Effect of droplet characteristics on liquid-phase distribution in spray zone of internal mixing air-mist nozzle

In continuous casting production,droplet characteristics are important parameters for evaluating the nozzle atomization quality,and have a significant impact on the secondary cooling effect and the slab quality.In order to study the behavior of atomized droplets after reaching the slab surface and to optimize the spray cooling effect,the influence of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on the migration behavior of droplets in the secondary cooling zone was analyzed by FLUENT software.Results show that the droplets in the spray zone and on the slab surface are mainly concentrated in the center,thus,the liquid volume fraction in the center is higher than that of either side.As the droplet diameter increases,the region of high liquid volume fraction on the slab surface becomes wider,and the liquid phase distribution in the slab width direction becomes uneven.Although increasing the droplet velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on droplet diffusion in the spray zone,the distribution becomes more uneven due to more liquid reaches the slab surface per unit time.A prediction formula of the maximum water flow rate on the slab surface for specific droplet characteristics was proposed based on dimensionless analysis and validated by simulated data.A nozzle spacing of 210 mm was recommended under the working conditions in this study,which ensures effective coverage of the spray water over the slab surface and enhances the distribution uniformity of water flow rate in the transverse direction.

Spatial distribution of air temperature and relative humidity in the greenhouse as affected by external shading in arid climates

The effect of external roof shading on the spatial distribution of air temperature and relative humidity in a greenhouse(Tin and RHin) was evaluated under the arid climatic conditions of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Two identical, evaporatively-cooled, single-span greenhouses were used in the experiment. One greenhouse was externally shaded(Gs) using a movable black plastic net(30% transmissivity), and the other greenhouse was kept without shading(Gc). Strawberry plants were cultivated in both greenhouses. The results showed that the spatial distribution of the Tin and RHin was significantly affected by the outside solar radiation and evaporative cooling operation. The regression analysis showed that when the outside solar radiation intensity increased from 200 to 800 W m–2, the Tin increased by 4.5℃ in the Gc and 2℃in the Gs, while the RHin decreased by 15% in the Gc and 5% in the Gs, respectively. Compared with those in the Gc, more uniformity in the spatial distribution of the Tin and RHin was observed in the Gs. The difference between the maximum and minimum Tin of 6.4℃ and the RHin of 10% was lower in the Gs than those in the Gc during the early morning. Around 2℃ difference in the Tin was shown between the area closed to the exhausted fans and the area closed to the cooling pad with the external shading. In an evaporatively-cooled greenhouse in arid regions, the variation of the Tin and RHin in the vertical direction and along the sidewalls was much higher than that in the horizontal direction. The average variation of the Tin and RHin in the vertical direction was 5.2℃ and 10% in the Gc and 5.5℃ and 13% in the Gs, respectively. The external shading improved the spatial distribution of the Tin and RHin and improved the cooling efficiency of the evaporative cooling system by 12%, since the transmitted solar radiation and accumulated thermal energy in the greenhouse were significantly reduced.

Effects of Temperature Gradient and Cooling Rate on the Formation of Methane Hydrates in Coarse Sand

Temperature gradient and cooling rate have an obvious effect on formation of methane hydrate. The process for formation of methane hydrate in coarse sand is monitored to tmderstand the relationship between temperature gradient and cooling rate and nucleation, growth and distribution of methane hydrate by using the electrical resistivity method. The results show that the change of resistivity can better reflect the nucleation and growth and distribution of methane hydrate. Temperature gradient promotes the nucleation, formation, and formation rate of methane hydrate. At a temperature gradient of 0.11℃/cm, the rate of methane hydrate formation and saturation reaches a maximum. Cooling rate has little effect on the methane hydrate formation process. Judging from the outcome of final spatial distribution of methane hydrate, the cooling rate has an obvious but irregular effect in coarse sand. The effect of tempera^re gradient on distribution of methane hydrate in coarse sand is less than that of cooling rate. At a temperature gradient of 0.07℃/cm, methane hydrate is distributed uniformly in the sample. If the temperature gradient is higher or lower than this value, the hydrate is enriched in the upper layer of sample.

Cooling Load Distribution of Large Space Building

The cooling and heating load distribution of large area air-conditioned room such as “open” offices, shopping malls and waiting rooms is usually assumed to be even in air conditioning system design. However, it is not the case in reality, and a low efficient air conditioning system results from this assumption. A simulation and analysis of the cooling load distribution of an office building in Hong Kong with TRANSYS software is provided in this paper. A typical office is divided into 13 zones for simulation, including external zone, medial zone and internal zone in the north, the south, the east and the west respectively and a central zone, instead of 4 directional zone. The result shows there is much cooling load difference between each zone, and more attention should be paid to uneven indoor cooling and heating load distribution to further guide the design.

Influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization of generator internal cooling water

The slight-alkalization of generator internal cooling water(GICW)is widely used to inhibit the corrosion of hollow copper conductor and thereby ensure the safe operation of the generator.CO_(2) inleakage is increasingly identified as a potential security risk for GICW system.In this paper,the influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization of GICW was theoretically discussed.Based on the equilibriums of the CO_(2)-NaOH-H_(2)O system,CO_(2) inleakage saturation was derived to quantify the amount of the dissolved CO_(2) in GICW.This parameter can be directly calculated with the measured conductivity and the[Na+]of GICW.The influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization conditioning of GICW and the measurement of its water quality parameters were then analyzed.The more severe the inleakage,the narrower the water quality operation ranges of GICW,resulting in the more difficult the slight-alkalization conditioning of GICW.The temperature calibrations of the conductivity and the pH value of GICW show nonlinear correlations with the amount of CO_(2) inleakage and the NaOH dosage.This study provides insights into the influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization of GICW,which can serve as the theoretical basis for the actual slight-alkalization when CO_(2) inleakage occurs.

Control and application of cooling path after rolling for hot strip based on ultra fast cooling

Hot rolled strip requires diverse and flexible control of cooling path in order to take full advantages of strengthening mechanisms such as fine grain strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and transformation strengthening, adapting to the development of advanced steel materials and the requirement of reduction-manufacturing. Ultra fast cooling can achieve a great range of cooling rate, which provides the means that the hardened austenite obtained in high temperature region can keep at different dynamic transformation temperatures. Meanwhile, through the rational allocation of the UFC （ultra fast cooling） and LFC （laminar flow cooling）, more flexible cooling path control and cooling strategy of hot rolled strip are obtained. Temperature distribution and control strategies under different cooling paths based on UFC are investigated. The process control temperature can be limited within 18 ℃, and the mechanical properties of the steels get a great leap forward due to the cooling paths and strategies, which can decrease costs and create great economic benefits for the iron and steel enterprises.

Analysis of the factors affecting thermal evolution of hot rolled steel during coil cooling

The thermal evolution of steel coil during cooling was simulated and investigated by the use of in-house Q-CSP software. The dependence of the thermal evolution of steel coil on cooling methods, temperature distribution of the strip before coiling, coil size and steel grades was also discussed. The study plays a significant role in helping steel makers to better understand and control the cooling process.

Factors Affecting Temperature Distribution Along Thickness of Plate During Cooling Process and Their Control Strategies

On the basis of the finite difference method, the factors affecting the temperature distribution along the thickness of plate during cooling process were analyzed, which include transformation heat, coefficient of heat conduction, specific heat, carbon content, cooling time, plate thickness, and unit of water flow volume. To ensure the homogenous temperature distribution along the thickness of plate, some cooling strategies, such as interval cooling, stepped cooling, and unsymmetrical cooling of upper and lower surfaces, were applied online. The online results showed that the cooling strategies can improve the temperature homogeneity greatly and the finite difference method can correctly simulate the cooling process.

A Closed-Form Approximation for Pricing Temperature-Based Weather Derivatives

This paper develops analytical distributions of temperature indices on which temperature derivatives are written. If the deviations of daily temperatures from their expected values are modelled as an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with timevarying variance, then the distributions of the temperature index on which the derivative is written is the sum of truncated, correlated Gaussian deviates. The key result of this paper is to provide an analytical approximation to the distribution of this sum, thus allowing the accurate computation of payoffs without the need for any simulation. A data set comprising average daily temperature spanning over a hundred years for four Australian cities is used to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach for estimating the payoffs to temperature derivatives. It is demonstrated that expected payoffs computed directly from historical records are a particularly poor approach to the problem when there are trends in underlying average daily temperature. It is shown that the proposed analytical approach is superior to historical pricing.

“Phase Diagram” of Surface Temperature Distribution of Sessile Droplets and the Effects of Evaporative Cooling

The temperature distribution along the surface of evaporating droplets can affect significantly the flow field inside the liquid and consequently the deposition pattern on the substrate. Although a “phase diagram” for the temperature distribution along the droplet surface was revealed by the numerical simulations, its experimental verification has still not been reported. In this paper, the surface temperature of evaporating droplets has been observed by using an infrared (IR) camera. The experimental observations show that three different patterns of temperature distribution along the droplet surface occur in succession with the change of the contact angle during the evaporation process, which is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions by the “phase diagram” of the surface temperature distribution. Furthermore, the effects of evaporative cooling on the “phase diagram” of sessile droplets have been explored. The numerical results indicate that the evaporative cooling effect can alter the size of the phase regions in the “phase diagram”. These results may provide a better understanding of the evaporation process of drying sessile droplets.

Suppression of Surface Burn in Grinding of Titanium Alloy TC4 Using a Self-inhaling Internal Cooling Wheel

Based on analysis of surface average temperature and burn degree, this article obtains the threshold temperature of surface burn in grinding titanium alloy with cup wheels. Meanwhile, the impact of the burn degree on the metallographic structure of workpiece surface and metallurgical phase transformations is investigated. In order to reduce the grinding temperature and improve the grinding efficiency, a self-inhaling structure cup segmented wheel is developed to generate internal cooling effect. The internal cooling technology is compared with traditional cooling conditions in the grinding experiments on TC4 （Ti-6Al-4V）. The results indicate that the self-inhaling internal cooling wheel can reduce the grinding surface temperature by 30% or more, and the grinding efficiency doubles. Utilizing water-based semi-synthetic coolant, the segmented wheel with the self-inhaling structure can further reduce the grinding temperature by about 50%.

端部绕组浸没式冷却电机散热结构设计与优化

针对高功率密度电机散热困难的问题,设计了一种端部绕组浸没式冷却的油冷散热结构,研究了端部绕组浸没式冷却电机的散热结构设计与优化方法。基于传热学及电磁学理论,分析了电机内部热源的分布情况,通过仿真模拟分析了极限工况下油冷电机的温度分布和流动特性;定量研究了油碗、油道结构参数对电机最高温度及油道压降的影响;基于响应面法进行多目标优化试验设计,利用带精英策略的非支配排序的遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)得到最优解,并通过仿真模拟验证了优化结果的有效性和可行性。结果表明:优化后电机最高温度为139.7℃,比优化前的最高温度161.3℃降低了21.6℃,降幅为13.4%。同时,油道压降由65.6 kPa下降至39.3 kPa,降低了26.3 kPa,降幅为40.1%。进行优化设计后,油冷电机的散热性能显著提高,有利于提高电机的工作效率和寿命。本研究对于电机散热结构的设计与优化具有一定的理论指导和实际应用价值。

数据中心冷却系统研究及应用进展

为加速实现数据中心节能降耗的目标,在合理、高效、最大化地利用自然冷源的同时,更不能忽视机械制冷系统本身能效的提升。加强自然冷却与机械制冷的协同,降低数据中心PUE,充分发挥安全稳定、高效运行的数据中心冷却系统自身能效至关重要。本文通过对气流组织、供/回水温度和冷却系统部件及形式3个方面的研究梳理,总结分析数据中心冷却系统节能提效有关技术研究与应用进展,从而为绿色、高效数据中心冷却系统的研发提供参考和借鉴。

基于夹点的带喷射器CO_(2)热泵系统性能分析

为了研究带喷射器的跨临界CO_(2)内部过冷热泵系统(TCISE),基于夹点建立了TCISE的热力学模型,分析了冷却水进出水温度及流量对系统性能的影响。研究表明:冷却水进水温度从25℃降低到15℃时,最优高压压力从9.3 MPa降至8.8 MPa,降低了5.4%,最大COP从3.83提升至4.27,提高了11.49%;TCISE存在临界冷却水出水温度和临界冷却水质量流量,当冷却水进水温度一定时,在出水温度低于临界出水温度或质量流量高于临界质量流量时,系统COP保持不变。

大型冷却塔夏季日照筒壁温差原型实测与分布准则

中国现行规范的夏季日照筒壁温差条款源自20世纪80年代秦岭电厂的单一冷却塔(105m)实测结果,既有条款忽略了不同地域与不同尺度的温差分布影响,同时国际上现有冷却塔夏季日照温差分布准则取值存在差异,亟需开展真实大型冷却塔日照筒壁温差更普适的实测研究。鉴于此,基于预制墙板日照试验实现非接触式红外三维测温技术的有效性校订,以分布于我国“寒冷及严寒地区”的五座不同典型高度的大型冷却塔进行夏季全天候的筒壁温差实测;基于实测数据数理统计,提炼了日照筒壁温差的板内梯度分布、时域演变规律、空间分布模式和向阳内壁特性;在此基础上,量化了夏季日照筒壁温差子午向分布、环向分布、最大温差取值,提炼了囊括向阳内壁的大型冷却塔筒壁温差分布准则。研究发现,我国“寒冷及严寒地区”应考虑日照温度应力;日照筒壁温差沿厚度为三段式梯度分布,沿塔高约为恒值,沿环向为外表面非对称半圆分布,喉部以上向阳内壁具有负温差。研究结论加深了对大型冷却塔日照温差分布的理解,也为规范修订提供实测依据。

外置式散热模块对配电变压器热点温升的影响

对于电网季节性过载引起的配电变压器温升过高情况,文中提出在油浸式配电变压器的散热片上安装外置式散热模块强化变压器散热能力,以降低热点温升。为验证该方法的可行性,以一台S13-M-200/10型配电变压器为研究对象建立三维模型,在变压器模型的散热片上建立外置式散热模块。改变散热模块建立的位置与数量从而形成4个不同计算模型。通过有限体积法计算4个模型在不同负载状态下的热点温升。对部分仿真结果使用短路法温升试验验证,仿真与计算误差小于3 K。试验与仿真结果表明合理的安装外置式散热模块可以使油浸式配电变压器的热点温升降低10 K左右,为配电变压器的温升降低提供一种新的思路。

PEMFC新型冷却流道的数值模拟

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)在运行过程中,化学反应会产生大量的热量,需要通过高效的冷却设计来带走这些热量。为了使燃料电池的温度更加均匀并提升燃料电池的效率,设计了一种新型仿生叶脉形冷却流道,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,与平行冷却流道、蛇形冷却流道在冷却流场的最高温度、进出口温差、温度均匀性和压降特性等方面进行对比研究。研究结果表明:与传统的平行和蛇形冷却流道相比,在相同的冷却条件下,仿生叶脉形冷却流道温度均匀性最好。此外,虽然蛇形冷却流道的冷却性能优于平行流道,但会导致更高的压力损失。与两种传统流道相比,在相同的冷却条件下,仿生叶脉形冷却流道不仅冷却性能最好,最高温度值降低到346.6 K,其冷却板温度均匀性UT更好,而且进出口压力差最小,造成的压降损失更小。

基于ANSYS的风冷半导体激光模块的热模拟分析

风冷散热是大功率激光广泛应用的一个至关重要的技术问题。随着激光手持焊、激光清洗等应用范围越来越广,激光风冷散热也变得更加困难起来。在文章中,将热管安装在冷却热沉板上,并在散热片上重新安装热管,以便利用热管的传热原理。利用风冷散热器模拟热负载,并使用ANSYS有限元分析软件进行仿真模拟,以研究热沉板中嵌入热管后激光模块器件的温度场分布情况。经过频率红移法的实验验证可发现,这种方法在风冷散热系统中能够获得良好的散热效果。通过模拟发现,热管与高功率半导体激光器风冷技术相结合可以克服水冷技术在复杂环境中的局限性,为高功率半导体激光器的散热问题带来新的解决方案。

气侧均流装置对冷却三角单元流动传热特性影响的实验研究

对于间接空冷系统冷端基本传热元件−冷却三角单元,通过在其加装及相邻未加装气侧均流装置冷却三角单元内的两侧冷却柱沿散热管束横向布置风速、风温、壁温测点,进一步在左右两侧出水柱布置壁温测点,对比分析两侧冷却柱沿散热管束横向迎风风速、风温、壁温及出水壁温的变化规律,研究气侧均流装置对冷却三角单元流动传热特性及出水壁温分布的影响机制。研究结果表明:加装气侧均流装置后冷却三角单元两侧冷却柱沿散热管束横向迎风风温、壁温分布更加均匀,两侧出水柱壁温均值更低,且降低了两侧出水柱壁温差,气侧均流装置优化了两侧冷却柱的换热均匀性。

锂离子电池浸没式热管理技术方案研究

为综合探究各因素对电池模组浸没冷却效果的影响与规律,以9节21700电池组成的最小模组单元为研究对象,搭建试验台架并展开研究,发现设计条件下,模组的温差在强制对流冷却1C放电时较小,而自然对流冷却则2C放电时较小。建立并验证了浸没冷却模组的数值仿真方法,将不同模型的计算结果进行对比分析,发现设计条件下,电连接件会影响模组的温升与温度分布。基于仿真方法探究了冷却介质及其流量与温度对冷却效果的影响,发现模组的温升与温差随流量的增大而降低,降低入口温度可以减小模组的温升,提高入口温度则可以减小模组的温差。