Current status of national integrated gasification fuel cell projects in China

Coal has been the main energy source in China for a long period.Therefore,the energy industry must improve coal power generation efficiency and achieve near-zero CO_(2) emissions.Integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)systems that combine coal gasification and high-temperature fuel cells,such as solid oxide fuel cells or molten carbonate fuel cells(MCFCs),are proving to be promising for efficient and clean power generation,compared with traditional coal-fired power plants.In 2017,with the support of National Key R&D Program of China,a consortium led by the China Energy Group and including 12 institutions was formed to develop the advanced IGFC technology with near-zero CO_(2) emissions.The objectives of this project include understanding the performance of an IGFC power generation system under different operating conditions,designing master system principles for engineering optimization,developing key technologies and intellectual property portfolios,setting up supply chains for key materials and equipment,and operating the first megawatt IGFC demonstration system with near-zero CO_(2) emission,in early 2022.In this paper,the main developments and projections pertaining to the IGFC project are highlighted.

Status of an MWth integrated gasification fuel cell powergeneration system in China

Abstract Here,we provide a status update of an integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)power-generation system being developed at the National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon in China at the megawatt thermal(MWth)scale.This system is designed to use coal as fuel to produce syngas as a first step,similar to that employed for the integrated gasification combined cycle.Subsequently,the solid-oxide fuel-cell(SOFC)system is used to convert chemical energy to electricity directly through an electrochemical reaction without combustion.This system leads to higher efficiency as compared with that from a traditional coal-fired power plant.The unreacted fuel in the SOFC system is transported to an oxygencombustor to be converted to steam and carbon dioxide(CO_(2)).Through a heat-recovery system,the steam is condensed and removed,and CO_(2) is enriched and captured for sequestration or utilization.Comprehensive economic analyses for a typical IGFC system was performed and the results were compared with those for a supercritical pulverized coal-fired power plant.The SOFC stacks selected for IGFC development were tested and qualified under hydrogen and simulated coal syngas fuel.Experimental results using SOFC stacks and thermodynamic analyses indicated that the control of hydrogen/CO ratio of syngas and steam/CO ratio is important to avoid carbon deposition with the fuel pipe.A 20-kW SOFC unit is under development with design power output of 20 kW and DC efficiency of 50.41%.A 100 kW-level subsystem will consist of 6920-kW power-generation units,and the MWth IGFC system will consist of 59100 kWlevel subsystems.

Key CO_(2)capture technology of pure oxygen exhaust gas combustion for syngas-fueled high-temperature fuel cells

Integrated gasification fuel cells(IGFCs)integrating high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell technology with CO_(2)capture processes represents highly-efficient power systems with negligible CO_(2)emissions.Flame burning with pure oxygen is an ideal method for fuel cell exhaust gas treatment,and this report describes experimental and numerical studies regarding an oxy-combustor for treating the exhaust gas of a 10 kW IGFC system anode.The applied simulation method was verified based on experiments,and the key performance indices of the combustor were studied under various conditions.It was determined that 315 K was the ideal condensation temperature to obtain flame stability.Under these pure oxygen flame burning conditions,CO was almost completely converted,and the dry mole fraction of CO_(2)after burning was C 0.958 when there was up to 5%excess O_(2).Overall,5%excess O_(2)was recommended to maximize CO_(2)capture and promote other environmental considerations.Additionally,the optimal tangential fuel jet angle to control the liner temperature was approximately 25°.The total fuel utilization had to be high enough to maintain the oxygen flame temperature of the anode exhaust gas below 1800 K to ensure that the system was environmentally friendly.The results presented herein have great value for designing IGFCs coupled with CO_(2)capture systems.

Output Tracking Control of a Hydrogen-air PEM Fuel Cell

Hydrogen-air proton exchange membrane U+0028 PEM U+0029 fuel cell is a promising clean energy. However, the stack output tracking control is still a challenging problem due to the soft characteristic of the stack. Both over- and less-control will cause the stack flooding or oxygen lacking which dramatically decreases the life of stacks. Traditional control methods rely on the accurate model of the fuel cell system, which is a high-order nonlinear system, and involve a complex controller design process. This paper combines the data-based fuzzy cluster modeling technology with the sliding mode control and the integral actions. The sliding mode controller tracks the dynamic changes of the fuel cell system and the integral controller eliminates the steady-state errors. Simulation results demonstrate good performance of the proposed control method. © 2017 Chinese Association of Automation.

Performance test of a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system under high fuel utilization with industrial fuel gas feeding

As the demand for green energy with high efficiency and low carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions has increased,solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)have been intensively developed in recent years.Integrated gasification fuel cells(IGFCs)in particular show potential for large-scale power generation to further increase system efficiency.Thus,for commercial application of IGFCs,it is important to design reliable multi-stacks for large systems that show long-term stability and practical fuel gas for application to industrial equipment.In this work,a test rig(of a 5 kW SOFC system,with syngas from industrial gasifiers as fuel)was fabricated and subjected to long-term tests under high fuel utilization to investigate its performance.The maximum steady output power of the system was 5700 W using hydrogen and 5660 W using syngas and the maximum steady electrical efficiency was 61.24%while the fuel utilization efficiency was 89.25%.The test lasted for more than 500 h as the fuel utilization efficiency was larger than 83%.The performances of each stack tower were almost identical at both the initial stage and after long-term operation.After 500 h operation,the performances of the stack towers decreased only slightly under lower current and showed almost no change under high current.These results demonstrate the reliability of the multi-stack design and the prospect of this SOFC power-generation system for further enlarging its application in a MWth demonstration.

含整体煤气化燃料电池-碳捕集电厂的风火储系统分布鲁棒调度方法

整体煤气化燃料电池(integrated gasification fuel cell,IGFC)是与碳捕集技术高度适配的清洁、高效、稳定的绿色煤电技术,有望克服传统碳捕集技术在低浓度CO_(2)环境下产生的高成本、高能耗问题。该文构建含IGFC碳捕集电厂的风火储发电系统。研究IGFC碳捕集电厂的运行机理,对IGFC内部各环节建立数学模型,提出工况匹配时燃烧利用率和阴极空气利用率需要满足的运行条件,并针对该型碳捕集电厂的电碳特性进行分析。为计及风电出力的不确定性,构建风火储系统的两阶段分布鲁棒经济调度模型,引入k阶适应性理论,提出基于正交支撑子集策略的求解方法来获得鲁棒对等式。最后,在改进IEEE-30节点系统中进行算例分析,结果表明,该型碳捕集电厂可利用阳极碳富集的优势,实现系统低碳经济调度的目标,并验证所提优化方法能为可行解提供可解释性。

高温质子交换膜燃料电池动态性能测试教学实验设计

该文结合科研热点,设计了具有创新性和研究性的“高温质子交换膜燃料电池动态性能测试实验”。实验研究了阳极流动和死端模式下高温质子交换膜燃料电池在阶跃电流条件下的动态响应。从实验理论基础、实验平台搭建、性能测试方法及内容、实验结果探讨分析等方面,展示了科学研究的全过程。该实验旨在培养和提升学生的实验素养、科研能力、创新能力和实践能力。

基于不确定性分析与电价波动的电-氢-热综合能源系统分析

“双碳”目标背景下,建设以电—氢—热多能流耦合的综合能源系统不仅可以解决新能源并网难的问题,也可以促进能源领域降碳减排。对于电—氢—热综合能源系统,以燃料电池与电解池为能源枢纽,实现电—氢—热的相互转换,进一步提高能源的梯级利用效率,增强电网调度灵活性。文中首先建立了一个基于不确定性分析与电价波动的电—氢—热综合能源系统,分析了不同能量消耗方式和电价波动对综合能源系统投资成本的影响;其次,研究了可再生能源的不确定性对系统“弃风、弃光”决策的影响机制。结果表明:综合能源系统可通过电—氢—热3种形式的能量高效转换,实现削峰填谷和长时间储能。由于可再生能源不确定性而产生的“弃风弃光”现象,可通过降低风光发电成本进行消除,进而提高综合能源系统的稳定性和灵活性。

船用高温固体氧化物燃料电池方案的可行性探讨

相比于其他氢能燃料电池方案,高温固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)与天然气燃料方案具有燃料成本低、联合循环的系统效率高、天然气燃料储-输-用经济和安全性高等优点,适合于中大型船舶与远海航行的应用场景。本文从船用紧凑式制氢重整器、船用能源系统集成等关键技术方面讨论讨论该方案在船上应用的可行性,为船用SOFC技术路线的发展提供可行性参考。

基于SOFC/GT和掺氢天然气的综合能源系统性能研究及经济性分析

提出了一种以固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)/燃气轮机(GT)为原动机,以掺氢天然气为燃料的综合能源系统。建立了风光发电和制氢设备、SOFC/GT系统、冷热电能源转换和存储设备、碳捕集设备等多种类型能源利用设备的数学模型,在考虑多种负荷平衡约束、设备运行约束和“双碳”目标约束的情况下研究了综合能源系统的性能与经济性。结果表明:随着燃料掺氢比的增加,SOFC/GT系统发电效率从60.36%增加到64.79%,综合能源利用率从87.80%增加到90.80%;系统使用可再生能源制氢时,碳排放量最低,尽管考虑了碳交易收益,但高昂的制氢成本导致系统运行成本最高。

移动式固体氧化物燃料电池系统集成技术研究现状与进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)是一种能量转换装置,可以通过电化学反应将燃料中的化学能直接转换为电能。目前,SOFC大多被视为固定式发电技术,然而因其具有燃料灵活性、高效率和高能量密度等特点,在移动式发电领域如辅助动力、无人机动力、远程电源等也具有广阔应用前景。与固定式SOFC应用相比,移动式SOFC研究进展起步相对较晚,技术较不完善。移动式SOFC系统通常包括电堆、重整器、供气装置、尾燃器、换热器和储能组件等核心组件。开发SOFC移动系统需要考虑系统的鲁棒性、易用性以及发电能力等,而移动式SOFC系统部件相对较复杂,这些部件的耦合匹配特性又会显著影响系统的紧凑性、启动特性及体积/质量功率密度。从热特性、启动策略及高功率密度混合动力系统集成等方面对国内外移动式SOFC系统集成技术的研究进展进行综述。最后,基于对现有研究成果的总结提出了未来移动式SOFC系统集成中存在的挑战,及在材料与工艺的改进、新型启动策略和混合系统设计与优化等方面的发展方向。

“双碳”背景下化学专门化实验设计——以锌-空燃料电池的组装及性能评价为例

为促进科教融合,针对能源研究热点,设计了以协同创新为特征,兼具安全性和可操作性的化学专门化实验。引导学生从文献调研和实验设计出发,了解锌-空电池研究进展,掌握其工作原理、组装技术及性能评估方法。通过模拟科研过程的系统训练,激发学生在科学领域锐意进取、探索求真的原动力,逐步培养科学素养、提升实践能力。

基于GoogLeNet与迁移学习的质子交换膜燃料电池集成系统故障诊断

为准确判别质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)系统在动态阶跃工作电流下的故障类型,该文建立了PEMFC集成系统模型,提出一种基于GoogLeNet卷积神经网络与迁移学习的PEMFC故障诊断方法。首先,根据燃料电池运行过程的电化学反应机理与经验公式建了PEMFC集成系统模型,辅机系统包括冷却系统、空气供给系统和供氢系统。然后,搭建燃料电池测试台架,利用实验数据验证搭建的PEMFC集成系统模型,并改变模型部件参数产生特征故障图像数据集。最后,采用迁移学习将预训练模型中的权重迁移到GoogLeNet模型中,以提高分类模型的收敛速度和泛化能力。2000组故障样本诊断结果表明,PEMFC集成系统在正常、冷却系统故障、氢气饥饿、空气饥饿和水淹故障共5种运行状态下的诊断精确率分别为99.30%、100%、99.10%、100%和99.10%,综合诊断准确率达99.50%,结果证明所提方法具有较高的分类精度和鲁棒性。

5 kW重整甲醇高温质子交换膜燃料电池系统设计与性能

相对于纯氢,液态甲醇具有储运方便、来源广泛以及体积能量密度高等优点,并可通过现场重整制氢与高温质子交换膜燃料电池(HT-PEMFC)联合发电,有望解决低温PEMFC用氢难的挑战。优选具有完全自主知识产权的高性能HT-PEMFC电堆与甲醇重整器(MSR),其中HT-PEMFC电堆在160℃、氢/空和低化学计量比下的输出功率可达5.46 kW@80 A,而甲醇重整器输出气量达5 m^(3)(标准状况)/h,氢气浓度高达74.8%,CO浓度仅为1%,满足HT-PEMFC运行需求。将MSR与HT-PEMFC进行耦合,采用高、低温热子系统并联的方式构建了高性能的MSR/HT-PEMFC系统,其输出功率与电堆在纯氢条件下的输出功率相同,而甲醇水溶液(体积比6/4)单耗最低仅为0.81 kg/(kW·h),表明该系统甲醇水溶液单耗低、输出性能高,具有广阔的应用前景。

碳基固体氧化物燃料电池研究进展

随着人们对绿色能源和环境友好型社会需求的日益增长,先进能量转换装置或系统的研发亟待加速,而燃料电池系统被认为是最有希望的未来发电装置。在不同种类的燃料电池中,固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)是一种清洁环保的发电装置,因其独特的多燃料运行能力及能量转化效率高等优点而前景广阔。然而,传统使用镍-金属陶瓷阳极的SOFCs,在碳氢化合物燃料下运行时,由于燃料的不完全氧化会使阳极产生积碳,从而导致电池性能下降。讨论了碳基SOFC中碳沉积机理和解决阳极积碳的策略,重点介绍了目前广泛研究的具有混合离子-电子导体的双金属-金属陶瓷材料的种类以及研究进展,并总结了双金属-金属陶瓷材料的抗积碳机理,主要表现为降低阳极表面的碳沉积速率以及加速积碳的去除。还介绍了在还原性气氛中,钙钛矿材料中纳米粒子原位偏析的原理,并讨论了原位偏析所形成的纳米颗粒以及其与钙钛矿主体所形成的金属氧化物异质结构在抗积碳阳极中的应用。此外,还探究了多层阳极和单原子催化剂阳极在中温SOFCs中的应用。在燃料电池技术巨大进步的推动下,人们对可用于固定式发电的集成煤气化的燃料电池发电系统(IGFCs)产生了新的兴趣,该系统对于实现煤炭的清洁高效利用具有重要意义,该技术的关键依托于SOFCs的成熟度。最后,总结并指出了碳基SOFCs未来的一些研究方向。

产教融合背景下燃料电池专业教学的建设

燃料电池技术发展迅速,传统的教学模式存在产学脱节、场景单一化等问题,已无法满足行业的需求。为提升学生学习燃料电池课程的效果,基于产教融合,提出对燃料电池课程进行专业教学体系建设,改进教学模式,建设实践教学平台,设计专业课程内容,并初步评估教学实践成效。

氢燃料电池物流车集成控制器散热系统设计与仿真

根据氢燃料电池物流车集成控制器热源多、温区广的特点,合理设计六合一集成控制器及其冷却流道,并对集成控制器散热系统性能进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,集成控制器散热效果良好,满足设计要求。

Towards intelligent and integrated architecture for hydrogen fuel cell system: challenges and approaches

The hydrogen fuel cell is rapidly attracting research interest for its potential in power generation and electrified transportation.The fuel cell stack(FCS)is a complex system comprising multiple coupled subsystems,and in order to maximize the utilization of an FCS,the system-level design and control can be optimized through modeling,data-based analytics and monitoring.To this end,a systematic overview of the system architecture and control of hydrogen fuel cells is provided in this review,with focus on integration and intelligence.Firstly,the fuel cell subsystems,namely the cathode,anode and cooling loops are reviewed,where their respective control methods and impact on FCS performance are discussed.DC/DC converters are another core component of FCS,and we present an overview of fuel cell DC/DC converter topologies and integrated control of DC/DC converter and air compressor.Finally,the system-level integration of fuel cells in power systems is surveyed.In the conclusions,we discuss the challenges and perspectives concerning the integrated architecture and intelligent control for FCS,including cohesive dynamic models,data-based approaches,and integrated hardware architecture.

Integration of solid-oxide fuel cells and absorption refrigeration for efficient combined cooling,heat and power production

Combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems are characterized by a substantially higher energy-utilization efficiency compared to standalone systems.In this study,an integrated system comprising a solid-oxide fuel cell(SOFC),hot-water storage tank(HWST)and absorption refrigeration(AR)cycle is considered.The SOFC model was developed in Aspen Plus®.It was used to determine the thermodynamic properties of the exhaust gas that was then used to provide heat for the HWST and to drive the AR cycle.Thermodynamic models for the AR cycles were developed in Engineering Equation Solver,considering LiBr-H2O and NH3-H2O as working fluids.The sensitivity analysis of a number of SOFC output parameters has been carried out.The most optimal case was characterized with the coefficient of performance(COP)and CCHP efficiency of 0.806 and 85.2%for the LiBr-H2O system,and 0.649 and 83.6%for the NH3-H2O system,respectively.Under such optimal operating conditions,the SOFC was characterized by the net electrical efficiency of 57.5%and the net power output of 123.66 kW.Data from the optimal solution were used to perform the thermodynamic study and sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of different absorption cycle operating conditions and to identify possible applications for the considered integrated systems.

基于氢能设备多状态模型的电氢区域综合能源系统可靠性评估

针对现有电氢区域综合能源系统(EH-RIESs)可靠性评估方法未能充分考虑氢能设备故障机理及其多状态运行特性、缺乏供氢可靠性水平量化评估指标及方法等问题,该文提出基于氢能设备多状态模型的EH-RIESs可靠性评估方法。首先,剖析了氢能设备运行特性与故障机理,建立了考虑降额运行状态的碱性电解槽多状态可靠性评估模型、计及热电联产模式的燃料电池多状态可靠性评估模型及加氢机组的多状态可靠性评估模型,为准确模拟EH-RIESs运行状态奠定了坚实基础;其次,以弃风光成本和异质能源负荷削减成本之和最小为目标,建立考虑电氢异质能量系统耦合的最优负荷削减模型;然后,从供氢可靠性水平、设备对氢负荷缺供能量的贡献程度及系统经济损失等方面,构建了供氢可靠性评估指标体系;最后,结合氢能设备多状态模型和马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛法,建立了EH-RIESs可靠性评估方法,实现了对EH-RIESs内氢能等异质能源供给可靠性水平的准确量化。采用两个不同规模的EH-RIESs进行仿真分析,验证了该文所提模型及评估方法的有效性和适应性。