A novel simulation method for positive corona current pulses

A novel two-dimensional （2D） simulation method of positive corona current pulses is proposed. A control-volume- based finite element method （CV-FEM） is used to solve continuity equations, and the Galerkin finite element method （FEM） is used to solve Poisson＇s equation. In the proposed method, photoionization is considered by adopting an exact Helmholtz photoionization model. Furthermore, fully implicit discretization and variable time step are used to ensure the time-efficiency of the present method. Finally, the method is applied to a positive rod-plane corona problem. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental results, and the validity of the proposed method is verified.

The detailed characteristics of positive corona current pulses in the line-to-plane electrodes

The corona current pulses generated by corona discharge are the sources of the radio interference from transmission lines and the detailed characteristics of the corona current pulses from conductor should be investigated in order to reveal their generation mechanism.In this paper,the line-to-plane electrodes are designed to measure and analyze the characteristics of corona current pulses from positive corona discharges.The influences of inter-electrode gap and line diameters on the detail characteristics of corona current pulses,such as pulse amplitude,rise time,duration time and repetition frequency,are carefully analyzed.The obtained results show that the pulse amplitude and the repetition frequency increase with the diameter of line electrode when the electric fields on the surface of line electrodes are same.With the increase of inter-electrode gap,the pulse amplitude and the repetition frequency first decrease and then turn to be stable,while the rise time first increases and finally turns to be stable.The distributions of electric field and space charges under the line electrodes are calculated,and the influences of inter-electrode gap and line electrode diameter on the experimental results are qualitatively explained.

The characteristics of negative corona discharge and radio interference at different altitudes based on coaxial wire-cylinder gap

The corona discharge from transmission lines in high-altitude areas is more severe than at lower altitudes. The radio interference caused thereby is a key factor to be considered when designing transmission lines. To study the influence of altitude on negative corona characteristics, an experimental platform comprising a movable small corona cage was established: experiments were conducted at four altitudes in the range of 1120-4320 m, and data on the corona current pulse and radio interference level of 0.8-mm diameter fine copper wire under different negative voltages were collected. The experimental results show that the average amplitude, repetition frequency and average current of the corona current pulse increase with increasing altitude. The dispersion of pulse amplitude increases with increase in altitude, while the randomness of the pulse interval decreases continuously. Taking the average current as an intermediate variable,the relationship between radio interference level and altitude is obtained. The result of this research has some significance for understanding the corona discharge characteristics of ultra-highvoltage lines.

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of a direct current air corona discharge under atmospheric pressure

Air corona discharge is one of the critical problems associated with high-voltage equipment. Investigating the corona mechanism plays a key role in enhancing the electrical insulation performance. An improved self-consistent multi-component two-dimensional plasma hybrid model is presented for the simulation of a direct current atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The model is based on plasma hydrodynamic and chemical models, and includes 12 species and 26 reactions. In addition, the photoionization effect is introduced into the model. The simulation on a bar-plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 5.0 mm is carried out. The discharge voltage- current characteristics and the current density distribution predicted by the hybrid model agree with the experimental measurements. In addition, the dynamics of volume charged species generation, discharge current waveform, current density distribution at an electrode, charge density, electron temperature, and electric field variations are investigated in detail based on the model. The results indicate that the model can contribute valuable insights into the physics of an air plasma discharge.

双区与单区电除尘器内部流场电场对比研究

电除尘器内部电场和流场特性对除尘器的除尘性能有重要影响。该文使用Fluent模拟软件对相同比尘集面积的单区与双区电除尘器进行数值模拟,对比单区和双区电除尘器的电场强度、电流密度分布和不同电场风速下的内部流场变化,以此分析电除尘器对不同粒径颗粒除尘效率的影响和双区电除尘器能够高效率捕集高比电阻粉尘的原因。结果表明,双区电除尘器荷电区电流密度与电场强度和单区电除尘器分布相似,单区电除尘器的平均板电流密度为0.56 mA/m^(2),平均电场强度为2.20 kV/cm,双区电除尘器荷电区的平均板电流密度为0.51 mA/m^(2),平均电场强度为2.40 kV/cm。但双区电除尘器收尘区的电场与流场特性和单区电除尘器差别较大,双区电除尘器收尘区平均板电流密度为0.0036 mA/m^(2),只为单区电除尘器的0.6%,而平均电场强度为4.0 kV/cm,是单区电除尘器场强的1.8倍,且双区电除尘收尘区流场分布较均匀,受离子风影响小。收尘区内低电流密度,高电场强度,较少的离子风扰动是双区电除尘器有效捕集高比电阻粉尘,避免反电晕发生的主要原因。

工频下导线单雨滴电晕全过程分析

输电线路电磁环境问题主要由电晕放电引起,而降雨等环境变化会加剧这一现象。该研究通过高速摄像与电晕电流测量同步测量技术,详细分析工频下导线单雨滴电晕全过程。结果表明,导线单雨滴电晕全过程可分为4个阶段,尖端放电与振动破碎放电为主要放电类型,且两种放电的上升时间及半波时间概率密度分布均服从正态分布。随电压升高,尖端放电次数占比先减小后增大,电流脉冲幅值、上升时间、半波时间呈上升趋势;振动破碎放电次数占比先增大后减小,电流脉冲幅值、上升时间呈上升趋势,半波时间呈先上升后下降趋势。雨滴半径的增大对不同放电类型的放电次数和电流脉冲特性也产生一定的影响。该研究为理解雨天输电线路的电晕损耗和可听噪声变化提供新的视角。

不同海拔高度交流电晕电流脉冲特性实验研究

不同海拔高度下交流电晕特性的变化规律是高海拔地区线路设计的基础。文章利用可移动式小电晕笼和高频电流测量系统在20 m~4320 m范围内的5个海拔高度点进行实验,采集了1 mm直径细铜丝在不同施加电压下的电晕电流脉冲、无线电干扰和可听噪声水平数据;通过对实测数据的统计分析及拟合,得到了海拔高度对电晕电流脉冲特性的影响规律,并分析了不同海拔高度下电晕电流同无线电干扰和可听噪声水平的关联关系。研究表明,随着海拔高度增加,交流电晕电流脉冲的幅值增大,幅值概率分布逐渐分散,一个周期内交流电晕电流脉冲的数量增加,脉冲形成时间变得更加均匀;将电晕电流有效值作为中间变量,研究海拔高度对交流线路电晕效应的影响,得到电晕电流有效值与导线施加电压呈线性函数关系,该线性函数的斜率k、截距b均为海拔高度h的三次函数;无线电干扰和可听噪声水平均与电晕电流有效值呈对数增长关系,其中可听噪声与电流有效值的函数关系随海拔高度变化而改变。

直流电场下涂层对导线表面水滴电致运动及电晕放电的影响

架空输电线路上的电晕放电现象通常由导线表面凸起物造成,如雨滴、污秽等,其中雨滴产生的电晕放电现象最为普遍。当前世界各国对于直流输电线路电晕放电机理的研究仍不够深入,因此其也成为发展高压直流输电亟待解决的问题之一。通过球板试验平台研究了涂敷涂层的铝球在表面附着水滴时,涂层对直流电晕特性及铝球表面水滴电致运动特性的影响;利用仿真软件建立了水滴电致运动多相流模型,分析了涂层接触角与水滴运动形态对水滴周围场强分布的影响。结果表明:水滴半径随接触角的增大而减小,水滴长度随接触角的增大先增大后减小;超亲水性涂层表面水滴吸附效应较强,水滴的运动幅度大大降低,水滴周围的电场强度畸变程度较小,同时电晕电流脉冲有效值最低;而超疏水性涂层表面的水滴难以稳定存在,水滴周围场强畸变程度较大,在电场作用下极易发生喷射现象,水滴喷射后场强的畸变程度会降低。

HAMON电除尘器故障分析及应对措施

HAMON电除尘器可用于处理催化裂化烟气中的催化剂粉尘。由于催化裂化装置四年一修,电除尘器不能随时停运检修,因此针对HAMON电除尘器的运行情况进行研究,对于保障电除尘器及催化裂化装置的长周期稳定运行具有重要意义。在运行过程中,电除尘器出现电流和电压降低的问题。对故障原因进行分析,并在电除尘器停运后进行检查,发现:腐蚀泄漏导致电除尘器内部烟气湿度大。制定了检查、检修项目,更换了配件,同时结合冷态试验结果,调整了电除尘器的电流、电压、振打周期和振打力度。检修开工后,电除尘器入口粉尘质量浓度53.3 mg/m^(3),出口粉尘质量浓度4.8 mg/m^(3),远低于设计值(30 mg/m^(3))。检修开工至今超过2 a,电除尘器运行平稳,未出现任何故障,实现了长周期稳定运行。

EACD技术处理制药废水的特性研究

本文阐述了EACD的放电过程与作用机理,对试验过程中不同参数条件展开对比论述。围绕雾化电晕效果,探索在不同条件下,各影响因素对COD去除率的影响,通过调节试验参数,改良雾化电晕效果,增强有机污染物的降解效果。在原试验基础上进行一系列的改进,最终确定试验装置的最优试验参数,得出EACD运行的最佳工况条件:白钢雾化电极+铁材质集尘极,水流量为40 mL/min,放电电压12 kV,放电时间48 min, COD去除率可达91.24%。

Impact of Ion Current on Total Electric Field Measurement Under HVDC Transmission Line

The total electric field(TEF) at ground level induced by high-voltage direct current(HVDC) overhead transmission lines is one of the important indexes for evaluating the lines' electromagnetic environment.Based on analyzing the existing TEF sensors and the measurement principle of ion-current density,the influence from ions on TEF measurements is quantitively studied.The results show that the ions generated by the corona from a HVDC transmission line in operation cause errors in the measurement of TEF.This error is determined through analyzing the component of total measuring current on the filed mill's sensing electrode: if no appropriate approach taken,the maximum measurement error reaches up to 4.3%.Furthermore,a method that can eliminate such error,and hence improve the accuracy of TEF sensors is designed.

Effects of temperature and discharge parameters on ozone concentration of negative corona discharge

The relationship of the ozone generation and the heating power, corona wire surface temperature, discharge electrode and netting electrode was studied during the negative corona discharge. The experimental results showed that the ozone concentration reduced with applied voltage decrease. With heating power increase, the ozone concentration of unit current decreased at exponential rate and it almost change no longer over 0.40 W. Under given temperature, the lower the applied voltage was, the smaller the ozone concentration was; while under given applied voltages, only over 11 kV could decrease with the surface temperature increase. The ozone concentration decreased with the lengthening of corona wire, and could reduced to 10 ppb under experimental condition of 14.2 kV; it also decreased with the shortening of wire diameter, and could decrease 67% at best in the given condition. Moreover, it decreased with the increasing size of netting electrode mesh. At the anion current of 1.65 μΑ, the ozone concentration of 5.0×5.0 cm 2 is only 41% of that of 3.3×3.3 cm 2.

Circle Points Discharge Tube Current Controller

Circle points discharge tube current controller is a new type device to limit the output of high voltage discharge current. Circle points uniform corona discharge to form air ionization current in the discharge tube. On the outside, even if the discharge electrode is spark discharging or the two discharge electrodes are short circuited, the air ionization current in the tube remains within a stable range, and there is no spark discharge. In this case, when the discharge current only increases slightly, the requirement to limited current is obtained. By installing the controller at a discharge pole with a small power but high voltage supply, we can realize the shift between the continuous spark line discharge and corona discharge. This provides a new simple device for spark discharge research and is a supplement to the Townsend discharge experiment.

Electro-hydrodynamic Simulation of Wire-plate Corona Discharge

To simulate the electro-hydrodynamics of wire-plate corona discharge at different voltages accurately,a simulation method,which relates the definite radius and initial velocity of a jet source to the amplitude of discharge voltage,is developed.Firstly,a model of the electro-hydrodynamics is established by the Matlab software using the governing equations discretized with the finite difference method.Secondly,the electric field strength and current density are simulated and the radius and initial velocity of a jet source at different voltages are determined.Finally,the discharge electro-hydrodynamics is simulated using the determined boundary conditions.Compared with using a conventional method,using the proposed method can obtain a wind velocity with smaller errors from the experimental and theoretical wind velocities: the errors between simulated wind velocity and its theoretical counter part at 45 kV and 50 kV decrease from 9% and 6.25% to 1.7% and 1.56%,respectively.Thus,the proposed method is feasible for the existing discharge models.

Characterization and comprehension of corona partial discharge in air under power frequency to very low frequency voltage

For the partial discharge test of electrical equipment with large capacitance,the use of lowfrequency voltage instead of power frequency voltage can effectively reduce the capacity requirements of test power supply.However,the validity of PD test under low frequency voltage needs to be evaluated.In order to investigate the influence of voltage frequency on corona discharge in the air,the discharge test of the tip-plate electrode under the frequency from 50 to0.1 Hz is carried out based on the impulse current method.The results show that some of the main features of corona under low frequency do not change.The magnitude of discharge in a positive half cycle is obviously larger than that in a negative cycle.The magnitude of discharge and interval in positive cycle are random,while that in negative cycle are regular.With the decrease of frequency,the inception voltage increases.The variation trend of maximum and average magnitude and repetition rate of the discharge in positive and negative half cycle with the variation of voltage frequency and magnitude is demonstrated,with discussion and interpretation from the aspects of space charge transportation,effective discharge time and transition of discharge modes.There is an obvious difference in the phase resolved pattern of partial discharge and characteristic parameters of discharge patterns between power and low frequency.The experimental results can be the reference for mode identification of partial discharge under low frequency tests.The trend of the measured parameters with the variation of frequency provides more information about the insulation defect than traditional measurements under a single frequency（usually 50 Hz）.Also it helps to understand the mechanism of corona discharge with an explanation of the characteristics under different frequencies.

考虑空间电荷分布的旋转风机叶尖电晕放电特性

雷击灾害严重威胁风电机组的稳定运行,目前尚缺乏针对旋转风机叶尖电晕特性的研究。为此,搭建了缩比旋转风机叶尖电晕观测实验平台,开展了风机叶尖的电晕模拟实验,分析了正负雷电极性下旋转叶尖的电晕平均电流、放电重复率以及占空比等电晕特征量,获得了正、负雷电极性下旋转风机的叶尖电晕放电特性;同时,建立了叶尖电晕的流体-等离子体化学混合的数值模型,从微观角度研究了不同极性叶尖电晕演化的差异。分析结果表明:与静止风机的电晕随机脉冲模式相比,旋转风机的叶尖电晕呈周期性间隔放电簇模式,且随着转速增加,电晕放电电流和重复率呈上升趋势;风机叶尖的正负电晕具有明显的极性效应,对叶尖正负电晕放电图谱进行分析发现,相较于正电晕呈分离特征明显的间隔放电簇模式,负电晕呈间隔的放电簇与连续的微弱放电叠加的模式。所得结论可以为旋转风机雷击防护技术提供理论依据。

两种电晕放电特性比较研究

为明确2种不同电源的电晕特性,对恒压电源和脉冲电源形成的电极对,通过控制变量法进行了2种电晕放电的电场特性及除尘性能的比较研究。实验结果表明:相同工况下,脉冲电晕放电的击穿电压和起晕电流都高于恒压电晕放电,其产生的平均电子密度高,使得粉尘去除效果略好,且除尘性能稳定,产生的副产物O3量少。

计及多脉冲回击电流及电晕电流效应的输电线路耦合雷电过电压特性

目前在输电线路耦合雷电过电压的理论计算研究工作中,大多均考虑单一回击电流源的情况,忽视了现实中闪电主要以多脉冲的形态存在居多,忽略了导线电晕放电效应对过电压抑制作用的影响。因此,对双Heidler回击电流源进行改进,建立一次放电过程包含3个峰值电流的多脉冲电流源,并对单脉冲作用下电晕放电模型进行优化,使其满足多脉冲作用下电晕放电效应,同时采用leap-frog算法对Maxwell方程组进行二阶高精度差分,提高其模型的稳定性。研究结果表明:单脉冲作用下所计算出的过电压峰值与IEEE标准结果相对误差仅为2.11%,同时多脉冲使线路耦合过电压峰值较单脉冲抬升17.08%;电晕效应抑制了多脉冲作用下输电线路过电压峰值7.29%;与雷击点较远相位导线耦合的过电压峰值与离雷击点最近相线过电压相差17.5%。研究结论能够为输电线路差异化防雷设计提供更加精确的理论支撑。

气流和外加磁场对负电晕放电特性的影响

利用线-筒电晕放电装置,研究了气体流动和外加磁场对负电晕放电的影响。当电压固定时,电晕放电电流随气体流量的增加先快速增大,并到达一个高点后迅速下降,随着流量的进一步上升,放电电流又开始缓慢增加。外加磁场能增加电晕放电的电流,但在高的气体流速下,磁场将降低电晕放电的电流,同时外加磁场增加臭氧的产生,直到温度上升导致它的快速降解。

气压湿度对负直流电晕特性影响的研究

为得到负直流电晕特性随着气压湿度的变化规律,建立了考虑气压湿度影响的负直流电晕起始电压的物理模型,利用模拟电荷法和计算表面光电子数目的方法求解了负直流电晕起始电压。在人工气候罐中,利用棒–板电极,测量了不同气压湿度下的负直流电晕起始电压和电晕电流。计算和试验结果表明:电晕起始电压随气压下降、湿度升高而减小,主要原因分别是有效电离系数增大导致的电离区域的扩大和高场强区域内碰撞电离能力的增强。当直流电压和电晕起始电压的比值一定时,电晕电流随气压下降、湿度升高而减小;当直流电压一定时,电晕电流随气压降低而增大,随湿度升高而减小。电晕电流和直流电压、电晕起始电压关系式中的系数C随湿度增大的不同变化趋势和正负离子与水分子结合状态的差异有关。