Theory and Application of System Integration for Real-Time Monitoring of Core Rock-Fill Dam Filling Construction Quality

The theory and method of system integration for the real-time monitoring of core rock-fill dam filling con- struction quality are studied in this paper. First, the importance analysis of system integration factors is carried out with the analytic hierarchy process. Then, according to the analysis result of integration factors, the conceptual model of system integration is built based on function integration, index integration, technology integration and information integration, the index structure of core rock-fill dam filling construction quality control is constructed and the method of function integration and technology integration is studied. The mathematical model of process monitoring is built according to monitoring objective, process and indexes. Research results have been applied in Nuozhadu core rock-fill dam construction management, realizing system integration through building appropriate monitoring work flow and comprehensive information platform of digital dam.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Wave Forces on APartially-Perforated Caisson Breakwater with A Rock-Filled Core

The total horizontal and vertical forces acting on a partially-perforated caisson breakwater and their phase difference are investigated in this study. The perforated breakwater sits on the rubble tilled foundation, and has a rock-filled core. An analytical solution is developed based on the eigenfunction expansion and matching method to solve the wave field around the breakwater. The finite element method is used for simulating the wave-induced tlow in the rabble-filled foundation. Experiments are also conducted to study the wave forces on the perforated caissons. Numerical predictions of the present model are compared with experimental resuhs. The phase differences between the total horizontal and vertical forces are particularly analyzed by means of experimental and numerical results. The major factors that affect the wave forces are examined.

Comparison between the Isotope Tracking Method and Resistivity Tomography of Earth Rock-Fill Dam Seepage Detection

This paper compares the different inversion results of three different earth rock-fill dam models with the actual leakage passages by performing isotope tracing tests and resistivity tomographic tests. The accuracy of the experimental results is evaluated, and the characteristics of these two methods are analyzed. As a result, some significant references are offered for earth rock-fill dam’s hidden defects detection. The experimental results show that the leakage and the direction of the seepage can be judged by isotope tracing tests, meanwhile, the degree of the leakage can be confirmed through the determination of the horizontal seepage velocity and the vertical seepage velocity, but it is difficult to properly determine the position of leakage passages and the range of leakage. Relatively speaking, the positions of the leakage passages can be accurately and directly displayed through resistivity tomographic tests. The experiment results show that the resistivity tomographic method is much better than isotope tracing method with regard to earth rock-fill dam’s hidden defects detection, and the resistivity tomographic method expresses much more convenience and much higher precision than isotope tracing method.

Application of 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Diagnosing Leakage in Earth Rock-Fill Dam

The leakage occurs during operation of the dam in Liuhuanggou reservoir. It’s a threat to the safety of the people’s lives and property in downstream. In order to eliminate the hidden danger of reservoir, ensure the safety of the dam, play better the function of flood control and water storage of the reservoir etc., we apply the 3D electrical resistivity tomography detecting technology and volume rendering image processing technology, make the measurement in field, process the data and combine the field survey to find out the leakage channels inside the dam. The results show that the 3D resistivity images appear the low resistivity zone corresponding with the leakage channels. There are two main leakage channels that come from different location inside the dam. It is feasible to diagnose the leakage in earth rock-fill dam by applying 3D electrical resistivity tomography.

Numerical stress-deformation analysis of cut-off wall in clay-core rockfill dam on thick overburden

The cut-off wall in a clay-core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer is subjected to a large compressive pressure under the action of the loads such as the dead weight of both the dam and the overburden layer, the frictional force induced by the differential settlement between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, and the water pressure. Thus, reduction of the stress of the cut-off wall has become one of the main problems for consideration in engineering design. In this paper, numerical analysis of a core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer was conducted and some factors influencing the stress-strain behaviors of the cut-off wall were investigated. The factors include the improvement of the overburden layer, the modeling approach for interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, the modulus of the cut-off wall concrete, and the connected pattern between the cut-off wall and the clay core. The result shows that improving the overburden layer,selecting plastic concrete with a low modulus and high strength, and optimizing the connection between the cut-off wall and the clay core of the dam are effective measures of reducing the deformations and compressive stresses of the cut-off wall. In addition, both the Goodman element and the mud-layer element are suitable for simulating the interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils.

Stress-strain analysis of Aikou rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core

Aikou rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core is situated in a karst area in Chongqing City, China. In order to study the operative conditions of the rockfill dam, especially those of the asphalt-concrete core, the Duncan model is adopted to compute the stress and strain of both the rockfill dam and the asphalt-concrete core after karst grouting and other treatments. The results indicate that the complicated stress and deformation of both the dam body and the core are within reasonable ranges. It is shown that structure design and foundation treatment of the dam are feasible and can be used as a reference for other similar projects.

Research on the Seepage Safety Monitoring Indexes of the High Core Rockfill Dam

The study on developing the reasonable safety monitoring indexes plays a most importantly role in the health monitoring of high core rockfill dams. However, researches on this topic are relatively scarce both at home and abroad. In this paper, the characteristics and failure modes of seepage in high core rockfill dam are analyzed firstly. Then, a safety monitoring index based on seepage quantity, which reflects the overall seepage behavior, is developed, using the real-time monitoring data and its safety monitoring model. Moreover, another safety monitoring index based on seepage gradient, reflecting the local seepage behavior, is proposed, combining the spatial layout of osmo- meters and local failure mechanisms of core wall. Additionally, one more safety monitoring index based on permeability coefficient, which considers the overall and local seepage behaviors, is developed, on the basis of establishing the finite element analysis model and real-time seepage coefficient inversion analysis model of high core rockfill dam. A case study on these indexes of Nuozhadu high core rockfill dam is developed, which improves the reliability of seepage safety evaluation of the dam.

Real-Time Spreading Thickness Monitoring of High-core Rockfill Dam Based on K-nearest Neighbor Algorithm

During the storehouse surface rolling construction of a core rockfilldam, the spreading thickness of dam face is an important factor that affects the construction quality of the dam storehouse' rolling surface and the overallquality of the entire dam. Currently, the method used to monitor and controlspreading thickness during the dam construction process is artificialsampling check after spreading, which makes it difficult to monitor the entire dam storehouse surface. In this paper, we present an in-depth study based on real-time monitoring and controltheory of storehouse surface rolling construction and obtain the rolling compaction thickness by analyzing the construction track of the rolling machine. Comparatively, the traditionalmethod can only analyze the rolling thickness of the dam storehouse surface after it has been compacted and cannot determine the thickness of the dam storehouse surface in realtime. To solve these problems, our system monitors the construction progress of the leveling machine and employs a real-time spreading thickness monitoring modelbased on the K-nearest neighbor algorithm. Taking the LHK core rockfilldam in Southwest China as an example, we performed real-time monitoring for the spreading thickness and conducted real-time interactive queries regarding the spreading thickness. This approach provides a new method for controlling the spreading thickness of the core rockfilldam storehouse surface.

Design considerations and behavior of reinforced concrete core dams during construction and impounding

Reinforced concrete core dams can be an alternative solution to conventional dam designs either for permanent impounded reservoirs or flood protection and flood-retaining dams. Dams of this type have been constructed in Austria for various reasons and have shown good behavior during operation. For a better understanding of the load-deformation behavior of this type of dams during construction and impounding, numerical simulations were carried out. The interaction between the thin reinforced concrete core and the dam fill material as well as the influence of fill material properties and other main parameters, such as the roughness of the concrete surface and bedding conditions of the concrete core,on the deformation behavior of dams were examined. The results show that high compressive stress is mainly induced by arching effects in the dam body during construction. During the reservoir impounding, the compressive stresses in the core are reduced significantly while the bending moment in the core footing increases. The results also show that the maximum bending moments occur at the core footing and can be significantly reduced by design improvements. The findings in this study can provide general design recommendations for small dams with a central concrete core as a sealing blanket.

Applying Empirical Methods to Assess the Internal Stability of Embankment Dam Cores of Glacial Till

This paper presents a database of glacial till gradations that are compiled from laboratory internal stability tests from the literature and from core soils of existing dams, some of which have experienced internal erosion. The potential internal instability of these gradations is assessed using empirical methods. Two approaches of evaluation are used: the Kenney-Lau method, which analyzes the shape of the gradation curve;and the Burenkova method, which uses factors of uniformity of the slope of the gradation. Although they include some uncertainties in terms of soils with fines, these methods, which are primarily developed from laboratory studies of sand and gravels, are used in engineering practice to evaluate widely graded soils that include fines, such as glacial tills. This study evaluates the glacial till gradations of the database using these approaches and discusses their applicability and relative predictive success. This study indicates that both the Kenney-Lau method and the Burenkova method have merit, but a closer analysis indicates that the Kenney-Lau approach has relatively better predictive ability based on the glacial till gradations analyzed in this study.

考虑超标准洪水作用的沥青心墙坝溃决生命损失评估模型

抗冲刷能力更强的沥青心墙坝一旦遭遇超标准洪水,将面临溃决风险,对下游人民造成严重威胁。现有针对沥青心墙坝的溃决生命损失研究尚属匮乏,亟需开展生命损失评估。本文分析超标准洪水作用下沥青心墙坝的溃决特征,考虑生命损失影响因素之间的相互作用过程,基于溃决洪水致灾机制构建生命损失定量评估模型,实现溃决生命损失的快速定量分析;通过方法对比和敏感性分析,明晰不同影响因素对溃决生命损失的作用规律。将模型应用于新疆射月沟溃决案例发现:溃决洪峰流量为3320 m^(3)/s,溃决历时3.35 h,与实际结果相符;生命损失定量模型分析结果为31人,与实际误差在11%以内,优于其他损失模型;风险人口的敏感性指数I_(max)和I_(min)值最大,分别为1.436、0.486,是射月沟溃决生命损失最重要的影响因素,其他依次为洪水严重性、是否撤离、警报时间、淹没范围。

基岩中入射波三维时域反演及自由场构建

基岩入射波一维和二维时域反演不能反映入射方位角和斜入射角的空间任意性,导致构建的自由场可能与实际偏离较远,因此有必要开展基岩入射波三维时域反演研究。基于波函数组合法,利用基岩中P波、SV波和SH波的入射波时程表达地表控制点自由场,建立基于设计地震动的基岩入射波三维时域反演方法,并进一步构建了多波组合斜入射下的空间非一致自由场,分析了基于一维和二维反演方法构建的自由场偏差,揭示了不同反演和自由场构建方法对于沥青混凝土心墙土石坝地震响应的影响机制。结果表明:基于地震动三维反演方法构建的自由场具有空间非一致性,能够更全面地反映场地的地震动场情况。当入射方位角在0°~60°、斜入射角在40°~90°范围内,与三维反演方法相比,一维反演方法构建的特征点x向自由场偏差较大,位移峰值最大偏差为55.8%;当入射方向与某个水平坐标轴平行时,二维反演方法构建的特征点另一个水平向自由场偏差较大,位移峰值最大偏差为100%。介质泊松比增大,一维反演下x向自由场偏差减小,二维反演下x向自由场偏差增大,特征点位移峰值最大偏差分别为46%和36%。与基于地震动三维反演方法获得的心墙拉应力最大值相比,二维和一维反演下拉应力最大值分别减小了83.3%和20.0%。

沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝心墙拱效应研究

心墙拱效应是影响土石坝安全稳定运行的重要因素,心墙力学特性复杂且受众多因素的影响,复杂地形地质条件对心墙拱效应具有重要影响。首先对比了直心墙、斜心墙、下直上斜式心墙拱效应的差异,在此基础上选取岸坡坡度、河谷宽度、覆盖层厚度以表征坝体所处的地形地质条件。基于数值计算定量研究复杂地质条件对沥青混凝土心墙拱效应的影响规律。结果表明:心墙应力拱效应主要集中在心墙中部3/4坝高附近及靠近岸坡处;斜心墙应力拱效应相对较小,可以很好地改善心墙的整体受力状况;岸坡变陡,斜心墙整体的拱效应强度增加,应力传递的核心区域由心墙中部拓宽至心墙两岸坡;随着河谷宽度的增加,应力传递的重心逐渐由底部转移到心墙两岸及心墙中上部;斜心墙整体的应力拱效应并非随着河谷宽度的增加单调变化,当坝轴线长度与坝高比值增加到3~4时,河谷产生的河谷效应对斜心墙变形及拱效应的影响大幅下降;随着覆盖层厚度的增加,斜心墙底部的拱效应明显增强,底部的拱效应系数分布逐渐集中化、区域化,容易产生局部破坏。

金沙江上游巴塘水电站沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝设计

金沙江上游河段的巴塘水电站工程,其挡水建筑物为最大坝高69m的沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝,工程坝址区地震基本烈度为Ⅷ度,区域地质条件较为复杂,存在一定的技术问题。在分析和借鉴国内外已建的类似工程的基础上,结合工程本身的实际技术特点,就该工程坝体结构设计、坝基处理、坝坡设计、沥青心墙与混凝土基座的连接方式、防渗心墙沥青混凝土材料的设计参数等方面进行了一些有益的方案设计。这些设计在工程上的实际应用,最终确保了工程建设的顺利实施,相关设计成果可为后续类似工程的设计提供一定的参考。

考虑压实质量和改进本构的沥青心墙坝性态分析

针对邓肯-张模型对沥青混凝土心墙料力学性质描述偏离的不足,改进了心墙沥青混凝土本构模型;同时,考虑实际施工中各分区坝料压实质量空间差异导致的物理力学特性空间差异,提出了考虑坝料实际压实质量的大坝有限元分析方法。首先,通过数字大坝系统采集到的施工数据,对大坝各坝料分区进行压实质量空间估计;其次,建立各坝料分区本构模型参数与压实质量的定量关系,实现对任意单元材料参数的空间估计,并通过Abaqus软件的二次开发,实现坝料本构模型参数的每个单元赋值;最后,结合工程实例,对沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝施工期结构性态进行精细数值分析。结果表明,考虑坝料实际压实质量的数值模拟可以更好地反映大坝实际施工过程的应力变形情况;改进后的本构模型提高了心墙变形计算的准确性,为精确分析沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝结构安全提供了有效途径。

SH波不同入射方位下沥青混凝土心墙土石坝响应特性及安全评价研究

地震波空间斜入射下沥青混凝土心墙和坝体的破坏模式及安全评价的研究存在较大不足。考虑SH波入射方位角的空间任意性,基于波场叠加原理构建了地基边界上的非一致自由场,建立了SH波三维空间斜入射下的波动输入方法;基于试验结果建立了沥青混凝土瞬时抗拉强度随应变速率变化的经验公式,提出了依据瞬时拉应力和瞬时抗拉强度判别单元抗拉破坏的心墙安全评价方法;分析了入射方位角对过渡料与心墙之间的位错、心墙应力的影响规律,开展了坝体单元抗剪破坏评价,明确了不同入射方位下心墙和坝体的抗震薄弱部位。结果表明:地震波振动方向平行于水流向是过渡料位错、心墙拉应力和坝体局部动剪切破坏的最不利激振方位。与振动方向平行于坝轴向相比,振动方向平行于水流向时过渡料水平向脱开和竖直位错分别增大19.25倍和2.19倍,心墙最大拉应力增加1.8倍,上游坝坡单元发生动剪切破坏的深度加深。相对本文提出的心墙抗拉破坏判别方法,传统判别方法会导致心墙的破坏程度被高估。

复杂地质条件下沥青混凝土心墙坝风险识别方法

针对复杂地质条件下沥青心墙坝风险识别问题,本文从“三高一深”复杂地质条件、沥青混凝土心墙和传统土石坝三个风险维度,系统建立沥青混凝土心墙坝风险指标体系。针对主客观信息融合不充分问题,本文采用三角模糊层次分析法(TFAHP)确定风险指标主观权重,通过指标重要性评价法(CRITIC)确定其客观权重,并利用博弈论法(GT)计算最优组合权重,构建基于TFAHP-CRITIC-GT组合赋权模型的沥青心墙坝风险智能识别方法。实例分析表明,新疆奴尔沥青心墙坝工程复杂地质条件风险指标权重占比0.516,是该工程的重要风险因素。综合考虑复杂地质条件风险对于准确识别沥青心墙坝风险因素具有重要工程意义,本文提出的指标体系及识别方法对于西部地区复杂地质条件大坝风险识别及评价研究具有推广价值。

高心墙堆石坝接触黏土与岸坡接触特性的离心模型研究

为了提高砾石土心墙与岸坡之间的变形协调性,高心墙堆石坝通常在心墙与岸坡之间设置高塑性黏土,统称为接触黏土,接触黏土的变形特性对高心墙的应力变形性状和心墙的安全性有重大影响。开展了4组接触黏土与岸坡接触面的局部离心模型试验,通过调整施加的上覆荷载大小来探讨原型坝体不同高程处的接触面剪切位移发展规律。基于理论分析,提出了一个计算接触黏土与岸坡接触面离心模型试验中边界效应影响范围的解析表达式,以确定接触面离心试验中试验模型的相似比尺。试验结果表明:在原型坝体的不同高程处,接触黏土与岸坡之间均会产生一定的剪切位移,但不会出现分离现象;接触黏土和砾质心墙土变形主要以竖向下沉为主,并且接触黏土与砾质心墙土之间的沉降等值线变化较为连续,未出现陡变情况,这说明接触黏土起到了很好地协调变形的作用,因此在进行高心墙堆石坝的结构安全性分析过程中应考虑接触黏土与岸坡的接触效应。

沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝试验与溃坝过程数值模拟

基于中国新疆射月沟水库溃坝案例资料,在水槽冲蚀试验系统进行了沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝试验,直观展现了坝壳料冲蚀与心墙折断过程,发现了抗冲蚀能力强的沥青混凝土心墙对溃坝过程的重要影响。将沥青混凝土心墙坝的漫顶溃坝过程分为3个阶段:坝壳料溯源冲蚀至沥青混凝土心墙裸露;心墙第一次折断,溃口流量迅速增大并出现峰值;心墙发生多次折断直至溃口稳定。在试验成果的基础上建立了模拟溃口流量和溃口形态演化的沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝过程数学模型,模型的特色在于通过冲蚀公式模拟沥青混凝土心墙的裸露长度,采用力矩平衡法计算裸露心墙的折断时刻、折断长度和折断次数,从而合理反映了沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝时坝壳料与心墙的耦合作用机制。采用建立的数学模型对射月沟溃坝过程进行了反演分析,计算结果表明重要溃坝参数与实测值误差均在±25%以内,较好地反映了溃坝过程,研究成果可为沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝过程模拟提供借鉴。

高心墙堆石坝材料本构模型计算的适用性研究

为研究不同材料本构模型对高心墙堆石坝应力、变形计算的适用性,以RM 300 m级高心墙堆石坝堆石料的室内试验成果为基础,分别对邓肯E-B模型、沈珠江双屈服面模型及MPZG模型进行材料本构验证和坝体有限元分析。研究结果表明:3种模型均能较好地表现堆石料三轴路径下的应力响应,而邓肯EB模型在低围压下体积响应表现效果欠佳;3种模型计算的坝体应力、变形分布均符合一般规律,应力相近,但变形计算中邓肯E-B模型得到的沉降与顺河向位移均较大;在高心墙堆石坝建设初期,可采用邓肯E-B模型进行早期分析,后期宜采用沈珠江双屈服面模型、MPZG模型等进行决策评价。