A short overview of the lead iodide residue impact and regulation strategies in perovskite solar cells

Lead iodide(PbI2) is a vital raw material for preparing perovskite solar cells(PSCs),and it not only takes part in forming the light absorption layer but also remains in the grain boundary as a passivator.In other words,the PbI2 content in the precursor and as formed film will affect the efficiency and stability of the PSCs.With moderate residual PbI2,it passivates the bulk/surface defects of perovskite,reduces the interfacial recombination,promotes the perovskite stability,minimizes the device hysteresis,and so on.Deficient PbI2 residue will reduce the interfacial passivation effect and device performance.In addition to facilitating the non-radiative recombination,over PbI2 residue can also lead to electronic insulation in the grain boundary and deteriorate the device performance.However,the impact and regulation of PbI2 residue on the device performance and stability is still not fully understood.Herein,a comprehensive and detailed review is presented by discussing the PbI2 residue impact and its regulation strategies(i.e., elimination,facilitation and conversion of the residue PbI2) to manipulate the PbI2 content,distribution and forms.Finally,we also show future outlooks in this field,with an aim to help further the progression of high-efficiency and stable PSCs.

Highly Efficient C--N Bond Forming Reactions in Water Catalyzed by Copper（I） Iodide with Calix[4]arene Supported Amino Acid Ionic Liquid

A novel and effective protocol has been developed for the Ullmann-type C--N coupling reaction catalyzed by calix[4]arene supported amino acid ionic liquid and copper（I） iodide in water under microwave irradiation condition The protocol uses ealix[4]arene supported amino acid ionic liquid as double function of the ligand and phase-transfer catalyst, and shows good tolerance in good to excellent yields.

Self-assembled monolayer modified copper(Ⅰ) iodide hole transport layer for efficient polymer solar cells

The morphology of the copper iodide （CuI） film as an inorganic p-type material has an important influence on enhancing the performance of polymer solar cells （PSCs）. A self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropanoic acid （C3-SAM） was used on the surface of indium tin oxide （ITO） before depositing the CuI films. Consequently, a well-distributed and smooth CuI film was formed with pinhole free and complete surface coverage. The root mean square of the corresponding CuI film was reduced from 3.63 nm for ITO/CuI to 0.77 nm. As a result, the average power conversion efficiency （PCE） of PSCs with the device structure of ITO/C3-SAM/CuI/P3HT：PC61BM/ZnO/Al increased significantly from 2.55% （best 2.66%） to 3.04% （best 3.20%） after C3-SAM treatment. This work provides an effective strategy to control the morphology of CuI films through interracial modification and promotes its application in efficient PSCs.

A New Copper(Ⅰ) Iodide Coordination Polymer Incorporating Cu_2I_2 Double-stranded Stair: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Luminescent Property

A new coordination compound, [（CuI）（Btd）]n （1, Btd = 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole）, was obtained at room temperature by the reaction of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with CuI and KI saturated aqueous solution. It was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and photoluminescence. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic Pi space group, with a = 4.1620（6）, b = 10.4590（15）, c = 10.5052（15） A, a = 69.310（2）, β = 83.608（2）, γ = 78.873（2）°, V = 419.30（10） A3, Z = 2, C6H4N2SCuI, Mr = 326.61, Dc = 2.587 g/cm^3, F（000） = 304 and/^（MoKa） = 6.464 mm-1. The final R = 0.0418 and wR = 0.0936 for 1451 observed reflections with 1 〉 2σ（I） and R = 0.0422 and wR = 0.0939 for all data. In the complex, the Cu atoms are coordinated by one nitrogen atom and three iodine atoms to form a double-stranded stair, and such stairs are further linked to build a 2D framework via C-H…I interactions.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Luminescent Property of a New Copper(Ⅰ) Iodide Complex Based on 3,5-Dimethyl-4-amino-triazole

The title compound,[Cu4I4（C4H8N4）4],has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.It crystallizes in monoclinic,space group Pbca,with a=18.1851（10）,b=9.3697（5）,c=19.8034（10）A,V=3374.3（3）A^3,C16H32Cu4I4N16,Mr=1210.34,Z=4,Dc=2.383 g/cm^3,μ=6.183 mm^-1,F（000）=2272,S=1.032,the final R=0.0309 and wR=0.1180 for 3854 observer reflections（I〉2σ（I））.The structure of the title compound consists of tetranuclear copper cluster units bridged by the halogen atoms with the 3,5-dimethyl-4-aminotriazole ligands coordinated to the metal ions through the triazole nitrogen atoms.The luminescent property of 1 was also studied.

Algebraic Properties for Molecular Structure of Magnesium Iodide

As an inorganic chemical,magnesium iodide has a significant crystalline structure.It is a complex and multifunctional substance that has the potential to be used in a wide range of medical advancements.Molecular graph theory,on the other hand,provides a sufficient and cost-effective method of investigating chemical structures and networks.M-polynomial is a relatively new method for studying chemical networks and structures in molecular graph theory.It displays numerical descriptors in algebraic form and highlights molecular features in the form of a polynomial function.We present a polynomials display of magnesium iodide structure and calculate several M-polynomials in this paper,particularly the M-polynomials of the augmented Zagreb index,inverse sum index,hyper Zagreb index and for the symmetric division index.

Copper Metabolism and Cuproptosis:Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Copper is an essential trace element,and plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes within the human body.During normal metabolism,the human body maintains copper homeostasis.Copper deficiency or excess can adversely affect cellular function.Therefore,copper homeostasis is stringently regulated.Recent studies suggest that copper can trigger a specific form of cell death,namely,cuproptosis,which is triggered by excessive levels of intracellular copper.Cuproptosis induces the aggregation of mitochondrial lipoylated proteins,and the loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins.In neurodegenerative diseases,the pathogenesis and progression of neurological disorders are linked to copper homeostasis.This review summarizes the advances in copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in the nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases.This offers research perspectives that provide new insights into the targeted treatment of neurodegenerative diseases based on cuproptosis.

Efficient solar fuel production enabled by an iodide oxidation reaction on atomic layer deposited MoS_(2)

Oxygen evolution reaction(OER)as a half-anodic reaction of water splitting hinders the overall reaction efficiency owing to its thermodynamic and kinetic limitations.Iodide oxidation reaction(IOR)with low thermodynamic barrier and rapid reaction kinetics is a promising alternative to the OER.Herein,we present a molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))electrocatalyst for a high-efficiency and remarkably durable anode enabling IOR.MoS_(2)nanosheets deposited on a porous carbon paper via atomic layer deposition show an IOR current density of 10 mA cm^(–2)at an anodic potential of 0.63 V with respect to the reversible hydrogen electrode owing to the porous substrate as well as the intrinsic iodide oxidation capability of MoS_(2)as confirmed by theoretical calculations.The lower positive potential applied to the MoS_(2)-based heterostructure during IOR electrocatalysis prevents deterioration of the active sites on MoS_(2),resulting in exceptional durability of 200 h.Subsequently,we fabricate a two-electrode system comprising a MoS_(2)anode for IOR combined with a commercial Pt@C catalyst cathode for hydrogen evolution reaction.Moreover,the photovoltaic–electrochemical hydrogen production device comprising this electrolyzer and a single perovskite photovoltaic cell shows a record-high current density of 21 mA cm^(–2)at 1 sun under unbiased conditions.

Copper-mediated 1,4-conjugation reaction of functionalized alkylzinc iodides with derivatives of β-nitrostyrene

Functionalized alkylzinc iodides will undergo 1,4-conjugation reaction with derivatives of β-nitrostyrene in the presence of Cu(OAc)2/LiCl to afford a polyfunctional nitro-compound in high yield.

Efficient Environment-friendly Lead-free Tin Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Incorporating 4-Fluorobenzylammonium Iodide Additives

Development of tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)largely lags behind that of lead counterparts due to fast crystallization process of Sn perovskite and numerous defects in both bulk and surface of Sn perovskite films.Herein,this work reports a facile strategy of introducing 4-fluorobenzylammonium iodide(FBZAI)as additives into Sn perovskite precursor to synergistically modulate the roles of benzylamine and fluorine in Sn-based PSCs.Incorporation of FBZAI can increase crystallinity,passivate defects,and inhibit the oxidation of Sn^(2+),leading to suppression of nonradiative recombination and enhancement of charge transport and collection in devices.As a result,the best-performing Sn-based PSC with the FBZAI additive achieves the maximum PCE of 13.85%with the enhanced fill factor of 77.8%and open-circuit voltage of 0.778 V.Our unencapsulated device exhibits good stability by maintaining 95%of its initial PCE after 160 days of storage.

Treating CsPbI_(3) Perovskite with Pyrrolidinium Iodide to Improve the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

All-inorganic CsPbI_(3) perovskite has attracted wide attention due to its desirable optical bandgap(Eg:∼1.7 eV)as well as high chemical stability.Nevertheless,the photovoltaic performance of CsPbI_(3) perovskite solar cells(PSCs)was limited by severe nonradiative charge recombination due to high defect density at the grain boundary and surface of perovskitefilms.To address this issue,a pyrrolidinium iodide(PyI)molecule was introduced to modify the surface and grain boundary of CsPbI_(3) perovskitefilms to passivate defects,which improves the quality of CsPbI_(3) perovskitefilms as well as induces the generation of a quasi-2D Py_(2)CsPb_(2)I_(7) capping layer between per-ovskite layer and hole transport layer.Such quasi-2D Py_(2)CsPb_(2)I_(7) capping layer optimizes interface contact between CsPbI_(3) perovskite layer and hole transport layer and blocks the electron transfer from CsPbI_(3) perovskite photoactive layer to the hole transport layer.As a result,the performance of CsPbI_(3) PSCs is well improved to 17.87%for power conversion efficiency(PCE)with an ultra-high fill factor(FF)of 0.84.In addition,the PyI mole-cule modified CsPbI_(3) perovskite devices exhibit excellent stability,which remains its initial PCE almost unchanged after aging for 35 days under the dry air atmosphere(temperature:20℃–30℃,control relative humid-ity(RH):<10%).

Editorial Commentary:Copper Homeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Copper,as an essential trace nutrient,plays a crucial role in biological processes such as mitochondrial respiration,antioxidant stress response,and the synthesis of biomolecules.Typically,cellular copper concentrations are maintained at very low levels,a pattern also observed in cancer cells to prevent adverse consequences of copper overload,such as cuproptosis.This involves copper dependency,accumulation of lipidated proteins,and a reduction in Fe-S cluster proteins[1].Various neurodegenerative diseases are associated with imbalances in copper homeostasis.

Detection of Al, Mg, Ca, and Zn in copper slag by LIBS combined with calibration curve and PLSR methods

The precise measurement of Al, Mg, Ca, and Zn composition in copper slag is crucial for effective process control of copper pyrometallurgy. In this study, a remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) system was utilized for the spectral analysis of copper slag samples at a distance of 2.5 m. The composition of copper slag was then analyzed using both the calibration curve(CC) method and the partial least squares regression(PLSR) analysis method based on the characteristic spectral intensity ratio. The performance of the two analysis methods was gauged through the determination coefficient(R^(2)), average relative error(ARE), root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC), and root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP). The results demonstrate that the PLSR method significantly improved both R^(2) for the calibration and test sets while reducing ARE, RMSEC, and RMSEP by 50% compared to the CC method. The results suggest that the combination of LIBS and PLSR is a viable approach for effectively detecting the elemental concentration in copper slag and holds potential for online detection of the elemental composition of high-temperature molten copper slag.

Pyrolysis of Copper Phthalocyanine as Non-noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

We investigated the relationship between oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)activity and the pyrolysis temperature(650-850℃)of CuPc in alkaline solution.The highly active sites were formed through the decomposition of CuPc or Cu-N4 structure after releasing 4-nitrophthalonitrile.Cu-Nx incorporated with carbon were the main active sites.The XPS measurement results show that,at lower temperature,the contents of pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N account for the most of the total N.As the temperature is higher than 750℃,the content of graphitic N(26.11%)increases and pyridinic-N(58.81%)becomes the dominant specie.When the temperature is higher than 850℃,the content of graphitic N increases remarkably and becomes the dominant species.Moreover,the specific surface areas decrease with increased pyrolysis temperature.Benefiting from the synergistic effect,the pyrolysis temperature at 750℃of CuPc displays superior electrocatalytic properties.The obtained results reveal that the fabricated non-noble metal catalysts can be used as low-cost,efficient catalyst for water splitting ORR in metal-air batteries and fuel cells.

Role of copper chelating agents: between old applications and new perspectives in neuroscience

The role of copper element has been an increasingly relevant topic in recent years in the fields of human and animal health, for both the study of new drugs and innovative food and feed supplements. This metal plays an important role in the central nervous system, where it is associated with glutamatergic signaling, and it is widely involved in inflammatory processes. Thus, diseases involving copper(Ⅱ) dyshomeostasis often have neurological symptoms, as exemplified by Alzheimer's and other diseases(such as Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases). Moreover, imbalanced copper ion concentrations have also been associated with diabetes and certain types of cancer, including glioma. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive overview of recent results that show the importance of these metal ions in several pathologies, mainly Alzheimer's disease, through the lens of the development and use of copper chelators as research compounds and potential therapeutics if included in multi-target hybrid drugs. Seeing how copper homeostasis is important for the well-being of animals as well as humans, we shortly describe the state of the art regarding the effects of copper and its chelators in agriculture, livestock rearing, and aquaculture, as ingredients for the formulation of feed supplements as well as to prevent the effects of pollution on animal productions.

Purification of copper foils driven by single crystallization

High-purity copper(Cu) with excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, is crucial in modern technological applications, including heat exchangers, integrated circuits, and superconducting magnets. The current purification process is mainly based on the zone/electrolytic refining or anion exchange, however, which excessively relies on specific integrated equipment with ultra-high vacuum or chemical solution environment, and is also bothered by external contaminants and energy consumption. Here we report a simple approach to purify the Cu foils from 99.9%(3N) to 99.99%(4N) by a temperature-gradient thermal annealing technique, accompanied by the kinetic evolution of single crystallization of Cu.The success of purification mainly relies on(i) the segregation of elements with low effective distribution coefficient driven by grain-boundary movements and(ii) the high-temperature evaporation of elements with high saturated vapor pressure.The purified Cu foils display higher flexibility(elongation of 70%) and electrical conductivity(104% IACS) than that of the original commercial rolled Cu foils(elongation of 10%, electrical conductivity of ~ 100% IACS). Our results provide an effective strategy to optimize the as-produced metal medium, and therefore will facilitate the potential applications of Cu foils in precision electronic products and high-frequency printed circuit boards.

OsMYB84,a transcriptional regulator of OsCOPT2 and OsHMA5,modulates copper uptake and transport and yield production in rice

Transcription factors regulating crop uptake and translocation of the micronutrient Cu have not been identified.We isolated a novel R2R3-MYB transcription factor,OsMYB84,and showed that it was a positive regulator involved in uptake and transport of Cu via activation of OsCOPT2 and OsHMA expression.OsMYB84 was highly expressed in roots and anthers and induced by Cu.Overexpression of OsMYB84 promoted uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Cu in rice,facilitated Cu distribution into grain and increased grain yield.In contrast,mutation of OsMYB84 reduced Cu concentration in xylem sap.OsMYB84 bound to the promoter region of OsCOPT2 and OsHMA5 and upregulated their expression.OsCOPT2 mutants showed reduced uptake of Cu and OsHMA5 overexpression lines showed increased root-to-shoot translocation of Cu.

Copper slag assisted coke reduction of phosphogypsum for sulphur dioxide preparation

The reduction of phosphogypsum(PG)to lime slag and SO_(2)using coke can effectively alleviate the environmental problems caused by PG.However,the PG decomposition temperature remains high and the product yield remains poor.By adding additives,the decomposition temperature can be further reduced and PG decomposition rate and product yield can be improved.However,the use of current additives such as Fe_(2)O_(3)and SiO_(2)brings the problem of increasing economic cost.Therefore,it is proposed to use solid waste copper slag(CS)as a new additive to reduce PG to prepare SO2,which can reduce the cost and meet the environmental benefits at the same time.The effects of proportion,temperature and thermostatic time on PG decomposition are investigated by experimental and kinetic analysis combined with FactSage thermodynamic calculations to optimize the roasting conditions.Finally,the reaction mechanism is proposed.It is found that adding CS to the coke and PG system can increase the rate of PG decomposition and SO_(2)yield while lowering the PG decomposition temperature.For example,when the CS/PG mass ratio increases from 0 to 1,PG decomposition rate increases from 83.38%to 99.35%,SO_(2)yield increases from 78.62%to 96.81%,and PG decomposition temperature decreases from 992.4℃to 949.6℃.The optimal reaction parameters are CS/PG mass ratio of 1,Coke/PG mass ratio of 0.06 at 1100℃for 20 min with 99.35%PG decomposition rate and 96.81%SO_(2) yield.The process proceeds according to the following reactions:2CaSO_(4)+ 0.7C + 0.8Fe_(2)SiO_(4)→0.8Ca_(2)SiO_(4)+ 0.2Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5)+ 0.4Fe_(3)O_(4)+2SO_(2)+ 0.7CO_(2)Finally,a process for decomposing PG with coke and CS is proposed.

A Multi-Stage Differential-Multifactorial Evolutionary Algorithm for Ingredient Optimization in the Copper Industry

Ingredient optimization plays a pivotal role in the copper industry,for which it is closely related to the concentrate utilization rate,stability of furnace conditions,and the quality of copper production.To acquire a practical ingredient plan,which should exhibit long duration time with sufficient utilization and feeding stability for real applications,an ingredient plan optimization model is proposed in this study to effectively guarantee continuous production and stable furnace conditions.To address the complex challenges posed by this integer programming model,including multiple coupling feeding stages,intricate constraints,and significant non-linearity,a multi-stage differential-multifactorial evolution algorithm is developed.In the proposed algorithm,the differential evolutionary(DE)algorithm is improved in three aspects to efficiently tackle challenges when optimizing the proposed model.First,unlike traditional time-consuming serial approaches,the multifactorial evolutionary algorithm is utilized to optimize multiple complex models contained in the population of evolutionary algorithm caused by the feeding stability in a parallel manner.Second,a repair algorithm is employed to adjust infeasible ingredient lists in a timely manner.In addition,a local search strategy taking feedback from the current optima and considering the different positions of global optimum is developed to avoiding premature convergence of the differential evolutionary algorithm.Finally,the simulation experiments considering different planning horizons using real data from the copper industry in China are conducted,which demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method on feeding duration and stability compared with other commonly deployed approaches.It is practically helpful for reducing material cost as well as increasing production profit for the copper industry.

Breaking the Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper microstructure to enhance copper-slag separation

The precipitation of Fe_(3)O_(4)particles and the accompanied formation of Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper structure are the main obstacles to copper recovery from the molten slag during the pyrometallurgical smelting of copper concentrates.Herein,the commercial powdery pyrite or anthracite is replaced with pyrite-anthracite pellets as the reductants to remove a large amount of Fe_(3)O_(4)particles in the molten slag,resulting in a deep fracture in the Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper microstructure and the full exposure of the copper matte cores.When 1wt%composite pellet is used as the reductant,the copper matte droplets are enlarged greatly from 25μm to a size observable by the naked eye,with the copper content being enriched remarkably from 1.2wt%to 4.5wt%.Density functional theory calculation results imply that the formation of the Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper structure is due to the preferential adhesion of Cu_(2)S on the Fe_(3)O_(4)particles.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),and Raman spectroscopy results all reveal that the high-efficiency conver-sion of Fe_(3)O_(4)to FeO can decrease the volume fraction of the solid phase and promote the depolymerization of silicate network structure.As a consequence,the settling of copper matte droplets is enhanced due to the lowered slag viscosity,contributing to the high efficiency of copper-slag separation for copper recovery.The results provide new insights into the enhanced in-situ enrichment of copper from mol-ten slag.