-SC)technology have been widely applied to optimize and improve DC-DC boost converters,which can effectively enhance voltage gain and reduce device stress.To address the issue of low output voltage in current renewable energy power generation systems,this study proposes a novel non-isolated cubic high-gain DC-DC converter based on the traditional quadratic DC-DC boost converter by incorporating a SC and a SL-SC unit.Firstly,the proposed converter’s details are elaborated,including its topology structure,operating mode,voltage gain,device stress,and power loss.Subsequently,a comparative analysis is conducted on the voltage gain and device stress between the proposed converter and other high-gain converters.Then,a closed-loop simulation system is constructed to obtain simulation waveforms of various devices and explore the dynamic performance.Finally,an experimental prototype is built,experimental waveforms are obtained,and the experimental dynamic performance and conversion efficiency are analyzed.The theoretical analysis’s correctness is verified through simulation and experimental results.The proposed converter has advantages such as high voltage gain,low device stress,high conversion efficiency,simple control,and wide input voltage range,achieving a good balance between voltage gain,device stress,and power loss.The proposed converter is well-suited for renewable energy systems and holds theoretical significance and practical value in renewable energy applications.It provides an effective solution to the issue of low output voltage in renewable energy power generation systems.

An Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy Storage Interface Converter Based on Analogous Virtual Synchronous Generator

In the DC microgrid,the lack of inertia and damping in power electronic converters results in poor stability of DC bus voltage and low inertia of the DC microgrid during fluctuations in load and photovoltaic power.To address this issue,the application of a virtual synchronous generator(VSG)in grid-connected inverters control is referenced and proposes a control strategy called the analogous virtual synchronous generator(AVSG)control strategy for the interface DC/DC converter of the battery in the microgrid.Besides,a flexible parameter adaptive control method is introduced to further enhance the inertial behavior of the AVSG control.Firstly,a theoretical analysis is conducted on the various components of the DC microgrid,the structure of analogous virtual synchronous generator,and the control structure’s main parameters related to the DC microgrid’s inertial behavior.Secondly,the voltage change rate tracking coefficient is introduced to adjust the change of the virtual capacitance and damping coefficient flexibility,which further strengthens the inertia trend of the DC microgrid.Additionally,a small-signal modeling approach is used to analyze the approximate range of the AVSG’s main parameters ensuring system stability.Finally,conduct a simulation analysis by building the model of the DC microgrid system with photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage(BES)in MATLAB/Simulink.Simulation results from different scenarios have verified that the AVSG control introduces fixed inertia and damping into the droop control of the battery,resulting in a certain level of inertia enhancement.Furthermore,the additional adaptive control strategy built upon the AVSG control provides better and flexible inertial support for the DC microgrid,further enhances the stability of the DC bus voltage,and has a more positive impact on the battery performance.

基于同步整流控制器的ZVS反激开关电源技术分析

与准谐振电源相比,传统的零电压开关(ZVS)反激电源可进一步降低开关损耗,但其不利之处是线路复杂,成本上升。本次提出的基于同步整流控制器的ZVS控制策略可实现零电压导通,无需额外附加辅助开关和辅助绕组,具有很好的应用前景。在介绍其工作原理的基础上,给出了仿真结果,并分析了其各时间阶段的工作过程。最后,通过实际系统电路的测试验证了该方法可显著降低开关管的损耗,实现较高的工作效率,并具备成本优势。

基于励磁电流补偿与混合移相调制的高频DAB变换器全范围ZVS运行策略

随着宽禁带功率半导体器件的广泛使用,更高开关频率的双有源桥(dual active bridge,DAB)变换器带来了更大的开关损耗,对于软开关技术提出更高要求。为了进一步拓展零电压开通(zero-voltage switching,ZVS)范围,文中对ZVS精确模型和传统电感电流全局最优条件方法进行分析,提出一种结合励磁电流运行的移相调制策略,该策略可实现DAB变换器全功率范围内所有开关管的ZVS运行(8-ZVS运行)。在考虑开关管非线性特性和死区时间限制基础上得到更精确的ZVS模型,并推导引入励磁电流的ZVS模型。此外,所提出的控制方案具有无缝模式转换的特点,电感电流的有效值也可以达到准最佳状态。最后,搭建6kW/150kHz的高频DAB变换器样机以验证模型有效性。实验结果表明,该控制算法可以在任意模式和工况下实现8-ZVS运行,从而提升系统在轻载和中载工况下运行效率。

Current Polarity Detection and Current Compensation Strategy for PAC Based Three-Phase ZVS PWM Converter

A novel software implementation for current polarity detection and current compensation is presented. For a three-phase zero-voltage soft-switching （ZVS） PWM converter based on phase and amplitude control （PAC）, when saw-tooth carriers with alternate positive and negative slopes are adopted, the positive or negative slopes are chosen according to the phase current polarity. Since polarity reversal causes current distortion, current at the instant of reversal should be compensated for. Based on the characteristic of unity power factor converter in rectification and regeneration modes, a software implementation for current polarity detection is proposed. Distortion of current zero-crossing caused by using saw-tooth carriers with alternate positive and negative slopes is analyzed, and the relevant compensation method is proposed. Experimental study with a 1.5 kW device shows that phase current has a small harmonic content and power factor is high both in rectification and regeneration modes.

非反向Buck-Boost变换器的三段式ZVS控制策略

目前文献中的四边形控制方法及其改进方案,能实现非反向Buck-Boost变换器各开关管的ZVS,但存在如下问题:需使用多维查找表或外部存储设备而无在线检测实时计算的闭环、较大的通态损耗和多模式切换引起的输出电压波动等。该文针对上述3个问题提出一种三段式变频ZVS控制策略。首先,去除四边形控制中电感电流的环流续流环节,以减小电感电流有效值并提高效率。其次,在不添加任何额外有源或无源器件的条件眄,将整个宽输入电压范围分成3个模式,分析每个模式的特点,以增加控制条件和简化计算过程,同时实现各模式的在线实时恒压闭环和通态损耗最小ZVS而无需使用多维查找表和线性插值,整体控制简单易实现。然后,提出基于三段式ZVS控制的多模式平滑切换控制策略,可保证在模式切换时各开关管占空比跳变前后,闭环输出始终保持稳定。最后,本文给出了各模式区间划分的理论依据,并搭建500 W实验样机验证了所提方案的有效性。

高频Boost ZVS建模分析及其轻载效率优化

为提升同步整流型Boost拓扑在轻载条件下的效率,采用变频准方波模式(QSW-ZVS)代替恒频三角波模式(TCM)。借助氮化镓(GaN)器件,可进一步提高变换器的工作频率,提升功率密度。为确保高频工况下的软开关实现,对QSW-ZVS模式下的软开关过程进行精确数学建模。在此基础上,指出延长同步整流的时间可扩大软开关的实现范围,这有助于提高变换器在高频QSW-ZVS模式下的效率。最后,搭建一台额定功率为500 W的实验样机,通过实现其QSW-ZVS模式下的软开关,峰值效率达到98.2%,实现了高频高效的设计目标,验证了理论分析的准确性和正确性。

宽输入范围、全范围ZVS的高效率BBLLC-LLC混合变换器的DCX工作模式研究

在新能源发电占比不断提高的当下,一个具有高效率宽输入范围的大功率变换器的提出十分有必要。在现有研究的基础上,提出了由Buck-boost LLC和LLC-DCX两个变换器共同构成的Sigma结构变换器,能够很好地实现高效率、宽输入范围的需求。Buck-boost LLC通过桥臂集成能够有效地减少元器件同时降低损耗,但是其Buckboost电感上流过的是全部输入电流,在大功率场合这会造成很大的损耗。因此采用Sigma结构和部分功率传输的理念,减小了Buck-boost LLC变换器所产生的损耗。最后实验证明了所提出拓扑优越的调压特性和高效率。

基于ZVS的双向全桥DC-DC变换器最小回流功率双重移相分段控制

双向全桥DC-DC(DAB)变换器在直流微电网作为可再生能源与储能设备的能量传输环节,通过实现零电压开关(ZVS)和最小回流功率,可显著地提升DAB变换器的性能,从而提高直流微电网的稳定性。但同时实现ZVS和最小回流功率控制在理论上是相互制约的。针对这一问题,该文提出一种基于ZVS的最小回流功率双重移相分段控制策略。通过对双重移相下的传输功率进行分段,前段将ZVS作为约束条件,得到基于ZVS条件下的最小回流功率控制策略,后段通过KKT条件法实现在给定传输功率下的最小回流功率控制策略。通过将所提控制策略和传统的双重移相控制对比分析,发现所提控制策略具有更小的回流功率和电流应力,提高了变换器的性能。最后,基于所提控制策略搭建实验样机,验证了控制策略的正确性和有效性。

基于ZVS变频控制的Si/SiC混合ANPC逆变器损耗评估

零电压开通变频控制(variable frequency controlled zero-voltage-switching,VF-ZVS)可在无辅助电路条件下实现零电压开通(zero-voltage-switching,ZVS),进一步提升碳化硅MOSFET逆变器的功率密度。但在三相有源中点钳位逆变器(active-neural-point-converter,ANPC)中,全功率器件ZVS会大幅增加输出电感电流纹波,改变ANPC逆变器的电流续流路径,影响SiC器件损耗分布特征。论文建立电流纹波关于矢量作用时间的分段数学表达式,提出计及电流纹波的SiC器件损耗建模方法,表征VF-ZVS控制下电流纹波对开关管损耗特性的影响规律。进一步,分析VF-ZVS控制下2SiC、4SiC I和4SiC II 3种典型混合ANPC拓扑的新增工作模态特性;利用所提出的损耗模型,评估在不同调制度、全功率等级下上述3种混合拓扑的开关损耗、通态损耗和损耗分布均衡度,并通过6kW SiC实验平台,在不同功率等级下实验验证了SiC器件损耗模型和3种混合拓扑损耗评估结果的正确性。

Overview of Precious Metal Content Analysis Methods in Automotive Catalytic Converter

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people’s concern of pollution issues arising. Vehicles, as the most important means of transportation, its exhaust emission has received considerable attention. The catalytic converter is able to purify harmful substances in exhaust gas. The absolute content of precious metals in the catalytic converter dominates the exhaust gas purification effect. Accurate detection of precious metal content is of great significance for controlling the cost of catalysts, ensuring catalytic performance and recovering precious metals from spent catalysts. We herein summarized several instruments for precious metals content exploration, such as X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP) and spectrophotometer. In this thesis, the feasibility of using various devices for characterizing precious metal content in catalytic converters is analyzed and their strengths or weaknesses are elaborated.

Multifunctional polarization converter based on multilayer reconfigurable metasurface

In the modern wireless communication system,the manipulation for polarization of electromagnetic wave plays a important role in improving the capacity and reliability of communication.In this paper,a multifunctional polarization converter(MFPC)based on the multilayer reconfigurable metasurface is proposed,which can assist the source antenna to transmit and receive multiple polarization signals.The MFPC consists of a grating which can filter out the undesired polarization and four layers of metasurfaces incorporated with PIN diodes.The functions of the MFPC include LTC and LTL polarization conversions,co-polarization transmission and reflection for arbitrary polarization.By changing the states of PIN diodes,the functions of MFPC can be dynamically switched.Loaded on the aperture of source antenna,the proposed MFPC can serve as a transmissive array with multiple polarization channels,and can also provide EM protection for source antenna by reflecting the incoming interference waves.Cascading of the metasurfaces produces Fabry-Perot resonance in the MFPC,and it contributes to the realization of LTC and LTL polarization conversions.To verify the performance of the proposed MFPC,the prototype is fabricated and tested.The measured results show that the fractional bandwidths of four functions are all higher than 31.9% with transmission or reflection coefficients higher than-2 d B.The frequency band of each function is mainly concentrated in S-band.The measured data are in agreement with the simulated results.

Large-areaβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) Schottky barrier diode and its application in DC-DC converters

We demonstrate superb large-area verticalβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)SBDs with a Schottky contact area of 1×1 mm^(2)and obtain a high-efficiency DC-DC converter based on the device.Theβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)SBD can obtain a forward current of 8 A with a forward volt-age of 5 V,and has a reverse breakdown voltage of 612 V.The forward turn-on voltage(VF)and the on-resistance(Ron)are 1.17 V and 0.46Ω,respectively.The conversion efficiency of theβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)SBD-based DC-DC converter is 95.81%.This work indicates the great potential of Ga_(2)O_(3)SBDs and relevant circuits in power electronic applications.

Analysis of Light Load Efficiency Characteristics of a Dual Active Bridge Converter Using Wide Band-Gap Devices

In this paper, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) region of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter with wide band-gap (WBG) power semiconductor device is analyzed. The ZVS region of a DAB converter varies depending on output power and voltage ratio. The DAB converters operate with hard switching at light loads, it is difficult to achieve high efficiency. Fortunately, WBG power semiconductor devices have excellent hard switching characteristics and can increase efficiency compared to silicon (Si) devices. In particular, WBG devices can achieve ZVS at low load currents due to their low parasitic output capacitance (Co,tr) characteristics. Therefore, in this paper, the ZVS operating resion is analyzed based on the characteristics of Si, silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). Power semiconductor devices. WBG devices with low Co,tr operate at ZVS at lower load currents compared to Si devices. To verify this, experiments are conducted and the results are analyzed using a 3 kW DAB converter. For Si devices, ZVS is achieved above 1.4 kW. For WBG devices, ZVS is achieved at 700 W. Due to the ZVS conditions depending on the switching device, the DAB converter using Si devices achieves a power conversion efficiency of 91% at 1.1 kW output. On the other hand, in the case of WBG devices, power conversion efficiency of more than 98% is achieved under 11 kW conditions. In conclusion, it is confirmed that the WBG device operates in ZVS at a lower load compared to the Si device, which is advantageous in increasing light load efficiency.

Fuzzy Based Interleaved Step-up Converter for Electric Vehicle

This work focuses on the fuzzy controller for the proposed three-phase interleaved Step-up converter(ISC).The fuzzy controller for the proposed ISC converters for electric vehicles has been discussed in detail.The proposed ISC direct current(DC-DC)converter could also be used in automobiles,satellites,industries,and propulsion.To enhance voltage gain,the proposed ISC Converter combines boost converter and interleaved converter(IC).This design also reduces the number of switches.As a result,ISC converter switching losses are reduced.The proposed ISC Converter topology can produce a 143 V output voltage and 1 kW of power.Due to the high voltage gain of this converter design,it is suitable for medium and high-power systems.The proposed ISC Converter topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.The simulated output displays a high output voltage.But the output voltage contains maximum ripples.Fuzzy proposes an ISC Converter which makes closed loop responsiveness and reduces the output voltage ripple.The proposed ISC converter has the lowest ripple output voltage,which is less than 2%,because the duty cycle is regulated using the fuzzy logic controller.It offers high voltage gain,minimal ripple,and low switching loss.The performance of the proposed converter is compared to that of the fuzzy and Pro-portional Integral(PI)controllers implemented in MATLAB.

基于扩展移相控制的高频DAB变换器ZVS控制方法

双有源桥(Dual Active Bridge,DAB)在需要高效能量双向流动的工作场景有广泛的应用。在高开关频率工作时,变换器开关器件结电容充放电时间无法忽略,导致扩展移相控制下DAB零电压开通(Zero Voltage Switching,ZVS)范围断续。通过分析扩展移相控制下双有源桥DC-DC变换器工作模态,建立高开关频率工况下DAB变换器数学模型,提出一种利用磁化电流扩宽ZVS范围的方法。在此基础上,结合电感电流应力优化算法,提出一种适用于高频工况应用的电流应力优化下的软开关控制策略。采用该控制策略,可以有效减小导通损耗,消除开关损耗,显著提升高开关频率下的变换器效率。搭建400 kHz实验样机,验证控制策略有效性。