In this study the transfer characteristics of mercury（Hg） from a wide range of Chinese soils to corn grain（cultivar Zhengdan 958） were investigated. Prediction models were developed for determining the Hg bioconce...In this study the transfer characteristics of mercury（Hg） from a wide range of Chinese soils to corn grain（cultivar Zhengdan 958） were investigated. Prediction models were developed for determining the Hg bioconcentration factor（BCF） of Zhengdan 958 from soil, including the soil properties, such as p H, organic matter（OM） concentration, cation exchange capacity（CEC）, total nitrogen concentration（TN）, total phosphorus concentration（TP）, total potassium concentration（TK）, and total Hg concentration（THg）, using multiple stepwise regression analysis. These prediction models were applied to other non-model corn cultivars using a cross-species extrapolation approach. The results indicated that the soil p H was the most important factor associated with the transfer of Hg from soil to corn grain. Hg bioaccumulation in corn grain increased with the decreasing p H. No significant differences were found between two prediction models derived from different rates of Hg applied to the soil as HgCl2. The prediction models established in this study can be applied to other non-model corn cultivars and are useful for predicting Hg bioconcentration in corn grain and assessing the ecological risk of Hg in different soils.展开更多
Metabolite composition is strongly affected by genotype,environment,and interactions between genotype and environment,although the extent of variation caused by these factors may depend upon the type of metabolite.To ...Metabolite composition is strongly affected by genotype,environment,and interactions between genotype and environment,although the extent of variation caused by these factors may depend upon the type of metabolite.To characterize the complexity of genotype,environment,and their interaction in hybrid seeds,50 genetically diverse non-genetically modified(GM) maize hybrids were grown in six geographically diverse locations in North America.Polar metabolites from 553 harvested corn grain samples were isolated and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 45 metabolites detected in all samples were used to generate a data matrix for statistical analysis.There was moderate variation among biological replicates and across genotypes and test sites.The genotype effects were detected by univariate and Hierarchical clustering analyses(HCA) when environmental effects were excluded.Overall,environment exerted larger effects than genotype,and polar metabolite accumulation showed a geographic effect.We conclude that it is possible to increase seed polar metabolite content in hybrid corn by selection of appropriate inbred lines and growing regions.展开更多
An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid colle...An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid collection and ruminal fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for ruminal fluid collection were maintained on a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to concentrate) for 28 d prior to ruminal fluid collection. Three grain types were evaluated: 1) dry corn (89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn (72% dry matter;HMC) and 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A total of twenty-one replications of each grain type were used for statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Additionally, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Final pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% and 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Also, final pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data indicate that corn harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) influences IVDMD and final pH and that rye has a greater disappearance of dry matter and lower final pH than corn under in vitro conditions.展开更多
The sugar components and their dynamic variation in the developing grains of sweet corn(Zea mays L. seccharata Sturt)and normal corn (Zea mays L. indentata Sturt) were compared. There are WSP (water-soluble polysaccha...The sugar components and their dynamic variation in the developing grains of sweet corn(Zea mays L. seccharata Sturt)and normal corn (Zea mays L. indentata Sturt) were compared. There are WSP (water-soluble polysaccharides), sucrose, fructose, glucose, mannitol and sorbitol in both sweet corn and normal corn, but no maltose. Two components with different degrees of polymerization (D. P. N) were detected in the sweet corn; only one of them was detected in the normal corn 20 days after pollination. With the development of grains, the total soluble sugar content(TSS)in sweet corn increased, but in normal corn it decreased. The dynamic variation of WSP, sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannitol and sorbitol in sweet and normal corn grains are different. The contents of sugar components in the sweet corn grains are higher than that in the normal corn. Sweet corn accumulates less starch than normal corn.展开更多
This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ...This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.展开更多
以松原粮食集团提供不同年份的玉米储备粮为实验样品,采用三级显微拉曼光谱检测仪对不同状态下的玉米单籽粒进行光谱采集,并结合密度泛函理论(DFT)得到分子光谱,研究其内部成分随时间变化的规律。通过DFT理论优化分子结构和分析,将求得...以松原粮食集团提供不同年份的玉米储备粮为实验样品,采用三级显微拉曼光谱检测仪对不同状态下的玉米单籽粒进行光谱采集,并结合密度泛函理论(DFT)得到分子光谱,研究其内部成分随时间变化的规律。通过DFT理论优化分子结构和分析,将求得分子中每个键对应的振动频率与实际测得的玉米籽粒拉曼光谱进行对比,完成部分峰位指认;对不同储存年份的玉米籽粒外表面拉曼光谱进行了测量,对原始光谱进行预处理后分别在476、1006、1156、1459、1519、1597和1633 cm^(-1)这几处发现了较强的拉曼峰,表征着玉米淀粉、叶黄素、木质素的存在;对不同年份玉米籽粒纵切面的拉曼光谱进行测量,将此部分光谱归一化处理后得到了对应峰位的相对峰强与相对峰面积。通过比较发现除在表面得到的拉曼峰外,在850~1450 cm^(-1)附近处还发现了新的拉曼峰。其中位于475、863、944、1260、1338和1378 cm^(-1)几处表征淀粉含量的拉曼峰峰强、峰面积、半高宽(FWHM)值随储存年份的增加产生了或增加或减少的现象,表明其物质组成、成分含量、分子结构均发生了不同改变,基本与玉米淀粉老化的机理一致。其中在1080和1130 cm^(-1)拉曼峰在三个不同年份玉米纵切面拉曼光谱中的变化差距较大:1080 cm^(-1)的拉曼峰只存在于2018年、2019年储存的玉米光谱中,1192 cm^(-1)处的拉曼峰只存在于2020年份的玉米光谱中,且峰强、Full Width at the half of the maximum(FWHM)值有不同程度的变化,可能表示淀粉内某种糖类物质之间的相互转换,可作为鉴定不同年份玉米样品的特征峰。对叶黄素含量相关峰位的物理参数进行了比较,并将其中的峰强、峰面积值与年份做线型拟合分析,拟合程度较好,相关系数均达到了0.9以上,表明叶黄素含量随储存时间延长呈线性下降的趋势。通过与理论计算得到的叶黄素光谱对比分析,发现叶黄素的流失对化学键振动均有不同程度的影响,其中对C═C双键的伸缩振动影响最大。该研究使用密度泛函理论的计算与实验比对结果,探讨玉米的拉曼光谱随时间推移的变化规律,通过分析不同年份玉米的内部成分变化,为使用拉曼光谱鉴别玉米年份提供了一定的依据,拓展了光谱在农产品质量检测分析上的应用。展开更多
基金supported by the Special Fund of Public Industry in China (Agriculture, 200903015)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Province, China (15227504D)
文摘In this study the transfer characteristics of mercury（Hg） from a wide range of Chinese soils to corn grain（cultivar Zhengdan 958） were investigated. Prediction models were developed for determining the Hg bioconcentration factor（BCF） of Zhengdan 958 from soil, including the soil properties, such as p H, organic matter（OM） concentration, cation exchange capacity（CEC）, total nitrogen concentration（TN）, total phosphorus concentration（TP）, total potassium concentration（TK）, and total Hg concentration（THg）, using multiple stepwise regression analysis. These prediction models were applied to other non-model corn cultivars using a cross-species extrapolation approach. The results indicated that the soil p H was the most important factor associated with the transfer of Hg from soil to corn grain. Hg bioaccumulation in corn grain increased with the decreasing p H. No significant differences were found between two prediction models derived from different rates of Hg applied to the soil as HgCl2. The prediction models established in this study can be applied to other non-model corn cultivars and are useful for predicting Hg bioconcentration in corn grain and assessing the ecological risk of Hg in different soils.
基金financially supported by DuP ont–Pioneer HiB red
文摘Metabolite composition is strongly affected by genotype,environment,and interactions between genotype and environment,although the extent of variation caused by these factors may depend upon the type of metabolite.To characterize the complexity of genotype,environment,and their interaction in hybrid seeds,50 genetically diverse non-genetically modified(GM) maize hybrids were grown in six geographically diverse locations in North America.Polar metabolites from 553 harvested corn grain samples were isolated and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 45 metabolites detected in all samples were used to generate a data matrix for statistical analysis.There was moderate variation among biological replicates and across genotypes and test sites.The genotype effects were detected by univariate and Hierarchical clustering analyses(HCA) when environmental effects were excluded.Overall,environment exerted larger effects than genotype,and polar metabolite accumulation showed a geographic effect.We conclude that it is possible to increase seed polar metabolite content in hybrid corn by selection of appropriate inbred lines and growing regions.
文摘An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid collection and ruminal fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for ruminal fluid collection were maintained on a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to concentrate) for 28 d prior to ruminal fluid collection. Three grain types were evaluated: 1) dry corn (89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn (72% dry matter;HMC) and 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A total of twenty-one replications of each grain type were used for statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Additionally, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Final pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% and 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Also, final pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data indicate that corn harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) influences IVDMD and final pH and that rye has a greater disappearance of dry matter and lower final pH than corn under in vitro conditions.
文摘The sugar components and their dynamic variation in the developing grains of sweet corn(Zea mays L. seccharata Sturt)and normal corn (Zea mays L. indentata Sturt) were compared. There are WSP (water-soluble polysaccharides), sucrose, fructose, glucose, mannitol and sorbitol in both sweet corn and normal corn, but no maltose. Two components with different degrees of polymerization (D. P. N) were detected in the sweet corn; only one of them was detected in the normal corn 20 days after pollination. With the development of grains, the total soluble sugar content(TSS)in sweet corn increased, but in normal corn it decreased. The dynamic variation of WSP, sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannitol and sorbitol in sweet and normal corn grains are different. The contents of sugar components in the sweet corn grains are higher than that in the normal corn. Sweet corn accumulates less starch than normal corn.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011BAD17B03)
文摘This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.
文摘以松原粮食集团提供不同年份的玉米储备粮为实验样品,采用三级显微拉曼光谱检测仪对不同状态下的玉米单籽粒进行光谱采集,并结合密度泛函理论(DFT)得到分子光谱,研究其内部成分随时间变化的规律。通过DFT理论优化分子结构和分析,将求得分子中每个键对应的振动频率与实际测得的玉米籽粒拉曼光谱进行对比,完成部分峰位指认;对不同储存年份的玉米籽粒外表面拉曼光谱进行了测量,对原始光谱进行预处理后分别在476、1006、1156、1459、1519、1597和1633 cm^(-1)这几处发现了较强的拉曼峰,表征着玉米淀粉、叶黄素、木质素的存在;对不同年份玉米籽粒纵切面的拉曼光谱进行测量,将此部分光谱归一化处理后得到了对应峰位的相对峰强与相对峰面积。通过比较发现除在表面得到的拉曼峰外,在850~1450 cm^(-1)附近处还发现了新的拉曼峰。其中位于475、863、944、1260、1338和1378 cm^(-1)几处表征淀粉含量的拉曼峰峰强、峰面积、半高宽(FWHM)值随储存年份的增加产生了或增加或减少的现象,表明其物质组成、成分含量、分子结构均发生了不同改变,基本与玉米淀粉老化的机理一致。其中在1080和1130 cm^(-1)拉曼峰在三个不同年份玉米纵切面拉曼光谱中的变化差距较大:1080 cm^(-1)的拉曼峰只存在于2018年、2019年储存的玉米光谱中,1192 cm^(-1)处的拉曼峰只存在于2020年份的玉米光谱中,且峰强、Full Width at the half of the maximum(FWHM)值有不同程度的变化,可能表示淀粉内某种糖类物质之间的相互转换,可作为鉴定不同年份玉米样品的特征峰。对叶黄素含量相关峰位的物理参数进行了比较,并将其中的峰强、峰面积值与年份做线型拟合分析,拟合程度较好,相关系数均达到了0.9以上,表明叶黄素含量随储存时间延长呈线性下降的趋势。通过与理论计算得到的叶黄素光谱对比分析,发现叶黄素的流失对化学键振动均有不同程度的影响,其中对C═C双键的伸缩振动影响最大。该研究使用密度泛函理论的计算与实验比对结果,探讨玉米的拉曼光谱随时间推移的变化规律,通过分析不同年份玉米的内部成分变化,为使用拉曼光谱鉴别玉米年份提供了一定的依据,拓展了光谱在农产品质量检测分析上的应用。
