Effects of nickel component,thiourea,glue and chloride ions and their interactions on the passivation of copper–nickel based alloy scrap anodes were investigated by combining conventional electrochemical techniques.R...Effects of nickel component,thiourea,glue and chloride ions and their interactions on the passivation of copper–nickel based alloy scrap anodes were investigated by combining conventional electrochemical techniques.Results obtained from chronopotentiometry and linear voltammetry curves showed that the Ni component made electrochemical stability of the anode strong and difficult to be corroded,caused by the adsorption of generated Cu2O,NiO or copper powder to the anode surface.The Ni2+reducing Cu2+to Cu+or copper powder aggravated the anode passivation.In a certain range of the glue concentration≤8×10–6 or thiourea concentration≤4×10–6,the increase of glue or thiourea concentration increases the anode passivation time.Over this range,glue and thiourea played an adverse effect.The increase of chloride ions concentration led to the increase in passivation time.展开更多
Despite functioning without major operational problems—copper electro-refining does not allow complete use of copper anodes, peaking at 85% of the copper anode in weight. Consequently, the remaining 15% of scrap copp...Despite functioning without major operational problems—copper electro-refining does not allow complete use of copper anodes, peaking at 85% of the copper anode in weight. Consequently, the remaining 15% of scrap copper must be recirculated into the copper smelting. The use of reactive electrodyalysis is a system capable of continuously electro-refining scrap, by using a stainless steel basket and a cationic exchanging membrane in order to increase production of copper cathodes at the same percentage;it currently today returns to the copper smelter. In terms of specific energy consumption, this process would use between 3 and 4 times the value of normal electro-refining.展开更多
This work will create an electro-dialysis cell model that has the purpose of refining anodic scrap copper—an element that currently must be returned to the copper conversion process. The cell modeling is based on Ohm...This work will create an electro-dialysis cell model that has the purpose of refining anodic scrap copper—an element that currently must be returned to the copper conversion process. The cell modeling is based on Ohm’s Law, while the resulting copper deposit morphology is studied through the thickness of the layer deposited on the surface and the electric current lines traced from the anode to the cathode. The use of the model demonstrated that it is possible to effectively predict the specific energy consumption required for the refinement of the anodic scrap copper, and the morphology of the cathode obtained, with a margin of error of 9%.展开更多
The copper consumption by the Chinese cable industry amounted to 354×104 t in 2006, taking over 70 % of the total copper consumption in China in that year. At present, making copper rod directly from recovered sc...The copper consumption by the Chinese cable industry amounted to 354×104 t in 2006, taking over 70 % of the total copper consumption in China in that year. At present, making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminum have become topics of general interests in the Chinese cable industry. The quality of the copper conductors in the industry is declining, resulting in sharp decrease in the rate of qualified wire and cable products. More and more copper wires are drawn from the rods made directly from scrap copper. The manufacturers know well some of the wires or rods are unqualified products though, they continue to use or produce products not complying with standards in order to make profits. Now the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum and copper-clad-steel is growing gradually. In 2006, the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum in China amounted to ca. 5×104 t. But in some applications, neither the common understanding between buyer and supplier nor the results of feasibility study are achieved in the product orientation and technical/economic feasibility in terms of saving copper with aluminum. This paper presents the status-quo, problems arisen and suggestions in terms of making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminum, in a view to promote these two topics of general interests to go toward a virtuous circle.展开更多
Copper consumption increased very quickly in China in recent years,which could not be met by inland copper industry.In order to achieve a sustainable development of copper industry,an analysis of copper recycling in C...Copper consumption increased very quickly in China in recent years,which could not be met by inland copper industry.In order to achieve a sustainable development of copper industry,an analysis of copper recycling in China was necessary.For the life cycle of copper products a copper-flow diagram with time factor was worked out and the contemporary copper recycling in China was analyzed,from which the following data were obtained.The average life cycle of copper products was 30 years.From 1998 to 2002,the use ratio of copper scraps in copper production,the use ratio of copper scraps in copper manufacture,the materials self-support ratio in copper production,and the materials self-support ratio in copper manufacture were 26.50%,15.49%,48.05% and 59.41%,respectively.The materials self-support ratios in copper production and manufacture declined year by year in recent years on the whole,and the latter dropped more quickly.The average index of copper ore and copper scrap from 1998 to 2002 were 0.8475 t/t and 0.0736 t/t,respectively;and copper resource efficiency was 1.1855 t/t.Some efforts should be paid to reduce copper ores consumption and promote copper scraps regeneration.Copper scraps were mostly imported from foreign countries because of shortage in recent years in China.Here the reasons related to copper scraps deficiency were also demonstrated.But we can forecast:when copper production was in a slow rise or in a steady state in China,the deficiency of copper scraps may be mitigated;when copper production was in a steady state for a very long time,copper scraps may become relatively abundant.According to the status of copper industry in China,the raw materials of copper production and manufacture have to depend on oversea markets heavily in recent years,and at the same time,the copper scraps using proportion and efficiency in copper industry should be improved.展开更多
目的:观察不同频次铜砭循经刮痧对痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者肺功能的影响。方法:选取台州市中医院2022年7月至2023年7月诊治的痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者144例,按随机数字表法分为常规组、观察1组和观察2组,每组各48例。常规组给予常规西医治疗,观察...目的:观察不同频次铜砭循经刮痧对痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者肺功能的影响。方法:选取台州市中医院2022年7月至2023年7月诊治的痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者144例,按随机数字表法分为常规组、观察1组和观察2组,每组各48例。常规组给予常规西医治疗,观察1组在常规组治疗的基础上加用铜砭循经刮痧治疗,每周1次,观察2组在常规组治疗的基础上加用铜砭循经刮痧治疗,具体操作方法同观察1组,变更刮痧频次为每周2次。观察3组患者治疗前后生活质量[慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试(COPD Assessment test,CAT)]、中医证候积分、肺功能[第1秒用力呼吸容积(Forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)和第1秒用力呼吸容积占用力肺活量之比值(percentage of forced expiratory volume in first second to forced vital capacity,FEV1/FVC)]、6min步行距离试验(6 minute walking distance,6MWD)变化情况及不良反应发生情况。结果:3组治疗后CAT评分、中医证候积分均低于治疗前,且观察1组治疗后CAT评分、中医证候积分低于常规组,观察2组CAT评分、中医证候积分低于观察1组、常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组治疗后FEV1、FEV1/FVC、6MWD均高于治疗前,且观察1组FEV1、FEV1/FVC、6MWD高于常规组,观察2组FEV1、FEV1/FVC、6MWD高于观察1组、常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组患者治疗期间均未出现明显不良反应。结论:痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者采用铜砭循经刮痧治疗均有效,每周2次的铜砭循经刮痧治疗方案效果优于每周1次的治疗方案,可缓解患者临床症状,改善其肺功能和生活质量,且安全性良好。展开更多
The possibility of substituting 72.5Cu-22.7Zn-3.4Al brass for phosphorus bronze in some case that is now extensively used for elastic component,and purifying the scrap copper for recycling metal was investigated. By a...The possibility of substituting 72.5Cu-22.7Zn-3.4Al brass for phosphorus bronze in some case that is now extensively used for elastic component,and purifying the scrap copper for recycling metal was investigated. By adding a little amount of rare earth Y into scrap copper and 72.5Cu-22.7Zn-3.4Al brass to research their structure and characteristics,especially the electric conductivity for scrap copper and HV for the brass were researched. The results show that the tensile strength,elongation and electric conductivity(IACS) of 0.38 mm strip of scrap copper with 0.04% Y,are 213.8 MPa,23% and 98.5% that suit for the elastic components. The tensile strength,elongation and HV of 0.25mm strip of the brass with 0.03% Y are 665.1MPa,2.86% and 226 that satisfy the usage requirement for the elastic components. Meanwhile,the cost is cheaper than phosphorous bronze because of implying 22.7% zinc in the brass,which has the actual application value.展开更多
基金Project(51574135)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(KKPT201563022)supported by the Collaborative Innovation Center of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China
文摘Effects of nickel component,thiourea,glue and chloride ions and their interactions on the passivation of copper–nickel based alloy scrap anodes were investigated by combining conventional electrochemical techniques.Results obtained from chronopotentiometry and linear voltammetry curves showed that the Ni component made electrochemical stability of the anode strong and difficult to be corroded,caused by the adsorption of generated Cu2O,NiO or copper powder to the anode surface.The Ni2+reducing Cu2+to Cu+or copper powder aggravated the anode passivation.In a certain range of the glue concentration≤8×10–6 or thiourea concentration≤4×10–6,the increase of glue or thiourea concentration increases the anode passivation time.Over this range,glue and thiourea played an adverse effect.The increase of chloride ions concentration led to the increase in passivation time.
文摘Despite functioning without major operational problems—copper electro-refining does not allow complete use of copper anodes, peaking at 85% of the copper anode in weight. Consequently, the remaining 15% of scrap copper must be recirculated into the copper smelting. The use of reactive electrodyalysis is a system capable of continuously electro-refining scrap, by using a stainless steel basket and a cationic exchanging membrane in order to increase production of copper cathodes at the same percentage;it currently today returns to the copper smelter. In terms of specific energy consumption, this process would use between 3 and 4 times the value of normal electro-refining.
文摘This work will create an electro-dialysis cell model that has the purpose of refining anodic scrap copper—an element that currently must be returned to the copper conversion process. The cell modeling is based on Ohm’s Law, while the resulting copper deposit morphology is studied through the thickness of the layer deposited on the surface and the electric current lines traced from the anode to the cathode. The use of the model demonstrated that it is possible to effectively predict the specific energy consumption required for the refinement of the anodic scrap copper, and the morphology of the cathode obtained, with a margin of error of 9%.
文摘The copper consumption by the Chinese cable industry amounted to 354×104 t in 2006, taking over 70 % of the total copper consumption in China in that year. At present, making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminum have become topics of general interests in the Chinese cable industry. The quality of the copper conductors in the industry is declining, resulting in sharp decrease in the rate of qualified wire and cable products. More and more copper wires are drawn from the rods made directly from scrap copper. The manufacturers know well some of the wires or rods are unqualified products though, they continue to use or produce products not complying with standards in order to make profits. Now the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum and copper-clad-steel is growing gradually. In 2006, the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum in China amounted to ca. 5×104 t. But in some applications, neither the common understanding between buyer and supplier nor the results of feasibility study are achieved in the product orientation and technical/economic feasibility in terms of saving copper with aluminum. This paper presents the status-quo, problems arisen and suggestions in terms of making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminum, in a view to promote these two topics of general interests to go toward a virtuous circle.
基金Supported by Key Technologies R&D Programme(No.2003BA614A-02)
文摘Copper consumption increased very quickly in China in recent years,which could not be met by inland copper industry.In order to achieve a sustainable development of copper industry,an analysis of copper recycling in China was necessary.For the life cycle of copper products a copper-flow diagram with time factor was worked out and the contemporary copper recycling in China was analyzed,from which the following data were obtained.The average life cycle of copper products was 30 years.From 1998 to 2002,the use ratio of copper scraps in copper production,the use ratio of copper scraps in copper manufacture,the materials self-support ratio in copper production,and the materials self-support ratio in copper manufacture were 26.50%,15.49%,48.05% and 59.41%,respectively.The materials self-support ratios in copper production and manufacture declined year by year in recent years on the whole,and the latter dropped more quickly.The average index of copper ore and copper scrap from 1998 to 2002 were 0.8475 t/t and 0.0736 t/t,respectively;and copper resource efficiency was 1.1855 t/t.Some efforts should be paid to reduce copper ores consumption and promote copper scraps regeneration.Copper scraps were mostly imported from foreign countries because of shortage in recent years in China.Here the reasons related to copper scraps deficiency were also demonstrated.But we can forecast:when copper production was in a slow rise or in a steady state in China,the deficiency of copper scraps may be mitigated;when copper production was in a steady state for a very long time,copper scraps may become relatively abundant.According to the status of copper industry in China,the raw materials of copper production and manufacture have to depend on oversea markets heavily in recent years,and at the same time,the copper scraps using proportion and efficiency in copper industry should be improved.
文摘目的:观察不同频次铜砭循经刮痧对痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者肺功能的影响。方法:选取台州市中医院2022年7月至2023年7月诊治的痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者144例,按随机数字表法分为常规组、观察1组和观察2组,每组各48例。常规组给予常规西医治疗,观察1组在常规组治疗的基础上加用铜砭循经刮痧治疗,每周1次,观察2组在常规组治疗的基础上加用铜砭循经刮痧治疗,具体操作方法同观察1组,变更刮痧频次为每周2次。观察3组患者治疗前后生活质量[慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试(COPD Assessment test,CAT)]、中医证候积分、肺功能[第1秒用力呼吸容积(Forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)和第1秒用力呼吸容积占用力肺活量之比值(percentage of forced expiratory volume in first second to forced vital capacity,FEV1/FVC)]、6min步行距离试验(6 minute walking distance,6MWD)变化情况及不良反应发生情况。结果:3组治疗后CAT评分、中医证候积分均低于治疗前,且观察1组治疗后CAT评分、中医证候积分低于常规组,观察2组CAT评分、中医证候积分低于观察1组、常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组治疗后FEV1、FEV1/FVC、6MWD均高于治疗前,且观察1组FEV1、FEV1/FVC、6MWD高于常规组,观察2组FEV1、FEV1/FVC、6MWD高于观察1组、常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组患者治疗期间均未出现明显不良反应。结论:痰浊阻肺型肺胀患者采用铜砭循经刮痧治疗均有效,每周2次的铜砭循经刮痧治疗方案效果优于每周1次的治疗方案,可缓解患者临床症状,改善其肺功能和生活质量,且安全性良好。
基金Project (2006AA03Z522) supported by the Hi-tech Research and Development Program of ChinaProject (50704006) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (550033) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China
文摘The possibility of substituting 72.5Cu-22.7Zn-3.4Al brass for phosphorus bronze in some case that is now extensively used for elastic component,and purifying the scrap copper for recycling metal was investigated. By adding a little amount of rare earth Y into scrap copper and 72.5Cu-22.7Zn-3.4Al brass to research their structure and characteristics,especially the electric conductivity for scrap copper and HV for the brass were researched. The results show that the tensile strength,elongation and electric conductivity(IACS) of 0.38 mm strip of scrap copper with 0.04% Y,are 213.8 MPa,23% and 98.5% that suit for the elastic components. The tensile strength,elongation and HV of 0.25mm strip of the brass with 0.03% Y are 665.1MPa,2.86% and 226 that satisfy the usage requirement for the elastic components. Meanwhile,the cost is cheaper than phosphorous bronze because of implying 22.7% zinc in the brass,which has the actual application value.
