MEC Enabled Cooperative Sensing and Resource Allocation for Industrial IoT Systems

In industrial Internet of Things systems,state estimation plays an important role in multisensor cooperative sensing.However,the state information received by remote control center experiences random delay,which inevitably affects the state estimation performance.Moreover,the computation and storage burden of remote control center is very huge,due to the large amount of state information from all sensors.To address this issue,we propose a layered network architecture and design the mobile edge computing(MEC)enabled cooperative sensing scheme.In particular,we first characterize the impact of random delay on the error of state estimation.Based on this,the cooperative sensing and resource allocation are optimized to minimize the state estimation error.The formulated constrained minimization problem is a mixed integer programming problem,which is effectively solved with problem decomposition based on the information content of delivered data packets.The improved marine predators algorithm(MPA)is designed to choose the best edge estimator for each sensor to pretreat the sensory information.Finally,the simulation results show the advantage and effectiveness of proposed scheme in terms of estimation accuracy.

Performance of Analysis Cognitive Radio with Cooperative Sensing under Malicious Attacks over Nakagami Faded Channels

The different realistic propagation channels are faced frequently the multipath fading environments. The main goal of this system design (cognitive radio network) is to improve the efficiency of spectrum access on a non-interfering basis. This system achieves high utilization for the limited spectrum in order to fulfill needs for all users’ demands which are considered as a problem in wireless communications due to rapidly increasing in wireless applications and service. This system is exposed to attack due to the vulnerabilities existence in this system. So, the main outcome of this paper is to investigate the performance of the cooperative sensing in cognitive radio networks under malicious attacks over different channel impairments, and to illustrate the most suitable individual probability of detection in real faded channel by using Nakagami model. This paper illustrates the effectiveness of the attacks and fading on the performance of spectrum sensing process.

Efficient Centralized Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Techniques for Cognitive Networks

Wireless Communication is a system for communicating information from one point to other,without utilizing any connections like wire,cable,or other physical medium.Cognitive Radio(CR)based systems and networks are a revolutionary new perception in wireless communications.Spectrum sensing is a vital task of CR to avert destructive intrusion with licensed primary or main users and discover the accessible spectrum for the efficient utilization of the spectrum.Centralized Cooperative Spectrum Sensing(CSS)is a kind of spectrum sensing.Most of the test metrics designed till now for sensing the spectrum is produced by using the Sample Covariance Matrix(SCM)of the received signal.Some of the methods that use the SCM for the process of detection are Pietra-Ricci Index Detector(PRIDe),Hadamard Ratio(HR)detector,Gini Index Detector(GID),etc.This paper presents the simulation and comparative perfor-mance analysis of PRIDe with various other detectors like GID,HR,Arithmetic to Geometric Mean(AGM),Volume-based Detector number 1(VD1),Maximum-to-Minimum Eigenvalue Detection(MMED),and Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test(GLRT)using the MATLAB software.The PRIDe provides better performance in the presence of variations in the power of the signal and the noise power with less computational complexity.

A NOVEL COOPERATIVE SPECTRUM SENSING METHOD BASED ON COOPERATIVE GAME THEORY

A novel cooperative sensing method is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme adopts sensing creditability degree to characterize the impact of the distance and the channel parameters on the sensing result,and considers that each user has different average SNR and different decision threshold,by using General Nash Bargaining Solution (GNBS) strategy in Cooperative Game Theory (CGT),the detection performance for two-user case are derived. For multi-user case,the sensing performance is obtained with Hungarian method. Compared with the traditional schemes such as Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) and AND,the proposed scheme covers all the factors mentioned above,and enhances the sensing rationality and reliability. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can further improve the sensing performance and creditability.

A Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme in Cognitive Radio Systems

Performance of cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing is more greatly improved than that of the traditional cooperative spectrum sensing. However, the style of clusters is not pointed out on traditional cluster-based method. In view of all the fading in the cooperative spectrum sensing, space diversity, and selective diversity, a robust cooperative spectrum sensing scheme based on clusters is proposed. Simulation results show that the detection performance of this new scheme is more close to that of the ideal cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing scheme, and the excellent performance with higher reliability is gained relative to the actual cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing scheme. Finally, the number of users in a cluster of the proposed scheme is discussed. The two users in a cluster are not the optimal solution to the overall implementation of cognitive radio.

Energy-aware cooperative spectrum sensingfor underground cognitive sensor networks

With the development of wireless technologies,multifarious standards are currently used in the underground coal mine communication systems.In this paper,the coexistence of 802.15.4 based wireless senser networks （WSNs） with other wireless networks using cognitive radio technique are discussed.Multiple sensor nodes are involved in the spectrum sensing to avoid the interference from other wireless users.The more the sensor nodes cooperate in the sensing,the better the detection performance can be obtained; however,more energy is consumed.How to get the tradeoff between energy efficiency and detection performance is a key problem.According to the requirements for detection,we first give the least required detection time of a single sensor node.Then,the voting fusion rule is adopted for the final decision making.Finally,the relationship between final detection performance and energy consumption is analyzed.

An efficient cooperative sensing scheme with bandwidth-limited control channel

The conflict between scarcity of spectrum resources and low spectrum utilization motivates the concept of cognitive radio,which allows secondary unlicensed users to borrow temporally unused spectrum bands from primary licensed users.Spectrum sensing is one of the key functionalities that enable spectrum hole discovery and interference avoidance.As single user spectrum sensing may experience performance degradation in harsh wireless environment due to fading and shadowing,user cooperation is introduced to exploit spatial diversity for better sensing performance.However,local sensing results must be transmitted via a control channel.The advantage of cooperative sensing can be compromised by bandwidth limitation of the control channel.To overcome this,a benching cooperative sensing scheme is proposed in this paper.This scheme can reduce time overhead of sensing information exchange under a communication constraint.Analytical results of periodic sensing efficiency are then deduced while sensing parameters are optimized.Based on these,a recursive sensing algorithm exploiting prior channel state information is developed.Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the potential of our scheme.

Optimal decision threshold for soft decision cooperative spectrum sensing

In order to achieve higher spectrum efficiency in cognitive radio （CR） systems, a closed-form expression of the optimal decision threshold for soft decision cooperative spectrum sensing based on the minimum total error probability criterion is derived. With the analytical expression of the optimal decision threshold, the impact of different sensing parameters on the threshold value is studied. Theoretical analyses show that the optimal threshold achieves an efficient trade-off between the missed detection probability and the false alarm probability. Simulation results illustrate that the average signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and the soft combination schemes have a great influence on the optimal threshold value, whereas the number of samples has a weak impact on the optimal threshold value. Furthermore, for the maximal ratio combing （MRC） and the modified deflection coefficient （MDC） schemes, the optimal decision threshold value increases and approaches a corresponding individual limit value while the number of CR users increases. But the number of CR users has a weak influence on the optimal decision threshold for the equal gain combining （EGC） scheme.

Joint Optimal Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing and Transmission in Cognitive Radio

In order to improve the energy efficiency(EE) in cognitive radio(CR), a joint optimal energy-efficient cooperative spectrum sensing(CSS) and transmission in multi-channel CR is proposed in this paper. EE is described as a tradeoff between the throughput and the entirely consumed power. A joint optimization problem is formulated to maximize EE by jointly optimizing local sensing time, number of cooperative sensing secondary users(SU), transmission bandwidth and power. A combined optimization algorithm of bi-level optimization, Polyblock optimization and Dinkelbach's optimization is proposed to solve the proposed non-convex optimization problem effectively. The simulation results show that, compared with throughput maximization model(TMM), the energy efficiency maximization model(EEMM) improves EE of the CR system and limits the excessive power consumption effectively.

Weighted Hard Combination for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Weighted one bit hard combination for cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed in this paper. Two thresholds are adopted to divide the possible energy value into three weighted regions. If the energy value falls into the corresponding region,it will be judged as "1",no information or "0". When the probability of false alarm is constrained to be constant,the objective is to maximize the probability of detection. The optimization problem is simplified by separating the weight of the middle region into several intervals. Simulation results show that the sensing performance of the proposed scheme is much better than that of the traditional one bit hard combination scheme and almost the same as that of the equal gain combination(EGC) scheme. Moreover,compared with the traditional one bit hard combination,fewer average sensing bits are required to transmit to the data fusion center with the proposed method.

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Exploiting a Certain Number of CR Users Based on Multi- Antennas in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper,a cooperative spectrum sensing scheme,which is based on cooperation of a certain number of secondary users and cooperative diversity under multi-antenna scenario,is proposed.Under multi-antenna scenario,we set a targeted detection probability and optimize the false alarm probability of the network by choosing a certain number of secondary users with the highest primary user’s signal to noise ratio.The detection performance of the network is also evaluated when all the secondary users are cooperating to illustrate the benefits of the proposed scheme as a contrast.In addition,how to choose the detection threshold of the secondary user is analyzed for the purpose of decreasing the average risk.Theory analysis and simulation results show that the optimum false alarm probability can be derived by cooperating a certain number of secondary users rather than all the secondary users and the detection performance of the network can be further improved if secondary users are equipped with multiple antennas.Also,a minimum average risk can be obtained by optimizing the detection threshold.

Kernel fuzzy c-means clustering on energy detection based cooperative spectrum sensing

Cooperation in spectral sensing （SS） offers a fast and reliable detection of primary user （PU） transmission over a frequency spectrum at the expense of increased energy consumption. Since the fusion center （FC） has to handle a large set of data, a duster based approach, specifically fuzzy c-means clustering （FCM）, has been extensively used in energy detection based cooperative spectrum sensing （CSS）. However, the performance of FCM degrades at low signal-to-noise ratios （SNR） and in the presence of multiple PUs as energy data patterns at the FC are often found to be non-spherical i.e. overlapping. To address the problem, this work explores the scope of kernel fuzzy c-means （KFCM） on energy detection based CSS through the projection of non-linear input data to a high dimensional feature space. Extensive simulation results are shown to highlight the improved detection of multiple PUs at low SNR with low energy consumption. An improvement in the detection probability by ～6.78% and ～6.96% at -15 dBW and -20 dBW, respectively, is achieved over the existing FCM method.

Reputation-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Algorithm for Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks

Identifying malicious users accurately in cognitive radio networks(CRNs) is the guarantee for excellent detection performance. However, existing algorithms fail to take the mobility of secondary users into consideration. If applied directly in mobile CRNs, those conventional algorithms would overly punish reliable users at extremely bad or good locations, leading to an obvious decrease in detection performance. To overcome this problem, we divide the whole area of interest into several cells to consider the location diversity of the network. Each user's reputation score is updated after each sensing slot and is used for identifying whether it is malicious or not. If so, it would be removed away. And then our algorithm assigns users in cells with better channel conditions, i.e. larger signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs), with larger weighting coefficients, without requiring the prior information of SNR. Detailed analysis about the validity of our algorithm is presented. The simulation results show that in a CRN with 60 mobile secondary users, among which, 18 are malicious, our solution has an improvement of detection probability by 0.97-d B and 3.57-d B when false alarm probability is 0.1, compared with a conventional trust-value-based algorithm and a trusted collaborative spectrum sensing for mobile CRNs, respectively.

Optimization of sensing time and cooperative user allocation for OR-rule cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio network

In order to improve the throughput of cognitive radio(CR), optimization of sensing time and cooperative user allocation for OR-rule cooperative spectrum sensing was investigated in a CR network that includes multiple users and one fusion center. The frame structure of cooperative spectrum sensing was divided into multiple transmission time slots and one sensing time slot consisting of local energy detection and cooperative overhead. An optimization problem was formulated to maximize the throughput of CR network, subject to the constraints of both false alarm probability and detection probability. A joint optimization algorithm of sensing time and number of users was proposed to solve this optimization problem with low time complexity. An allocation algorithm of cooperative users was proposed to preferentially allocate the users to the channels with high utilization probability. The simulation results show that the significant improvement on the throughput can be achieved through the proposed joint optimization and allocation algorithms.

Cooperative Subcarrier Sensing Using Antenna Diversity Based Weighted Virtual Sub Clustering

The idea of cooperation and the clustering amongst cognitive radios(CRs) has recently been focus of attention of research community, owing to its potential to improve performance of spectrum sensing(SS) schemes. This focus has led to the paradigm of cluster based cooperative spectrum sensing(CBCSS). In perspective of high date rate 4th generation wireless systems, which are characterized by orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) and spatial diversity, there is a need to devise effective SS strategies. A novel CBCSS scheme is proposed for OFDM subcarrier detection in order to enable the non-contiguous OFDM(NC-OFDM) at the physical layer of CRs for efficient utilization of spectrum holes. Proposed scheme is based on the energy detection in MIMO CR network, using equal gain combiner as diversity combining technique, hard combining(AND, OR and Majority) rule as data fusion technique and antenna diversity based weighted clustering as virtual sub clustering algorithm. Results of proposed CBCSS are compared with conventional CBCSS scheme for AND, OR and Majority data fusion rules. Moreover the effects of antenna diversity, cooperation and cooperating clusters are also discussed.

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Techniques in Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio has become an effective theory to solve the inefficiency of the spectrum usage. One of the main requirements of cognitive radio systems is the ability to reliably detect the spectrum hole. Previous works on the problem of detection for cognitive radio have suggested the necessity of user cooperation to enable the detection at the low signal-to-noise ratios experienced in practical situations. This paper introduces energy sensing and the cooperative sensing techniques: AND model, OR model, counting model, double threshold model, likelihood ratio model, linear cooperation model and DWCS model. It is proved that significant cooperative gain can be achieved by the proposed models in reducing interference and improving spectrum usage.

A game-theory approach against Byzantine attack in cooperative spectrum sensing

In order to solve the Byzantine attack problem in cooperative spectrum sensing,a non-cooperative game-theory approach is proposed to realize an effective Byzantine defense.First,under the framework of the proposed non-cooperative game theory,the pure Byzantine attack strategy and defense strategy in cooperative spectrum sensing are analyzed from the perspective of the Byzantine attacker and network administrator.The cost and benefit of the pure strategy on both sides are defined. Secondly,the mixed attack and defense strategy are also derived. The closed form Nash equilibrium is obtained by the Lemke-Howson algorithm. Furthermore,the impact of the benefit ratio and penalty rate on the dynamic process of the noncooperative game is analyzed. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed game-theory approach can effectively defend against the Byzantine attack and save the defensive cost.

A cooperative spectrum sensing results transmission scheme with LT code based on energy efficiency priority

To deal with a sharp increase in transmission energy consumption due to the presence of a large number of secondary users( SUs),an energy-efficient cooperative spectrum sensing results transmission scheme is proposed for cognitive radio systems. First,a cluster-based structure is introduced into the sensing results transmission scheme to reduce the transmission power. Then,the centralized sensing results transmission model is employed,and the non-fixed code rate Luby transform( LT)code is selected as the channel coding since its code rate can dynamically adapt to channel conditions and therefore avoid unnecessary redundancy in the transmission power.Furthermore,an improved optimal degree distribution( ODD)is designed for the LT code. The simulation results show that the choice of the appropriate parameters in degree distribution is very helpful for the LT code to achieve a promising performance. The ODD with optimized parameters can achieve more than 2 d B performance gain than other typical degree distributions when the bit error rate( BER) is 10-3. The energy consumption of the proposed scheme is not only at least71. 4% lower than that of the non-coding system,but also lower than that of the convolutional coding system with different code rates. Meanwhile, the energy consumption can be further reduced in the case that a suitable clustering method is selected.

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Based on Centralized Double Threshold in MCN

Cooperative spectrum sensing appears popular currently due to its ability to solve the issue of hidden terminal and improve detection performance in Cognitive Radio Networks. Meanwhile, double threshold based energy detector has attracted much attention for its low computational complexity and superior performance. Motivated by this, a cooperative spectrum sensing scheme is proposed in this paper based on centralized double threshold in the maritime communication networks(MCN), where the energy value of received signal in each cognitive node is forwarded to the fusion center for final decision based on double thresholds. Additionally, the proposed scheme is further optimized for the decisions that the energy is within the scope of maximum threshold and minimum threshold. Simulation experiments verify the performance of the proposed method.

Triggered Asynchronous Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme Based on Dempster-Shafer Theory

Aiming at solving the problems such as time consuming and application limiting presented in the existing synchronous cooperative spectrum sensing schemes,a triggered asynchronous scheme based on Dempster-Shafer(D-S) theory was proposed.Sensing asynchronously,each cognitive user calculated the confidence measure functions with double threshold spectrum sensing method.When the useful report was received by the fusion center,a fusion process would be triggered.Then the sensing results were fused together based on D-S theory.The analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the spectrum sensing efficiency and reduce the calculation amount of the fusion center compared with the existing schemes.