Synthesis of nickel ferrite precursors from low grade nickel matte

Fine nickel ferrite precursors NiFe2（C204）3·6H2O were obtained via co-precipitation method with low grade nickel matte as the raw material. Thermodynamic analysis of NiClz-FeC12-（NH4）2C204-H20 system for precipitation identified that the theoretical optimum co-precipitation pH value is 2, and C2O2 has strong complexation with Ni2＋ and Fe2＋ ions. Based on these theoretical considerations, the effects of parameters on the precipitation rates and precursors size were investigated systematically. The results show that the optimum co-precipitation conditions are pH=2, temperature 45 ℃, 1.2 times theoretical amount of （NH4）2C204 dosage and 3% PEG400 addition. Under these conditions, the precipitation rates of Ni2＋ and Fe2＋ are both over 99.8%, with the precursors size of 1-2 urn. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis （TG-DTA） demonstrate that the precursors are single-phase solid solution, wherein the nickel/iron atoms are replaced by the iron/nickel atoms reciprocally.

3ds MAX中Matte/Shadow材质的应用

介绍3ds MAx中Matte／shadow材质的功能，针对3ds MAx创作中场景与背景图片融合的实际需要，提出利用Matte／Shadow材质实现场景与背景完美融合的有效方法。

基于Nuke的影视特效Matte Painting的应用与实现

随着数字技术的发展,依赖视觉特效的"重工业"类型片受到了广大消费者的青睐。Matte painting技术作为数字电影制作中重要的组成部分,可实现场景的扩充延伸、虚实结合,给创作者带来创作上的便捷,给观众带来视觉上的盛宴。如何将Matte painting技术更好地应用于电影制作生态系统中,增加真实感和沉浸感是值得研究的重要课题。本文以Nuke为平台,介绍Matte painting技术在影视中的应用。

Relationship between copper content of slag and matte in the SKS copper smelting process

In the newly developed oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing copper smelting process(also known as the SKS copper smelting process), Cu loss in slag is one of the most concerning issues. This paper presents our research results concerning the relationship between the Cu content of the matte and slag in the SKS process; the results are based on actual industrial production in the Dongying Fangyuan copper smelter. The results show that the matte grade strongly influences Cu losses in slag. The dissolved and entrained losses account for 10%–20% and 80%–90% of the total SKS industrial Cu losses in slag, respectively. With increasing matte grade, the dissolved and entrained Cu losses in the SKS slag both increase continuously. When the matte grade is greater than 68%, the content of Cu in the smelting slag increases much more dramatically. To obtain a high direct recovery of copper, the matte grade should be less than 75% in industrial SKS copper production.

电影特技Matte Painting的发展与常用技术

随着数字技术的出现,电影制作发生了深刻的变革,电影镜头不仅可以借助摄像机拍摄完成,还可以借助计算机图形工具来完成电影镜头的制作。电影的数字化发展,带来了电影特效的绚丽多彩,如今,除了传统的搭建布景、制作模型和三维制作的方式外,Matte Painting也越来越多的运用到电影特效中来。

Extraction of valuable metals from low nickel matte by calcified roasting-acid leaching process

A calcified roasting-acid leaching process was developed as a highly effective method for the extraction of valuable metals from low nickel matte in the presence of CaO additive. The influences of process parameters on the metal extraction were studied, including the roasting temperature, roasting time, addition of CaO, H2SO4 concentration and liquid-solid ratio. Under the optimum condition, 94.2% of Ni, 98.1% of Cu, 92.2% of Co and 89.3% of Fe were recovered. Additionally, 99.6% of Fe was removed from the leachate as goethite by a subsequent goethite iron precipitation process. The behavior and mechanism of CaO additive in the roasting process was clarified. The role of CaO is to prevent the formation of nonferrous metal ferrite phases by a preferential reaction with Fe2O3 during the roasting process. The metal oxides(Cu O and NixCu1-xO) remained stable during high-temperature roasting and were subsequently efficiently leached using a sulfuric acid solution.

ANINTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEM（IDSS） ONTHEPROCESSOFNICKELMATTESMELTER

This paper describes the structure and function of the intelligent decision support system (IDSS) on the process of nickel matte smelter. The knowledge and model base system based on fuzzy-decision rules ale specially suggested. The IDSS possesses the self-learning and adaptive properties, andhas been used for managing and analyzing the production information, optimizing the composition of the charge mixture, and deciding the optimal operational conditions. Electric energy consumption has been reduced remarkably and the yield of nickel has been increased.

Efficient and selective recovery of Ni, Cu, and Co from low-nickel matte via a hydrometallurgical process

Low-nickel matte was intensively characterized, and Ni, Cu, and Co were determined to exist mainly as (Fe,Ni)9S8and FeNi3, Cu5FeS4, and (Fe,Ni)9S8and Fe3O4(in isomorphic form), respectively. The efficient and selective extraction of Ni, Cu, and Co from the low-nickel matte in an (NH4)2S2O8/NH3·H2O solution system was studied. The effects of (NH4)2S2O8and NH3·H2O concentrations, leaching time, and leaching temperature on the metal extraction efficiency were systematically investigated. During the oxidative ammonia leaching process, the metal extraction efficiencies of Ni 81.07%, Cu 93.81%, and Co 71.74% were obtained under the optimal conditions. The relatively low leaching efficiency of Ni was mainly ascribed to NiFe alloy deactivation in ammonia solution. By introducing an acid pre-leaching process into the oxidative ammonia leaching process, we achieved the high extraction efficiencies of 98.03%, 99.13%, and 85.60% for the valuable metals Ni, Cu, and Co, respectively, from the low-nickel matte. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Kinetics of acid-oxygen leaching of low-sulfur Ni-Cu matte at atmospheric pressure

The leaching of low-sulfur Ni-Cu matte in acid-oxygen(CuSO4-H2SO4-O2)solution at atmospheric pressure was researched.This matte was obtained from high grade Ni-Cu matte by magnetic separation,which mainly contained Ni-Cu alloy and a small quantity of sulfides.The effects of temperature,agitation speed,oxygen flow rate,particle size,acid concentration and concentration of copper ion were studied.It is found that the matte particles are leached by shrinking core mechanism and the leaching process is electrochemically controlled.In a temperature range of 30-60℃,the surface reaction is rate-limiting step,with an apparent activation energy of 41.9 kJ/mol.But at higher temperature(70-85℃),the rate process is controlled by diffusion through the product layer,with an apparent activation energy of 7.3 kJ/mol.

Neural network based on adaptive chaotic gradient descending optimization algorithm and its application in matte converting process

An adaptive chaotic gradient descending optimization algorithm for single objective optimization was presented. A local minimum judged by two rules was obtained by an improved mutative-step gradient descending method. A new optimal minimum was obtained to replace the local minimum by mutative-scale chaotic search algorithm whose scales are magnified gradually from a small scale in order to escape local minima. The global optimal value was attained by repeatedly iterating. At last, a BP (back-propagation) neural network model for forecasting slag output in matte converting was established. The algorithm was used to train the weights of the BP neural network model. The simulation results with a training data set of 400 samples show that the training process can be finished within 300 steps to obtain the global optimal value, and escape local minima effectively. An optimization system for operation parameters, which includes the forecasting model, is achieved, in which the output of converter increases by 6.0%, and the amount of the treated cool materials rises by 7.8% in the matte converting process.

Matte Painting技术在定格动画教学中的运用——以定格动画短片《花为媒》制作为例

论文简要阐述了数字绘景的历史、创作应用、创作技巧及发展方向,表明现代数字绘景是传统绘景的延续,其中创作应用的研究是其重点。数字绘景的创作应用主要有三个方面:首先,数字绘景中的"绘"是以概念设计为背景进行阐述的,强调了剧本内容及气氛的重要性,分步骤研究绘制方法,并概括了它在特技影片中的指导作用;其次,了解和掌握相机,拍摄符合要求的素材,是数字绘景的基础;第三,对"景"的分析,进一步拓展了空间以及光、色效应在数字绘景中的作用。作者通过不同的动画影片的创作个案总结了各种绘景技巧,并指出三维技术和数字绘景结合是未来的发展趋势。通过以上内容的研究得到的结论是:数字绘景工作是富有创意而又十分严谨的,在追求艺术效果的同时还要考虑到实际操作对绘景工作的意义,从而发挥数字绘景的巨大潜质。在定格动画制作的过程中,由于场地、材料的限制,运用Matte Painting这个非常神奇而实用的特技处理技术是必然的。

Variable refractive index in environment matte

Environment matting and compositing is a technique to extract a foreground object, including color, opacity, reflec- tive and refractive properties, from a real-world scene, and synthesize new images by placing it into new environments. The description of the captured object is named environment matte. Recent matting and compositing techniques can produce quite realistic images for objects with complex optical properties. This paper presents an approximate method to transform the matte by simulating variation of the foreground object’s refractive index. Our algorithms can deal with achromatous-and-transparent ob- jects and the experimental results are visually acceptable. Our idea and method can be applied to produce some special video effects, which could be very useful in film making, compared with the extreme difficulty of physically changing an object’s refractive index.

FUZZY ADAPTIVE CONTROL MODEL FOR PROCESS IN NICKEL MATTE SMELTING FURNACE

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巧用“Difference matte”技术解决影视制作中的背景分析

在电视片的录制过程中,通常情况下,专业人员会遇到各种各样的因为录制过程中的失误或者难以豁免的因为场景的清晰度不符合要求的情况,忽略难以避免的地方,通常的问题就是一些保险措施,也有因为摄制材料的不卫生或者损伤,这些情况就要借助数码技术进行处理,这些技术包括遮罩、数码画图等等,组合使用这些技术,一般就能处理好问题。本文通过介绍"Difference matte"技术在电视片制作中的应用,来更多的工作者了解其功能。

数字艺术Matte Painting技术浅析

Matte Painting就是指通过指定色抠像合成人物与背景时,美术工作者对背景及角色图像所作的调整。Matte Painting技术运用的范围很广,从最开始的电影到电视,再到广告、音乐影视和游戏,都发挥着重要作用。

Intelligent prediction model of matte grade in copper flash smelting process

Due to the importance of detecting the matte grade in the copper flash smelting process, the mechanism model was established according to the multi-phase and multi-component mathematic model. Meanwhile this procedure was a complicated production process with characteristics of large time delay, nonlinearity and so on. A fuzzy neural network model was set up through a great deal of production data. Besides a novel constrained gradient descent algorithm used to update the parameters was put forward to improve the parameters learning efficiency. Ultimately the self-adaptive combination technology was adopted to paralleled integrate two models in order to obtain the prediction model of the matte grade. Industrial data validation shows that the intelligently integrated model is more precise than a single model. It can not only predict the matte grade exactly but also provide optimal control of the copper flash smelting process with potent guidance.

CALCULATING MODELS OF MASS ACTION CONCENTRATIONSFOR MATTES (Cu_2S-FeS-SnS)INVOLVING EUTECTIC

Based on the facts that cations and anions of molten salts and binary basic oxide solid solutions do not separate from each other as well as that the electric conductivities of mattes are greater than that of salts and basic oxide solid solutions, the calculating models of mass action concentrations for binary and ternary mattes involving eutectic have been formulated. The results of calculation agree well with the values measured;this in turn shows that the calculating models can reftect the structural characteristics of the mattes concerned.

Experiment Research on the Enrichment of Precious Metals from Nickel-copper-iron Matte

According to the chemical and phase composition of the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals and the progress in enrichment of precious metals from the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals at home and abroad, this paper put forward the process route of enrichment of precious metals and selectively leaching of base metals from the nickel-copper-iron matte by sulfuric acid and sodium hypochlorite. The effects of particle size, leaching temperature, leaching time, amount of sulfuric acid and sodium hypochlorite on the leaching rate of nickel, cobalt, copper and iron are mainly discussed. The results show that raw material particle size has significantly effects on the leaching rate of base metals, high leaching rate of base metals and enrichment of precious metals are obtained with the suitable particle size. Through the experiments, the reasonable experiment parameters and conditions were determined as fellows: particle size of-200 to +250 mesh, leaching temperature 95℃ , leaching time 5 h, sulfuric acid concentration 30%, adding amount of sodium hypochlorite 3 times of matte weight. Under these experiment parameters and conditions, the leaching rate of nickel, cobalt, copper and iron were 97.39%, 96.24%, 98.30% and 99.01%, respectively. The content of nickel, cobalt, copper, iron in the leaching residues was 8.15%, 0.23%, 1.40% and 0.24%, respectively. The content of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Rh in the leaching residues was 247 g/t, 521 g/t, 112 g/t, 494 g/t and 24 g/t, respectively. The content of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Rh in the leaching solution was <0.0005 g/L, 0.0023 g/L, 0.0007 g/L, <0.0005 g/L and 0.00017 g/L, respectively. This process has advantages as follows: a small investment, simple technology, high enrichment efficiency.

INTERFACIAL TENSION BETWEEN SLAG AND COPPER MATTE

The interfacial tension between FeO-CaO-SiO_2-MgO system slag and Cu-Fe-S system matte was determinated by the X-ray radiograph sessile drop method.The effects of FeO/SiO_2 ratio in the slag,contents of CaO,FeO,ZnO and CaF_2 in the slag on interracial tension and the relation of inter facial tension with the grade of matte and temperature have been studied.The floatation coefficient and film coefficient of slag-matte system has been calculated and the mechanism of the transition of iron and oxygen from slag to matte has also been discussed.

Selective leaching of nickel from low-sulfur Ni-Cu matte at atmospheric pressure

A process of the selective leaching of nickel from low-sulfur Ni-Cu matte at atmospheric pressure was described.This matte was obtained from high grade Ni-Cu matte by magnetic separation,which mainly contained Ni-Cu alloy and a small quantity of sulfides.Firstly,the acid-oxygen(CuSO4-H2SO4-O2)leaching of the matte was conducted at atmospheric pressure.When the solution pH value reached 1.0-2.0,the oxygen flow was ceased.Then,the aqueous copper was rejected by cementation reaction with Ni in the alloy.The mineralogical characteristics of the matte in the process were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry,optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.And the effects of variations in temperature,particle size distribution,oxygen flow rate,pulp density,initial acid concentration and initial concentration of copper ion were investigated.