Drying kinetics of soy protein isolate-corn starch film during preparation and its moisture adsorption characteristics during storage

To better understand the mass transfer process of moisture in the soy protein isolate-corn starch(SPI-CS)films during preparation and storage process,the drying kinetics model of SPI-CS films with different formation conditions during the drying process and the moisture adsorption characteristics of the SPI-CS films under different humidity conditions were investigated.Within the range of experimental conditions,the moisture migration rule in the SPI-CS films during the drying preparation was combined with the Page model which was expressed as MR=exp(-kt^(n)).It was found that the adsorption equilibrium needed shorter time(about 3 h)when the SPI-CS films existed in the environment with lower humidity(RH<54%).Additionally,the secondorder adsorption kinetic equation was successful to describe the moisture adsorption characteristic of the SPICS films during storage under different humidity conditions.

Corn Starch Derived Capacitive Carbon Prepared by One-Step K2CO3 Carbonization for Supercapacitors

High-performance carbonaceous electrode materials for supercapacitors were synthesized by subjecting corn starch to a simple molten salt activation process with K2CO3 at a temperature of 850˚C. The resulting carbon material, obtained after activating for 1 hour, displayed excellent capacitive properties due to the synergistic effects of its porous structure. Utilizing these electrodes, the supercapacitor exhibited a high discharge capacitance (248 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), which is 2.4 times higher than that of activated carbon without K2CO3 activation. The enhancement in electrical performance was analyzed through SEM and XRD analysis, revealing that the porous and disordered structure provides a greater number of charge storage sites, resulting in improved capacitive performance.

Comprehensive utilization of corn starch processing by-products:A review

Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,corn bran,gluten,are created largely during corn starch processing.They are inexpensive,nutrient-rich,and vary widely in chemical composition such as proteins,oils,carbohydrates,and minerals.In an increasingly resource-constrained modern world,the utilization approach of these by-products for non-starch industrial processing is attractive widely considering both nutritive value and economic aspects.In fact,at present,applications of these by-products can often be found in feed,fermentation,nutrient extraction and other industries.For example,protein-rich corn gluten can be used as a good animal feed,and corn germ can be used as a raw material for the high-quality edible oil industry.Undoubtedly,increasing utilization means that these by-products will no longer be treated as waste but will be transformed into high value-added products.In this work,the separation process and chemical composition of several main by-products of the corn starch industry is briefly described,and the application in many industrial fields of these by-products over the last ten years are discussed in particular.This review attempts to summarize all aspects of the application and research of these by-products.For the by-products of the corn starch industry,the most promising way is to be utilized in high value and used to produce high value-added products.According to the characteristics of their chemical composition,they have a better application prospect and research significance in the industries directly related to human beings,such as medicine,green food and health care products.In fact,in recent years,some researchers have recognized this and carried out the research.It is clear fromthese studies that the main issues to be faced nowand in the future are how to produce efficiently while maintaining the quality of the product and using it effectively.The retrospective discussions also provide some ideas for other grain and oilseed crops to be fully utilized.

Study on the Properties of Esterified Corn Starch/Polylactide Biodegradable Blends

Fully bio-based and biodegradable starch/polylactic acid blends have received increasing attentions for their biodegradability and potential to offset the use of unsustainable fossil resources,specifically,their application in packaging.Herein,corn starch was first esterified with maleic anhydride and then compounded with polylactide(PLA)to prepare esterified corn starch/polylactic acid blends with starch content up to 35 wt%.The structures,morphologies,thermal and mechanical properties of starch or blends were investigated.The results showed that corn starch was successfully grafted with maleic anhydride,which showed increased crystallinity and particle size than native starch.Esterified corn starch/polylactic acid blends showed good surficial compatibility and good thermal stability with main decomposition temperature in the range of 300℃to 400℃.Additionally,incorporation of corn starch increased the hydrophilicity and water uptake of composites.However,the tensile and flexural strengths of blends decreased with increasing esterified starch amount.

Physicochemical Properties Comparative Analysis of Corn Starch and Cassava Starch, and Comparative Analysis as Adhesive

The morphology and properties of corn starch and cassava starch were compared by SEM, DSC and TGA. Theeffects of amylose and amylopectin content on starch properties were studied by FT-IR, XRD and XPS. The plywood was pressed with the prepared adhesive and the bonding strength of the plywood was tested to analyze thedifference among the adhesives from different plant sources and the difference after blending PAPI prepolymer.FT-IR results showed that the hydroxyl peak of cassava starch was stronger and wider. TGA showed that the residue of cassava starch was lower, but the thermal stability of cassava starch was almost the same. XPS data showedthat the oxygen content of cassava starch was slightly higher, but the carbon content was slightly lower. SEM analysis showed that corn starch granules were more irregular and sharper than cassava starch, and cassava starchgranules were more uniform, regular and round.

Production of Corn (Zea mays) Starch and Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Starch and Their Application as Yogurt Stabilizer

The present study evaluated the stabilizing effect of starch produced from corns and cassava on the stability of cow milk yogurt. A sample of both corn and cassava starch was selected and used in the yogurt making as stabilizers. The yogurt samples have been analyzed for their WHC, syneresis and protein content. The yogurt with no added starch has found to have very low WHC and high syneresis compared to other samples. The yogurt made with the addition of corn starch as a stabilizer was highly accepted than the yogurt with cassava starch and the yogurt without starch. The findings from this study provide an alternative to add the value of local corns and cassava.

Structure,retrogradation and digestibility of waxy corn starch modified by a GtfC enzyme from Geobacillus sp.12AMOR1

To lower the retrogradation and digestibility of waxy corn starch for different food applications,a novel thermostable GtfC type 4,6-α-glucanotransferase without N-and C-terminals(GsGtfC)from Geobacillus sp.12AMOR1 was used.Waxy corn starch of 50 g/L was incubated with GsGtfC of 40-100 U/g substrate at 65℃and pH 5.5 for 1 h.Its molecular weight,iodine affinity,XRD crystallinity,and FTIR ratio of heights of bands at 1047 and 1022 cm^(-1) decreased,but ratio of DP<6 to DP≥25 branches and degree of branching increased.GsGtfC cleavedα-1,4-glycosidic bonds and inducedα-1,6-branching points to produce reuteran-likes polymers,which is different from Exiguobacterium sibiricum GtfC enzyme cleavingα-1,4-glycosidic bonds and synthesizing consecutiveα-1,6-glycosidic bonds to produce isomalto/malto-oligosaccharides.GsGtfC modified waxy corn starch had significantly lower DSC retrogradation enthalpies during the storage at 4℃for 3-14 days and significantly lower released glucose during the incubation with mammalian mucosalα-glucosidase at 37℃for 10-360 min.GsGtfC at 100 U/g substrate increased slowly digestible portion from 11.07%to 24.11%.

Bioactive and nutritional characterization of modeled and optimized consumer-ready flakes from pseudocereal(Amaranthus viridis), high-protein soymeal and modified corn starch

Flake is consumed in many parts of the world.Flakes are majorly prepared from cereals.However,most flakes are deficient in protein and some other healthful substances.High-protein soymeal is rich in protein,mineral,amino acids,antioxidants,and other healthful substances.Formulating flakes with high-protein soymeal would improve the health status of consumers.This work investigated consumer-ready flake from amaranth,high-protein soymeal,and modified corn starch produced under the optimized condition and characterized with the aim to develop models that would give a healthful consumer-ready flake.Amaranthus viridis,corn,and soybean grains were sorted,wet-cleaned,and dried.Soybean grains were processed into high-protein soymeal,starch was extracted from corn grains while A.viridis grains were processed into flour.Formulated flour mixtures were developed into flakes using three-level factorial categoric factor design of response surface methodology.The flakes were analyzed using standard procedures.Optimal flour mixtures of high-protein soymeal(34.78 g/100 g),amaranth(56.52 g/100 g),and modified corn starch(8.70 g/100 g)were established.Results showed the optimized flakes contained per 100 g:29.05 g protein,6.00 g fat,4.10 g fibre,3.84 g ash,8.96 g moisture,249.74 mg calcium,272.35 mg magnesium,12.08 mg iron,618.42 mg phosphorus,6.41 mg niacin,4.85 mg pyridoxine,0.21 g tannin,1.85 mg phytate,2.96 mg alkaloids,908.24GAE total phenolics and 12.75mgRE flavonoids with good quality characteristics in amino acids.The study illustrated the feasibility of formulating quality consumer-ready flakes from amaranth,high-protein soymeal,and modified corn starch.The production process is scalable and could be employed for both domestic and industrial purposes.

4种植物源性成分多重real-time PCR检测方法的建立及其在食用淀粉中的应用

建立一种可同时快速检测红薯、木薯、马铃薯、玉米源性成分的多重实时聚合酶链式反应(real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR)方法。分别以红薯g3pdh基因、木薯g3pdh基因、马铃薯UGPase基因、玉米zSSIIb基因为靶基因设计特异性引物和TaqMan探针,以18S rRNA基因为内参基因,建立多重real-time PCR方法,开展方法学验证,并对不同掺入比例模拟样品和实际淀粉样品进行检测。结果显示,该方法具有高通量、特异性强、灵敏度高等优点。与15种非目标源性均无交叉反应;对目标DNA的检测灵敏度可达到3×10^(-3) ng/μL,且具有良好的线性关系和扩增效率;对淀粉样品的检出限可达0.1%,对50份实际样品进行检测,结果与参比方法一致,说明建立的多重real-time PCR法可用于食用淀粉种类掺假鉴别检测。

微波间歇干燥对玉米籽粒中淀粉理化特性的影响

为提高玉米干燥的速率,明确微波间歇干燥对玉米中淀粉的影响,以"吉农玉719"为研究对象,对比自然干燥和不同微波功率密度条件下微波间歇干燥对玉米中淀粉加工和结构特性的影响。结果表明:与自然干燥的玉米相比,玉米经微波干燥,其淀粉的性质发生明显变化,微波功率密度在0.9~3.6 W/g范围内,玉米淀粉的峰值黏度和溶解度均呈先升高后降低的趋势,当微波功率密度为1.8 W/g时,淀粉的峰值黏度最高,溶解度最高。静态流变学结果表明:玉米经自然干燥和微波干燥,其淀粉凝胶均为假塑性流体。动态流变学结果表明:微波功率密度在0.9~1.8 W/g范围,微波作用可明显改善玉米淀粉凝胶的黏弹性,当微波功率密度为1.8 W/g时,淀粉凝胶的黏弹性最好;当微波功率密度高于1.8 W/g时,玉米淀粉凝胶的硬度显著增加;玉米经微波干燥,其淀粉的膨胀度、热焓值和有序度均降低,粒径增加。结论:在微波功率密度1.8 W/g、微波时间2 min、缓苏时间4 min条件下干燥得到的玉米淀粉特性最佳。

循环热处理对油莎豆淀粉流变特性以及促回生特性的影响

以玉米淀粉为对照,探究油莎豆淀粉的糊化特性和流变特性,并将其进行循环回生处理,研究其对淀粉结构、热特性、水分分布和消化特性的影响。结果表明:相比于玉米淀粉,油莎豆原淀粉颗粒较小,具有较强的吸水溶胀能力,表现出较高的峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值。流变特性显示,油莎豆原淀粉的G'和G″较小,触变环面积较大,其形成的凝胶网络结构具有较弱的黏弹性和较强的流动性,且抗剪切能力略差。经循环热处理,油莎豆淀粉的糊化焓值、IR_(1047)cm^(-1)/1022cm^(-1)比率、自由水比例和慢消化淀粉、抗性淀粉含量均显著升高,其增值幅度高于同等处理条件下的玉米淀粉。在经过循环热处理后,油莎豆淀粉在偏振光下显示出较大的亮光区,而玉米淀粉则未体现出此现象,说明油莎豆淀粉在加工过程中的更强回生能力;消化结果也一致表明,与玉米淀粉对比,油莎豆淀粉表现出更高的抗消化性能,这可能是由于其分子链间更趋向于重排,并形成了更紧密的结晶结构。

羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯糊液的屈服应力及触变性研究

为研究羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯(Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate,HPDSP)糊液的屈服应力和触变性行为,本文以不同链支比的玉米淀粉(CS)和蜡质玉米淀粉(WS)为原料的HPDSP为研究对象,讨论了HPDSP糊液在不同温度条件下的临界质量分数、屈服应力及触变特性。结果表明,HPDSP在5℃时的稀溶液-半稀溶液、半稀溶液-浓溶液临界质量分数分别为3wt%和6wt%。5wt%时玉米淀粉-羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯(CS-HPDSP)和蜡质玉米淀粉-羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯(WS-HPDSP)的屈服应力与温度相关性较低,而6wt%时两者屈服应力随温度升高(至85℃)显著下降了69.52%和77.95%(P<0.05)。HPDSP的触变性受质量分数和温度影响,5℃时,5wt%的CS-HPDSP和WS-HPDSP几乎无触变性,6wt%时触变环面积分别为163.49和85.00 Pa/s,随温度升高至85℃,两者分别降低86.38%和92.18%。WS-HPDSP的三段式触变性测定(Three interval thixotropy test,3iTT)展示出的触变性均小于CS-HPDSP,具有较好的稳定性。综上,与CS-HPDSP相比,WS-HPDSP的屈服应力和触变性更小。本文为HPDSP在食品中作为增稠剂的实际应用提供了理论依据。

聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的制备及表征

以糯玉米淀粉为原料、异辛酸亚锡为催化剂,在丙交酯熔融体系中制备了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉。建立了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉取代度的^(1)HNMR测试方法,以取代度为响应值,反应时间、反应温度、丙交酯添加量为考察因素,通过单因素和响应面实验优化了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的合成工艺,得到最优工艺为:反应时间12.46 h,反应温度111.75℃,丙交酯添加量为淀粉质量的258%,预测最大取代度为0.0253,通过实际操作条件调整后实际取代度为0.0238。对最优条件下制备的聚乳酸改性淀粉进行了系列表征,证实聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的颗粒结构没有被完全破坏,晶型、相对分子质量等性能优于溶剂法传统技术制备的聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉。

淀粉-枸杞复合物的制备及其稳定性研究

为了探讨淀粉(CS)与枸杞(LB)在高速剪切过程中形成淀粉-枸杞复合物(CS-LB)的可能性及客体分子的稳定性,本文考察了高速剪切时间、转速及LB/CS质量比对CS-LB中枸杞色素(LP)质量分数及稳定性的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及热重分析(TGA)对所形成的复合物进行表征。结果表明,当高速剪切时间为1.5 h,转速为12000 r/min,LB与CS的质量比为3:1时,每克产物中LP的含量为0.99±0.03 mg。SEM结果显示产物呈现团聚状;XRD结果显示高速剪切处理破坏了淀粉颗粒的结晶域,转为无定形结构,CS与LB各组分间相互作用使得CS-LP的晶型转变为V型;FT-IR结果显示3421 cm^(-1)处的吸收峰发生变化,可知CS和LB中的活性物质通过氢键结合;TGA结果显示该产物具有较好的热稳定性,600℃时复合物的质量保留率为36%,由此说明高速剪切处理能够较好地制备CS-LB,通过对复合物的稳定性研究发现该复合物可有效降低温度,氧气和光照对客体分子稳定性的影响,延长客体分子的保存期限,使其更好地发挥相关功能。

高强度纳米甲壳素复合淀粉水凝胶的制备及其特性研究

以玉米淀粉为原料制备纳米甲壳素复合淀粉水凝胶,探究复合淀粉水凝胶的微观结构、流变特性、溶胀特性和抑菌性。结果表明:以玉米淀粉质量为基准,当纳米甲壳素添加量为15%时,制备的复合淀粉水凝胶特性效果最好,其硬度提高了约0.5倍;在角频率为20rad/s时,其储能模量(G′)增加了42.4%;当剪切速率为20s^(-1)时,其表观黏度提高了48%。微生物试验表明,在直径2.0cm范围内,与玉米淀粉水凝胶相比,纳米甲壳素添加量为20%的复合淀粉水凝胶使酿酒酵母菌菌落数减少了70%,大肠杆菌菌落数减少了60%。

不同氮源添加对糖渣堆肥处理牡蛎壳的影响

为研究堆肥处理牡蛎壳的效果,探究不同氮源对糖渣堆肥处理牡蛎壳过程和堆肥产品腐熟度的影响,本研究以牡蛎壳粉和糖渣为原料,豆粕和尿素为不同氮源,设置CK(糖渣+豆粕)、DP(糖渣+豆粕+牡蛎壳)和NS(糖渣+尿素+牡蛎壳)3个处理组,开展了为期35 d的发酵试验。结果表明,添加牡蛎壳的处理在堆肥过程中,温度略低于CK组,但两处理的最高温度均高于60℃,pH在6.79~7.94之间,EC值<4 mS·cm^(-1),说明添加牡蛎壳不会对堆肥的理化性质产生负面影响。堆肥结束时,DP处理组的GI最高为104%;且与CK组相比,总腐殖酸含量增加了17.64%,氨气累计排放量降低了34.55%,有效态钙含量增加了37.39%,说明以豆粕为氮源进行堆肥处理牡蛎壳,有利于堆肥的腐熟,促进氮保留并增加有效态钙含量,提高堆肥产品的质量。本研究结果可为堆肥处理牡蛎壳工艺参数提供有利参考。

生产加工过程食用玉米淀粉基因降解情况

含有转基因成分的玉米在生产加工过程中核酸成分受到不同程度破坏,增加出口过程中转基因成分检验难度。针对转基因食用玉米淀粉在加工过程中主要环节进行样本收集,使用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)对加工过程中样品内、外源基因不同扩增片段进行定量研究。研究发现,浸泡后的浆料湿磨及精磨分离阶段的样品DNA降解严重。随着检测转基因成分方法的不断创新和提高及数字PCR在检测领域的开发和应用,利用数字PCR方法检验痕量转基因成分,不仅可以定性检测,并且可以对转基因成分含量进行定量检测。

Effect of Starch/Polylactic Acid Ratio on the Interdependence of Two-Phase and the Properties of Composites

Starch/polylactic acid(PLA) composites were prepared by melt extrusion, with corn starch and PLA as raw materials, glycerol as the plasticizer. Effects of starch/PLA ratio on the interdependence of two-phase and other properties of the composites were studied. The combination of results of TGA with SEM indicated that the interdependence between starch and PLA was increased gradually as the starch/PLA ratio reduced. DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature(Tg), melting temperature(Tm) and degree of crystallinity of PLA in composites were increased gradually, whereas the cold crystallization temperature(Tc) was gradually decreased as the starch/PLA ratio reduced. The rheological properties of composites were closely related with the interdependence of two-phase, with reducing starch/PLA proportion, the interdependence was increased, and then the strain for storage modulus was firstl reduced and then gradually increased. Frequency scanning showed that the storage modulus and complex viscosity were decreased with reducing starch content. As the starch/PLA ratio reduced, the matrix phase PLA was increased, so that the strength of composites was increased gradually, whereas water absorption rate was decreased gradually.

Thermoplastic Starch Prepared with Different Plasticizers: Relation between Degree of Plasticization and Properties

Ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, formamide, and urea were used as plasticizers for the preparation of thermoplastic starch（TPS） from corn starch. The properties of TPS were tested by analysis method. The results showed that TPSs were more highly plasticized with amines than alcohols. For the same type of plasticizer, the degree of plasticization decreased as the molecular weight of plasticizer increased. The relationship between plasticization degree and TPS properties was characterized and described by mechanical properties and water absorption. The experimental results showed that when the degree of plasticization increased, the tensile strength decreased and the elongation at breakage and water absorption increased.