Construction and realization of the knowledge base and inference engine of an IDSS model for air-conditioning cooling/heating sources selection

The knowledge representation mode and inference control strategy were analyzed according to the specialties of air-conditioning cooling/heating sources selection. The constructing idea and working procedure for knowledge base and inference engine were proposed while the realization technique of the C language was discussed. An intelligent decision support system (IDSS) model based on such knowledge representation and inference mechanism was developed by domain engineers. The model was verified to have a small kernel and powerful capability in list processing and data driving, which was successfully used in the design of a cooling/heating sources system for a large-sized office building.

Comparison of life cycle performance of distributed energy system and conventional energy system for district heating and cooling in China

The distributed energy system has achieved significant attention in respect of its application for singlebuilding cooling and heating.Researching on the life cycle environmental impact of distributed energy systems(DES)is of great significance to encourage and guide the development of DES in China.However,the environmental performance of distributed energy systems in a building cooling and heating has not yet been carefully analyzed.In this study,based on the standards of ISO14040-2006 and ISO14044-2006,a life-cycle assessment(LCA)of a DES was conducted to quantify its environmental impact and a conventional energy system(CES)was used as the benchmark.GaBi 8 software was used for the LCA.And the Centre of Environmental Science(CML)method and Eco-indicator 99(EI 99)method were used for environmental impact assessment of midpoint and endpoint levels respectively.The results indicated that the DES showed a better life-cycle performance in the usage phase compared to the CES.The life-cycle performance of the DES was better than that of the CES both at the midpoint and endpoint levels in view of the whole lifespan.It is because the CES to DES indicator ratios for acidification potential,eutrophication potential,and global warming potential are 1.5,1.5,and 1.6,respectively at the midpoint level.And about the two types of impact indicators of ecosystem quality and human health at the endpoint level,the CES and DES ratios of the other indicators are greater than1 excepting the carcinogenicity and ozone depletion indicators.The human health threat for the DES was mainly caused by energy consumption during the usage phase.A sensitivity analysis showed that the climate change and inhalable inorganic matter varied by 1.3%and 6.1%as the electricity increased by 10%.When the natural gas increased by 10%,the climate change and inhalable inorganic matter increased by 6.3%and 3.4%,respectively.The human health threat and environmental damage caused by the DES could be significantly reduced by the optimization of natural gas and electricity consumption.

Field experimental study on the cooling effect of mine cooling system acquiring cold source from return air

With the increase of mining depth, more and deeper coal mines are limited by heat disaster. The cooling energy in deep mine cooling system comes from mine water inrush or ground cooling tower, but we cannot adopt the two methods because mine water inrush in many old coal mines in China is limited. What is more, the cooling pipelines cannot be put in narrow pit-shaft. To settle the problem above, according to the characteristics of Zhangxiaolou Coal Mine, this paper adopts the deep mine return air as the cooling energy for deep mine cooling system. In addition, we carried out cite test to extract cold energy from return air. Through monitoring the water quantity, water temperature of cooling system and air temperature, we got the thermodynamic equilibrium parameters during the cooling energy acquisition analysis and the effect of cooling system that the temperature and humidity on working face are respectively reduced to 8-12 ℃ and 8-15% through cooling. This research offers experimental reference for deep mine cooling which lacks cooling energy.

Heat absorption control equation and its application of cool-wall cooling system in mines

In order to solve the heat damages in deep mines, a cool-wall cooling technology and its working model are proposed based on the principles of heat absorption and insulation in this paper. During this process, the differential equation of thermal equilibrium for roadway control unit is built, and the heat adsorption control equation of cool-wall cooling system is derived by an integral method, so as to obtain the quantitative relationship among the heat absorption capacity of cooling system, the heat dissipating capacity of surrounding rock and air temperature change. Then, the heat absorption capacity required by air temperature less than the standard value for safety is figured out by section iterative method with the simultaneous solution of heat absorption control equation and the heat dissipation density equation of surrounding rock. Finally, the results show that as the air temperature at the inlet of roadway is 25 ℃, the roadway wall is covered by heat-absorbing plate up to 39% of the area, as well as the cold water is injected into the heat-absorbing plate with a temperature of 20 ℃ and a mass flow of 113.6 kg/s, the air flow temperature rise per kilometer in the roadway can be less than 3 ℃.

Initiative Optimization Operation Strategy and Multi-objective Energy Management Method for Combined Cooling Heating and Power

This paper proposed an initiative optimization operation strategy and multi-objective energy management method for combined cooling heating and power U+0028 CCHP U+0029 with storage systems. Initially, the initiative optimization operation strategy of CCHP system in the cooling season, the heating season and the transition season was formulated. The energy management of CCHP system was optimized by the multi-objective optimization model with maximum daily energy efficiency, minimum daily carbon emissions and minimum daily operation cost based on the proposed initiative optimization operation strategy. Furthermore, the pareto optimal solution set was solved by using the niche particle swarm multi-objective optimization algorithm. Ultimately, the most satisfactory energy management scheme was obtained by using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution U+0028 TOPSIS U+0029 method. A case study of CCHP system used in a hospital in the north of China validated the effectiveness of this method. The results showed that the satisfactory energy management scheme of CCHP system was obtained based on this initiative optimization operation strategy and multi-objective energy management method. The CCHP system has achieved better energy efficiency, environmental protection and economic benefits. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Design and Analysis of a Small Sewage Source Heat Pump Triple Supply System

Based on the characteristics of sewage from beauty salons,a simulation model of a small sewage source heat pump triple supply system that can be applied to such places is established to optimize the operating conditions of the system.The results show that with the increase of sewage temperature and flow,the performance of the system also increases.In summer conditions,the system provides cooling,recovers waste heat and condensed heat from sewage,with a COP value of 8.97;in winter conditions,the system heats and produces hot water,with a COP value of 2.44;in transitional seasons,only hot water is produced.The COP value is 2.75.Compared with the traditional systems which refers to the air source heat pump and hot water boiler system currently used in beauty salons,this system can save energy by 50.9%.

Designing the cooling system of a hybrid electric vehicle with multi-heat source

In order to reduce the power consumption and meet the cooling demand of every heat source component, three kinds of multi-heat source cooling system schemes were designed base on the characteristic of power split hybrid electric vehicle （HEV）. Using the numerical simulation meth- od, the power system heat transfer model was built. By comparing the performance of three differ- ent schemes through the Simulink simulation, the best cooling system scheme was found. Base on characteristics of these cooling system structures, the reasonableness of the simulation results were analyzed and verified. The results showed that the cooling system designation based on the numerical simulation could describe the cooling system performance accurately. This method could simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and provide a new way for designing a multi-heat source vehicle cooling system.

Simulation of embedded heat exchangers of solar aided ground source heat pump system

Aimed at unbalance of soil temperature field of ground source heat pump system, solar aided energy storage system was established. In solar assisted ground-source heat pump (SAGSHP) system with soil storage, solar energy collected in three seasons was stored in the soil by vertical U type soil exchangers. The heat abstracted by the ground-source heat pump and collected by the solar collector was employed to heating. Some of the soil heat exchangers were used to store solar energy in the soil so as to be used in next winter after this heating period; and the others were used to extract cooling energy directly in the soil by circulation pump for air conditioning in summer. After that solar energy began to be stored in the soil and ended before heating period. Three dimensional dynamic numerical simulations were built for soil and soil heat exchanger through finite element method. Simulation was done in different strata month by month. Variation and restoration of soil temperature were studied. Economy and reliability of long term SAGSHP system were revealed. It can be seen that soil temperature is about 3 ℃ higher than the original one after one year's running. It is beneficial for the system to operate for long period.

Comprehensive Benefit Analysis of Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump System

Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump (DXGSHP) system directly extracts heat or cold energy from ground by consuming electricity to provide for space conditioning. Compared with the currently widely-used secondary loop Ground Couple Heat Pump (GCHP) system, it has higher energy efficiency, lower operating costs, and less environmental impact. A case study is carried out in this paper. The subject is a residential building located in Beijing, China. It is assumed that the building adopts the DXGSHP system and the GCHP system respectively. Annual loads and energy consumption are simulated and computed. Then the initial cost, operating cost and CO2 emission are calculated. The economic benefit is analyzed with the Payback Time method and the Dynamic Annual Cost Value method. The environmental benefit is discussed mainly by comparing the CO2 emission savings. The results show that the DXGSHP system has higher initial costs, but lower operating costs, and less greenhouse gas emissions. The DXGSHP system has better comprehensive benefits than the GCHP system.

Dynamic Simulation and Performance Analysis on Multi-Energy Coupled CCHP System

Although the Combined Cooing,Heating and Power System(hereinafter referred to as“CCHP”)improves the capacity utilization rate and energy utilization efficiency,single use of CCHP system cannot realize dynamic matching between supply and demand loads due to the unbalance features of the user’s cooling and heating loads.On the basis of user convenience and wide applicability of clean air energy,this paper tries to put forward a coupled CCHP system with combustion gas turbine and ASHP ordered power by heat,analyze trends of such parameters as gas consumption and power consumption of heat pump in line with adjustment of heating load proportion of combustion gas turbine,and optimize the system ratio in the method of annual costs and energy environmental benefit assessment.Based on the analysis of the hourly simulation and matching characteristics of the cold and hot load of the 100 thousand square meter building,it is found that the annual cost of the air source heat pump is low,but the energy and environmental benefits are poor.It will lead to 6.35%shortage of cooling load in summer.Combined with the evaluation method of primary energy consumption and zero carbon dioxide emission,the coupling system of CHHP and air source heat pump with 41%gas turbine load ratio is the best configuration.This system structure and optimization method can provide some reference for the development of CCHP coupling system.

某大科学装置项目工艺冷却水系统设计

介绍了某在建大科学装置项目的工艺冷却水系统设计,包括服务对象、系统形式、系统组成、水温控制策略、流量控制策略等方面的内容。简述了热回收型水源热泵在工艺冷却水系统中的应用方案,并对工艺冷却水系统设计后续可开展的工作和研究提出了3个方向。

冷金属过渡电弧增材制造高强钢过程中温度场的数值模拟

基于冷金属过渡(CMT)高频熄弧的特性,在双椭球热源模型的基础上建立了动态热源模型,采用ABAQUS软件建立了高强钢CMT电弧增材制造单道十层成形件的有限元模型,对成形过程中的温度场进行模拟,并与试验结果进行对比;采用模拟方法研究了层间冷却时间(30,60,90 s)和基板预热温度(20,200,300℃)对温度场的影响规律。结果表明:模拟得到基板表面距焊道中心20.5 mm处的热循环曲线的变化趋势与试验结果基本一致,波峰和波谷温度的相对误差均在10%以内,证明了模型的准确性。沉积下一层时仅对前一层起到重熔作用;在沉积过程中,熄弧端的峰值温度高于起弧端,而在冷却过程中,两端温度差逐渐降低。随着层间冷却时间的延长,熔池最高温度降低且熔池存在的时间变短,在冷却阶段的冷却速率增大但其增大的程度降低,成形件两端温度差降低,最佳层间冷却时间为90 s;随着基板预热温度的升高,熔池的最高温度和熔池尺寸均增加,最大波谷温度差先减小后增大,在基板预热200℃条件下,成形件的最大波谷温度差最小,温度分布更加均匀。

采用冷却塔补偿的地埋管地源热泵热平衡系统控制研究

采用冷却塔补偿来减少夏季土壤排热量的做法是地埋管地源热泵最常见的一种热平衡措施,但目前与其相适应的控制策略尚不够完善。在此,针对采用冷却塔补偿的地埋管地源热泵热平衡系统,提出一种以效率优先和热量补偿双模式运行的控制策略。这种控制策略明确了冷却塔与地埋管双向切换的条件,可以在保持地埋管地下热平衡前提下提高地源热泵系统的工作效率,并能够自动适应不同负荷特点的建筑物。

高温矿井深部热源分析与降温措施模拟研究——以南方某硬岩铀矿井为例

在全球能源需求不断增长的背景下,各类型矿产资源的开采速度正在加快。然而随着开采深度的增加,高温热害问题逐渐凸显。高温热害问题不仅影响各类机械设备的正常运行,还对矿井安全生产构成了严重威胁。笔者以南方某硬岩铀矿井为例,分析了矿井热害问题的产生原因及影响;通过数值模拟等方法,深入研究了该矿井的围岩热物性参数、矿井地温场及深部热环境等,分析了该矿井目前存在的问题,并提出降温技术方案。

喷雾降温系统中纯水液滴群蒸发域的模拟研究

为了避免喷雾降温系统中液滴沉降到设备及人体表面对工艺及人体热舒适造成影响,需要针对纯水液滴群蒸发域问题进行研究。本文采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,研究了喷雾降温系统作用下,不同热源温度、液滴初始粒径对液滴群蒸发域的影响,分析了室内温度分布及液滴粒径分布,探讨了室内热源温度及液滴初始粒径对蒸发域高度的影响规律。结果表明:随着热源温度的增加,热羽流对喷雾射流的抑制作用增强,液滴群的蒸发域随之增大;当液滴初始粒径增大时,液滴群的蒸发域随之减小,喷雾射流范围内的温度随之增加;液滴群蒸发域高度随着热源温度的增加而呈线性增大,随液滴初始粒径的增加而呈线性减小,当热源温度大于400℃,液滴初始粒径大于60μm时,其对液滴群蒸发域高度的影响较小。

应用埋式毛细管网换热器的海水源热泵系统适用性研究

海水源热泵系统面临着生物附着、管道腐蚀、严寒天气换热器结冰等问题,影响其性能系数。将材质为PP-R的毛细管网换热器埋置于海床砂土中的海水源热泵系统能够有效避免以上问题。基于能耗模拟数据,对比了海水源热泵系统、空气源热泵系统和冷水机组+燃气锅炉系统的经济性和环保性。结果显示,应用埋式毛细管网换热器的海水源热泵系统的经济效益和环保效益均为最优。系统运行20年,海水源热泵系统的全寿命周期成本为459.5万元,最小年费用为46.8万元,建筑生命周期内其单位面积的碳排放量比空气源热泵系统低10%,比冷水机组+燃气锅炉系统低21%。本研究使消费者对该热泵系统有了更深的了解,为推广此应用提供数据支撑。

基于热源量化的高温隧道动态综合降温措施研究

为了实现高温隧道降温措施动态化、精准化设计,基于理论分析和现场实测,依托某高岩(水)温铁路隧道,对隧道内的高温热水、围岩、施工机械、水泥水化、爆破、施工人员散热量及不同降温措施冷量进行了理论分析研究,并根据风流温度和能量平衡原理得到了不同工况下高温隧道的冷量缺口。结果表明:高温围岩和超高温热水是隧道内的主要热源,其中高温热水散热量比例达到总散热量的50%以上;洞内放置冰块产生的冷量较小,通风带来的冷量较大,但其冷量会随着通风距离的增加而减小,其衰减规律可用二次曲线近似表示;200 m^(3)/h高温热水理论计算得到的换热风流温度31.8℃与现场实测温度31.0℃基本吻合。本文采用的分析方法获得的冷量缺口可作为选择机械制冷和降温措施动态化设计的理论依据,也可为类似的高温隧道降温设计提供参考。

喷油参数对螺杆式空气源热泵系统性能的影响

针对北方寒冷地区的稠油热水驱技术面对的问题,设计一台带经济器的螺杆式低温空气源热泵加热原油机组,增加油冷热回收系统,测试分析低温环境下热泵系统的制热性能以及油冷热回收对系统性能的影响。结果表明:油冷换热器可以有效帮助螺杆式空气源热泵降低压缩机排气温度,提高热泵在低温环境下的制热量和能效比C_(op),实现环境温度-35—43℃的稳定运行。有油冷热回收时,系统能效比最高可达3.74,油冷换热器最高能回收25.8%的热量。蒸发温度-24℃时,制热量可达350 kW。喷油量的增加对系统性能的改善呈现先增加后下降的趋势,油冷热回收回路存在最佳喷油量使得系统能效比最高。随着喷油温度的增加,压缩机排气温度呈上升趋势,系统能效比呈下降趋势。

夏热冬冷地区空调冷热源配置的多目标优化

为实现“双碳”背景下清零建筑直接碳排放的目标,夏热冬冷地区建筑空调冷热源越来越多地采用空气源热泵加水冷式冷水机组的复合架构。其中,空气源热泵冬季供热,夏季与水冷式机组共同供冷。由于空气源热泵供冷能效较低,提高水冷式机组容量配置,尽可能使之分担更多的冷负荷,有利于降低系统供冷能耗,但系统投资也将随之上升。因此,有必要研究复合架构下空调冷热源配置的综合优化方法。利用层次分析法,计算空调冷热源系统的节能性、环保性、经济性、节材性等不同目标维度的权重,建立空调冷热源的综合优化目标函数。设计空调冷热源配置的优化流程,并以上海某办公建筑为例进行分析。结果表明,随着水冷机组容量的增加,空调冷热源系统的全年能耗降低,耗材生产能耗、折算年费上升,而碳排放呈先降后升的规律。多目标优化方法可以更好地实现各项指标之间的平衡,为相关研究及实际项目决策提供参考。

城市水体斑块对热岛效应的缓解能力——以沈阳市为例

水体对环境具有调节作用,在城市生态系统中,水体通过冷却周围地表从而有效缓解热岛效应。采用Landsat影像分析了2000—2020年沈阳市辖区的城市热岛效应的演变情况,利用常规的水体斑块构建缓冲区并进行分析,通过冷却范围、冷却幅度和冷却梯度3个指标量化水体斑块对城市热岛效应的缓解能力,利用水体斑块的面积、形状指数和周围建成区占比定量分析了影响水体斑块缓解能力的因素。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年沈阳市城市热岛分布由中心城区向郊区扩展,热岛面积增加约40%;(2)水体斑块能有效降低周边建成区地表温度的平均距离为0.27 km,相邻建成区平均降温2.26℃,每距离水体边界1 km的建成区平均地表温度的降幅为8.28℃;(3)水体斑块的面积增加对冷却范围和冷却幅度有着极强的增强作用,水体斑块形状指数的增加也会增强冷却作用,而水体周边建成区占比的增加则会抑制水体斑块的冷却范围与冷却幅度,水体斑块的冷却梯度仅与周边建成区占比之间呈极显著的负相关,而与水体斑块的面积、形状指数无明显关联。