Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine

Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources. Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils. However, some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester （WCOME）. Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil. This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends. The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified. Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters （speed, load and WCOME content）. Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points, while the CO and THC emissions were lower.

Diester Derivatives from Chemically Modified Waste Cooking Oil as Substitute for Petroleum Based Lubricating Oils

In order to provide a new way for waste cooking oil(WCO) resource utilization, several diester derivatives were obtained from WCO through a three-step chemical modifications, viz.: transesterification, epoxidation and oxirane ring opening with carboxylic acids. The effects of the chain length of side chain groups on the viscosity, acid value, low temperature fluidity, thermo-oxidative stability, tribological properties and surface tension of diester derivatives were investigated. The results showed that increasing the chain length of side chain groups had a positive influence on the viscosity, viscosity index, acid value, pour point, friction coefficient and wear scar diameter along with a negative influence on the oxidation onset temperature, volatile loss, insoluble deposit, maximum non-seizure load and surface tension. These diester derivatives exhibited improved physicochemical and tribological properties that make themselves promising environmentally friendly biolubricant basestocks.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Enzymatic Catalysis Process

Biodiesel is an excellent option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels with environmental advantages by reducing hazardous emissions. The enzymatic transesterification has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade and the advantages of enzymatic catalysis show that the production of biodiesel by this route has good potential, mainly because it is friendly environment. For biodiesel, production process by enzyme catalysis is chosen the response surface methodology. It is an experimental strategy to find the best operating conditions oftransesterification reaction to improve the biodiesel quality. The Process has three variables： temperature, molar ratio oil-alcohol and catalyst quantity. The process was monitored by GC-FID （gas chromatography with flame ionization detector）. The yield of the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis decreases with increasing temperature, and may be due to inactivation of the enzyme by denaturation at temperatures above 50 ℃. The second-order design used was the ＂CDC （central design composition）＂ which produced a maximum yield of 95.5% in the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis obtained at a temperature of 45 ℃, molar ratio methanol：oil of 8：1 and a catalyst loading of 8% wt.

Rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of waste cooking oil activated waste crumb rubber modified asphalt

In this paper,the surface activated crumb rubber with waste cooking oil(WCO)was studied to improve the performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt.The activated waste crumb rubber modified asphalt(OCRMA)with different amount of crumb rubber was prepared to study the microscopic appearance of OCRMA by scanning electron microscope and fluorescence microscope and analyze the surface performance.The rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of OCRMA were characterized by dynamic shear rheological test,multiple stress creep recovery(MSCR)test,BBR test and infrared spectroscopy.The results show that the dissolution degree of waste crumb rubber is improved after WCO activation,and the compatibility with asphalt components is enhanced,and the stable cross-linking structure is formed,which improves the asphalt performance.The several new absorption peaks,which were obvious,were all caused by the composition of WCO,that is,there was no significant chemical change during the interaction between the activated crumb rubber and base asphalt.Compared with the common waste crumb rubber modified asphalt(CRMA),activation with WCO can significantly reduce the viscosity of CRMA,decrease the difference of segregation softening point by 27%,and enhance the low temperature performance by 30%.The aging degree is greatly reduced,and the anti-aging performance of OCRMA is increased by about 20%with the same dosage.The high temperature performance,though higher than that of base asphalt,decreases to some extent.After comprehensive analysis,the optimal dosage of crumb rubber for OCRMA is 30%.

Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil as Diesel Fuel and Improvement in Combustion and Emission

Due to high price of Straight Vegetable Oil （SVO） for bio-diesel production, the use of Waste Cooking Oil （WCO） will be cost effective. Furthermore, utilization of WCO will refrain waterways pollution and endanger ecosystem. In Malaysia, more than 50-tone of WCO from various sources was produced every day. This study evaluates combustion performance and exhaust emission characteristics of several WCOs with different sources. Modification on fuel properties has been done to improve the combustion and exhaust emission of using WCO as diesel fuel. Regular diesel fuel also has been used for comparison in the test. A 0.6 liter, single-cylinder, air-cooled direct injection diesel engine was used to perform this experiment. Experiment was done at variable engine loads at constant speed.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil over Mesoporous SO42-/Zr-SBA-15

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils over SO42-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was successfully carried out and investigated. SO42-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was prepared by one-step process using anhydrous zirconium nitrate as zirconium resource, and endowed with the strong Lewis acid sites formed by supporting the zirconium species onto the SBA-15 surface. The asprepared SOt2-/Zr-SBA-15 showed excellent triglyceride conversion efficiency of 92.3% and fatty acid methyl esters （FAME） yield of 91.7% for the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol under the optimized reaction conditions： the methanol/oil molar ratio of 30, the reaction temperature of 160 ℃, the reaction time of 12 h and 10wt% of catalyst. It was noticed that the as-prepared SOa2-/Zr-SBA-15 materials with the higher area surface of mesoporous framework and the surface acidity displayed excellent stability and reusability, maintaining high FAME yield of （74±1）% after seven runs of reaction.

Engine performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled waste cooking oil synthetic diesel

Biodiesels produced from various feedstocks have been considered as alternative fuels used in internal combustion engines without major modifications.This research focuses on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil(WCOSD)by the catalytic cracking method using MgO as the catalyst and comparing the engine operating characteristics of the test engine when using WCOSD and traditional diesel(CD)as test fuels.As a result,the brake power of the test engine fueled WCOSD,and traditional diesel is similar.However,the engine fuel consumption in the case of using WCOSD is slight increases in some operating conditions.Also,the nitrogen oxides emissions of the test engine fueled WCOSD are higher than those of CD at all tested conditions.The trend is opposite for hydrocarbon emission as the HC emission of the engine fueled by WCOSD reduces 26.3%on average.The smoke emission of the test engine in case of using WCOSD is lower 17%on average than that of CD.However,the carbon monoxide emissions are lower at the low and medium loads and higher at the full loads.These results show that the new biodiesel has the same characteristics as those of commercial biodiesel and can be used as fuel for diesel engines.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking Oil by Heterogeneous Catalysts

Waste cooking oil(WCO) is becoming the most promising alternative feedstock to produce biodiesel due to its low cost in China. In this study, NKC-9 ion-exchange resin and H-beta zeolite were selected as heterogeneous catalysts in the WCO esterification process and their esterification characteristics were compared by orthogonal experiments. NKC-9 resin showed higher activity and achieved a higher final conversion compared with H-beta zeolite under the same reaction conditions. Reusability experiments showed that NKC-9 resin still exhibited high activity after 5 runs. The effects of the mole ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction time, reaction temperature and the catalyst dose were investigated by multifactor orthogonal analysis. The influence of the free fatty acid(FFA) content was also investigated, and the result showed that the esterification rate could be as high as 98.4% when the FFA content was 6.3wt%.

The Physical and Chemical Properties of Cooking Oil Vapor and Its Biological Effects

The paper discussed the physical and chemical properties of cooking oil vapor(COV) and its biological effects. The study showed that: (1)By ultraviolet spectrophotometry, the method to determine the concentration of COV was simple, reliable and suitable; (2)At 220℃, about 60%-80% particles′ diameter of COV were less than 10 μm which referred to they are capable of reaching the deeper parts of the respiratory tract; (3)Pulmonary toxicity study of COV revealed that in acute toxicity test, there was lung tissue injury in rats and the degree increased as the concentration of oil vapor increased; subacute test in rats indicated that pulmonary injury might be the result of lipid peroxidation brought about by the activation of more general free radical system; (4)The average concentration of emitted oil vapor in the environment ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 mg/m3, the emission outlets in most restaurants were very simple or located in residential areas without any filtering device; (5)Irritative effect threshold levels of COV to volunteers and the effects on occupational exposed cooks also suggested that COV might produce harmful effects on pulmonary function in occupationally exposed personnel.

Transesterification Reaction of Waste Cooking Oil and Chicken Fat by Homogeneous Catalysis

In the last years, biodiesel production has been on a steady increase due to it is renewable and biodegradable fuel. The process to obtain biodiesel can be carried out using different raw materials. It is conlmonly performed by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with methanol and using a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. This work seeks to compare the results produced in transesterification of wasted cooking oil and chicken fat by homogeneous catalysis with NaOH. Due to in each case triglyceride comes from different raw materials, operation conditions differ slightly, which is more evident in the values used for the temperature. For chicken fat was used temperature variations between 35 ℃ and 55 ℃, varying catalyst in percentages between 0.3% and 0.7% with a molar ratio 6：1 in all cases and a reaction time of I h. Likewise, the conditions used in the tmnsesterification process of waste cooking oil were temperature between 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ with a molar ratio 6/1 and 9/1 for alcohol and oil, and catalyst percentage between 0.5% and 0.7% by weight. The yields obtained were between 78% and 94%, or 83% and 95%, for chicken fat and wasted cooking oil, respectively.

A Comprehensive Economic Assessment of Producing Biodiesel Derived from Used Cooking Oil Using the BioPro380 EX

The authors performed economic assessment of producing biodiesel at pilot scale using used cooking oil as feed-oil in a Bio-Pro 380 EX biodiesel reactor. The overall results suggest that the biodiesel production using used cooking oil is a viable project even at large or medium scale. The payback period for producing biodiesel at a pilot scale of 31,320 liters per year was 1.5 years, which was 1 month longer than the payback period for a large plant capacity of 66,000 liters per year. The study demonstrated that the unit selling price and unit production cost are sensitive to the economic feasibility of biodiesel production, since price variations of BWP 1 result in at least a 13% increase and 12% decrease in profit, respectively. The study further revealed that feed-oil (used cooking oil) was the most expensive among all the inputs accounting for 61%, followed by methanol and direct labour with 19% and 13% respectively. The overall energy recorded to produce approximately 360 liters of biodiesel contributed to 2% only, suggesting that Bio-Pro 380 EX biodiesel reactor is relatively a low energy intensity processor. The situation is suitable for the promotion of biodiesel particularly in countries where initiatives to stimulate the development of biofuels are at its infant stage Botswana included.

Waste Cooking Oil as a Substrate for Biodiesel Production

The effectiveness of adsorptive treatment of waste cooking oils was assessed in terms of suitability for biodiesel production. New technologies involving standard diesel engines have been developed using biofuel products from vegetable oils and waste animal fats based on environmental and economic considerations. The potential application of used rapeseed oil after treatment with a mixture of active carbon （AR） and magnesium silicate （MG） as energy source was studied. The results were compared with substrates standard in the Vogel＆Noot GmbH technology for the transesterification of oils and fats.

Arawana Cooking Oil

Arawana Brand cooking oil produced by the Nanhai Fat Industrial Company, Ltd, is a refined product from imported quality rape oil and fragrant peanut oil and sesame oil imported fromthe United States. The oil is prepared using a unique prescription and skills, and contains rich vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acid without

Local Cooking Oil Faces Foreign Challenges

Alarming local oil industry This year,the purchasing price of rapeseed from China＇s major production bases has gone up due to the decline in planting area of oil-bearing crops.

The Kinetics of the Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cook- ing Oil Using Fe2（SO4）3/C Catalyst

The esterification of free fatty acids(FFA) in waste cooking oil with methanol in the presence of Fe2(SO4)3/C(ferric sulfate/active carbon) catalyst was studied.The effects of different temperature,methanol/FFA mole ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of FFA were investigated.The results demonstrated that under optimal esterification conditions the final acid value of the resultant system can be reduced to ～1(mg KOH)·g-1,which met fully the requirements in post-treatment for efficient separation of glycerin and biodiesel.The kinetics of the esterification were also investigated under different temperatures.The results indicated that the rate-control step could be attributed to the surface reaction and the esterification processes can be well-depicted by the as-calculated kinetic formula in the range of the experimental conditions.

Diffusion and Regeneration Mechanism of Waste Composite Oils Rejuvenator in Aged Asphalt

The physical performance of recycled asphalt was used as the main evaluation index to study the optimal range of a self-made rejuvenator.Through the penetration,viscosity and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)tests,the diffusion degree of the rejuvenator under different temperatures and time process was analyzed,and the diffusion efficiency of the rejuvenator was evaluated from the macro and micro perspective.The regeneration mechanism of the rejuvenator in the aged asphalt was also analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and chemical composition tests.The research results showed that the optimum rejuvenator content was about 3%.Higher temperature and longer time were beneficial to improving the permeability and diffusion of the rejuvenator.During the aging process,the light components were reduced,and more macromolecular asphaltenes were generated as well as a large number of carbonyl and sulfoxide.After diffusion and regeneration,the light components in the asphalt were supplemented,the wrinkles and gullies of the aged asphalt were almost improved to the surface state of the matrix asphalt.

Efficient catalytic conversion of jatropha oil to high grade biofuel on Ni-Mo_(2)C/MCM-41 catalysts with tuned surface properties

The activity of Mo_(2) C-based catalyst on vegetable oil conversion into biofuel could be greatedly promoted by tuning the carbon content,while its modification mechanism on the surface properties remained elusive.Herein,the exposed active sites,the particle size and Lewis acid amount of Ni-Mo_(2) C/MCM-41 catalysts were regulated by varying CH_(4) content in carbonization gas.The activity of Ni-Mo_(2) C/MCM-41 catalysts in jatropha oil(JO)conversion showed a volcano-like trend over the catalysts with increasing CH_(4) content from 15%to 50%in the preparation process.The one prepared by 25%CH_(4) content(NiMo_(2) C(25)/MCM-41)exhibited the outstanding catalytic performance with 83.9 wt%biofuel yield and95.2%C_(15)-C_(18) selectivity.Such a variation of activity was ascribed to the most exposed active sites,the smallest particle size,and the lowest Lewis acid amount from Ni^(0) on the Ni-Mo_(2) C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst surface.Moreover,the Ni-Mo_(2) C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst could also effectively catalyze the conversion of crude waste cooking oil(WCO)into green diesel.This study offers an effective strategy to improve catalytic performance of molybdenum carbide catalyst on vegetable oil conversion.

Demonstrative Study of Vehicles Using Waste Vegetable Oil as Fuel

SVO （straight vegetable oil） method means the direct use of vegetable oil as car fuel through installation of a heater unit in the car to decrease vegetable oil viscosity. In this study, the authors carried out performance tests on the direct use of waste cooking oil using a car with a heater unit, Moreover, the authors carried out long run driving on road tests in five years using a public car of Minami-Aizu Town in Fukushima Prefecture and analyzed the case of troubles and clarified the availability and problems of SVO vehicles. As a result, the car with a heater unit shows similar performance in both cases using vegetable oil or diesel fuel as fuel. The tested SVO vehicle of Minami-Aizu Town could be driven 38,127 km mainly by waste vegetable oil with a total driving distance of 52,293 km in long run driving tests in five years, and decreased about 3,813.5 liters of light oil which corresponds to 9.99 t of CO2.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using calcium oxide derived from scallop shell waste

Biodiesel is one of the alternative forms of diesel fuel and can be obtained using the transesterification process of waste cooking oil with a catalyst to accelerate the reaction.The heterogeneous catalyst from waste scallop shells is used due to its potential for being reused in the subsequent transesterification reactions.Heterogeneous catalysts can also be recycled,contributing to their environmentally friendly nature.This study aims to identify the performance of recycling a calcium oxide(CaO)catalyst from scallop shell waste on synthesis biodiesel.The method used is the transesterification method with the basic ingredients of waste cooking oil using a CaO catalyst.Then,after the transesterification process is complete,the catalyst is separated from the biodiesel and recycled to be reused in the transesterification process up to five times.The biodiesel samples obtained are identified for yield value,physico-chemical properties,thermal properties and performance.X-ray diffraction characterization results for the CaO catalyst show that it has a crystal size of 67.83 nm.Scanning electron microscope characterization shows that it has spherical particle shapes.Fourier transform infrared characterization shows the presence of Ca-O bonds.The highest biodiesel yield value of 74.23%is obtained in biodiesel Cycle 1.The flash point value of biodiesel samples ranges from 141.2℃ to 149℃.Further,all of the biodiesel samples exhibit a cetane number of 75.The highest lower heating value of 38.22 MJ/kg is obtained in biodiesel Cycle 1 and the viscosity of the biodiesel samples ranges from 5.65 to 5.88 cSt.The density of the biodiesel samples ranges from 881.23 to 882.92 kg/m3.Besides,ester functional groups(C=O)and methyl functional groups have been successfully formed in all samples,with the methyl oleate compound observed as dominating the biodiesel samples.The cloud point value of the biodiesel samples ranges from 12℃ to 13℃,and their pour point value ranges from 10℃ to 12℃.The lead content in biodiesel is 0.8826 mg/kg.The lowest sulphur content is obtained from biodiesel Cycles 1 and 2 at 0.005%.Performance tests show that biodiesel has lower torque and brake power values than commercial diesel fuel and higher specific fuel consumption values than commercial diesel fuel.

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs)between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO)to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA)production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50%as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.