Active injection protection scheme for flexible HVDC grids based on amplitude of input impedance

High-voltage direct current(HVDC)grids require fast and reliable protection of the DC lines.The performance of traditional protection schemes is easily impaired by the limitations of the boundary condition and nonlinearity from the control of converters.One of the key technologies for flexible HVDC grids is the half-bridge modular multilevel converter(HB-MMC).Considering the high controllability of HB-MMC,this study proposes an active injection protection scheme to improve the reliability and sensitivity of the HVDC grid protection.The HB-MMC is used to inject a sinusoidal characteristic signal,at the specified frequency,into the DC lines.Then,the voltage and current at the specified frequency are extracted using the Prony algorithm to calculate the input impedance,which is used for the identification of internal and external faults.The active injection protection scheme was simulated for various cases in the simulation software Power Systems Computer Aided Design.The simulation results indicate that the proposed protection scheme is highly reliable and can overcome transition resistance.

A New Characterization Approach of Weld Nugget Growth by Real-Time Input Electrical Impedance

The in-process changes of weld nugget growth during the Resistance Spot Welding were investigated based on the resistance of input electrical impedance. To compute the time varying resistance of input electrical impedance, the welding voltage and current signals are measured simultaneously and then converted into complex-valued signals by using Hilbert transform. Comparing with the dynamic contact resistance as reported in literature, it showed that the time varying resistance of input electrical impedance can be accurately correlated with the physical changes of weld nugget growth. Therefore, it can be used to characterize the in-process changes of weld nugget growth. Several new findings were reported based on the investigation of spot welds under no weld, with and without weld expulsion conditions.

AN ANALYSIS ON INPUT IMPEDANCE OF A SINGLE MICROSTRIP PATCH IN THE QUASI-OPTICAL CAVITY

The electromagnetic field integral equation in the quasi-optical cavity is obtained using the dyadic Green’s function. An expression is derived for the input impedance of a single microstrip patch cavity excited by a coaxial probe using moment method. The input impedance of a rectangular microstrip patch is discussed with this method. The result of this paper is similar to that of the microstrip antenna. This paper is of very important value for designing microstrip quasi-optical oscillator.

T-Y TUBE MODEL OF HUMAN ASCENDINGAORTIC INPUT IMPEDANCE

This paper proposed a T- Y tube model to simulate foe input impedance of arterial system. It improves and extends the asymmetric T-tube model which was firstproposed by O' Rourke[1] and developed laier by Liu et al.[2]. Based on foe asymmetricT-tube model. a T-Y tube model was proposed by adding branching tubes whichrepresem the iliac arteries.All the tubes are considered to be uniform,viscoelasticlongitudinally tethered cylindrical tubes.The upper tube terminates with a windkesselmodel, while the terminal arterioles of the lowr tube are expressed as a resistance.After proper eraluation of the parameters.the impedance of the arterial system iscalculated under normal physiological and hypertensive condition.The model canpredict impedance in good agreement with the experimentally obtained data no matterin normal physiological condition or in pathological condition In comparison with theasymmeric T-tube model,T- Y tube model is closer to anatomy structure of the human arlerial system and at the sametime much simpler than the extremely complex multiplebranching tube model Therefore it will be a valuable model in studying the influencesof various parameters on aorta impedance and ventricular-vascular coupling.

Analysis of Input Impedance of Asymmetrically Loaded Annular Ring Antenna

In this communication the numerical modelling for input impedance of an annular ring antenna is done. The cavity model is used for the analysis and the post is loaded asymmetrically at a point from the centre of the ring. The numeri-cal model formed is verified with the results of IE3D model based on method of moments. The loading of antenna can be used to design broadband antennas by enhancing the bandwidth of antennas.

RESEARCH ON INPUT IMPEDANCE OF DIPOLE ANTENNA IN GTEM CELL

The formula of input impedance of dipole antenna in Gigahertz Transverse ElectroM agnetic(GTEM) cell based on the dyadic Green's function is first obtained in this paper. The validation of the formula is verified by the results of theoretical derivation and simulation with well agreements. In comparison with the formula of input impedance in free space, the relationship between the change of input impedance with the length of antenna and the position of antenna in GTEM cell is obtained. In addition, some meaningful conclusions are presented, which not only can be referred by the further research of ElectroM agnetic Interference(EMI) measurements in GTEM cell, but also provide the theoretical basis for testing compensation and error analysis.

Input Impedance of a Tunable Rectangular Microstrip Antenna

Input Impedance of a Tunable Rectangular Microstrip Antenna...

An evaluation of input/dissipation terms in WAVEWATCH Ⅲ using in situ and satellite significant wave height data in the South China Sea

A WAVEWATCH III version 3.14（WW3） wave model is used to evaluate input/dissipation source term packages WAM3, WAM4 and TC96 considering the effect of atmospheric instability. The comparisons of a significant wave height acquired from the model with different packages have been performed based on wave observation radar and HY-2 altimetry significant wave height data through five experiments in the South China Sea domain spanning latitudes of 0°–35°N and longitudes of 100°–135°E. The sensitivity of the wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 package also has been analyzed. From the results, the model is unable to dissipate the wave energy efficiently during a swell propagation with either source packages. It is found that TC96 formulation with the ＂effective wind speed＂ strategy performs better than WAM3 and WAM4 formulations. The wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 source package is very sensitive and needs to be calibrated and selected before the WW3 model can be applied to a specific region.

On the Pronunciation of ELT Teachers in China as a Source for Language Contact and Language Input

在外语教学中,教师发挥着越来越重要的作用。因此,对外语教师的要求也随之提高。这一点已经得到了证实。作为语言沟通和语言输入的来源,外语教师的标准发音给教学带来了很大作用。因此,应当对外语教师进行培训,然后挑选合格者任职。这样,才能教会学生标准的语音语调,促进语言的正确运用。

基于谐波状态空间的高压直流输电系统SISO阻抗建模及稳定性分析

近年来,电网换相换流器型高压直流输电(line commutated converter based on high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统的稳定性问题得到广泛关注,多位专家学者建议采用谐波状态空间(harmonic state space,HSS)等线性周期时变建模方法对其分析。然而,HSS不可避免地提高了建模的复杂度与维数,在面对大规模交直流系统时具有局限性。同时,LCC-HVDC包含多类型谐波耦合,各部分耦合对稳定性的影响大小尚未得到充分论证。为此,文中以HSS为底层理论建立LCC-HVDC的耦合阻抗矩阵,揭示高压直流输电系统内部的谐波耦合机理。进一步,通过多频电路等效思想,提出三相系统多维阻抗的降维方法,将耦合阻抗矩阵无损降维成单入单出阻抗,以此分析不同次数的谐波耦合对阻抗特性与稳定性的影响。结果表明,考虑到13次谐波截断可以有效提升高压直流输电系统阻抗模型精度,但对稳定性分析结果的影响小于忽略工况变化、简化逆变侧带来的误差。

基于虚拟阻抗的三相Buck整流器输入不平衡控制策略

三相输入电压不平衡时,传统双环控制三相Buck整流器的输出电压存在二倍频脉动,输入电流发生明显畸变,严重影响整流器的性能和可靠性。为抑制输出电压脉动和输入电流畸变,该文通过建立三相Buck整流器在两相静止坐标系下的等效电路模型及功率传输数学模型,分析输出电压二倍频脉动及输入电流畸变产生的机理,在此基础上提出一种基于虚拟阻抗的输入不平衡控制策略,最后通过仿真和1 kW的实验样机验证了理论分析的正确性和所提控制策略的有效性。

一种低功耗低失调的集成运算放大器

针对高精度、低功耗运放的需求,利用40V双极型工艺设计了一款电源电压为3~30V的低功耗、低失调集成运算放大器。该运放为单片四通道结构,利用一个不完全对称的二级运放,以减小电路的功耗,同时使得输入级失调得到有效改善。并且在输入级加入了一对射极跟随器,增大电路的输入阻抗,使得输入基极电流有效减小。芯片的测试结果表明,在-55~125℃的范围内,平均开环增益可以达到105.998dB,平均失调电压为159.27μV,平均输入偏置电流为-5.787nA,平均输入失调电流为-0.287nA,单个运放的平均电源电流为189.679μA。

一种改进Shapley值法的林浆纸供应链绿色收益分配研究

林浆纸产业作为关系国计民生的重要行业,在推进生态文明建设中肩负着重要使命。在梳理林浆纸供应链绿色收益分配必要性的基础上,分析了传统Shapley值法的局限,通过引入投入修正系数,构建了基于改进Shapley值法的收益分配模型,并结合案例进行求解,验证了改进方法的合理性和有效性。最后,从健全收益核算、完善利益协调机制、创新金融模式等方面,提出推动林浆纸供应链绿色收益合理分配的政策建议,以期为林浆纸产业高质量发展提供决策参考。

基于充电车棚多PFC系统建模及稳定性分析

电动车棚充电系统中的多功率因数矫正(power factor correction,PFC)变换器可能引起系统出现高幅度周期性阻尼震荡,严重时危及系统稳定运行。对此,结合阻抗建模对PFC变换器进行综合分析,探讨变换器台数对系统稳定性的影响。以多PFC连接系统为研究对象建立多PFC变换器阻抗模型,采用奈奎斯特稳定性判据,从接入系统变换器数量和系统源阻抗大小两方面研究多PFC连接系统稳定性变化规律。运用Simulink仿真平台搭建多PFC变换器并联接入电动车棚充电系统仿真模型,验证理论分析的有效性。仿真结果表明,随着变换器数量增加,系统总电流畸变程度增加,伴随源阻抗变化,畸变程度进一步加剧增至原有的70%。面对多PFC连接系统,系统谐波震荡水平与PFC变换器数量呈正相关,伴随源阻抗的改变,谐波震荡水平将进一步加剧。

基于对比优化的多输入融合拼写纠错模型

文本编辑工作中,中文拼写纠错必不可少.现有中文拼写纠错模型大多为单输入模型,语义信息和纠错结果存在局限性.因此,文中提出基于对比优化的多输入融合拼写纠错模型,包含多输入语义学习阶段和对比学习驱动的语义融合纠错阶段.第一阶段集成多个单模型的初步纠错结果,为语义融合提供充分的互补语义信息.第二阶段基于对比学习方法优化多个互补的句子语义,避免模型过度纠正句子,同时融合多个互补语义对错误句子进行再纠错,改善模型纠错结果的局限性.在SIGHAN13、SIGHAN14、SIGHAN15数据集上的实验表明文中方法可有效提升纠错性能.

单相无桥功率因数校正变换器拓扑族推演回顾与性能分类总结

随着多种节能标准与低碳政策的实施,单相无桥功率因数校正(power factor correction,PFC)拓扑受到更多关注。目前,虽然多种无桥拓扑已被提出并被应用于不同应用场合,但尚未有文献系统地概述这类无桥PFC拓扑结构特点并开展拓扑性能分析。该文通过将双变换单元进行输入并联输出并联(input-parallel output-parallel,IPOP)、输入并联输出串联(input-parallel output-series,IPOS),提出无桥拓扑族系统推演方法以及无桥拓扑IPOP与IPOS的分类。同时,以6种变换单元为例,推演28种无桥拓扑并作相关拓扑概述,说明无桥拓扑族系统推演方法的普适性。其次,通过对称性与对偶性,进一步简化无桥拓扑族的器件数量。然后,筛选出12种主要无桥拓扑与传统有桥拓扑比较,并分别介绍12种无桥拓扑性能特点。最后,基于性能对比结果,归纳IPOS与IPOP两类拓扑的优缺点与适用场景。

考虑右半平面极点的三相并网变换器小干扰稳定性分析

电力电子设备渗透率的不断提高使得电力系统转动惯量和阻尼水平下降,对新型电力系统安全稳定运行带来不可忽略的影响。目前并网变换器系统判稳方法常采用奈奎斯特判据和广义奈奎斯特判据,但这两种判据均适用于阻抗比中不含右半平面(right half plane, RHP)极点的场景。针对上述问题,基于考虑正负序耦合和源荷之间耦合的等效单输入单输出(single-input single-output, SISO)系统阻抗模型,提出了考虑RHP极点的三相变换器并网系统判稳方法。首先,对研究系统的RHP极点个数及奈奎斯特曲线包围点(-1, j0)的次数进行估算。然后,在奈奎斯特判据的基础上,利用SISO系统阻抗伯德图进行分析,在系统存在RHP极点的情况下对系统的稳定性进行判断。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink中搭建电磁暂态仿真模型,验证了在有无RHP极点的不同场景下,所提判稳方法均能对三相变换器并网系统的小干扰稳定性进行有效分析。

基于输入输出线性化的三电平Boost PFC控制策略

针对传统双闭环控制动态调节时间过长的问题,提出了一种基于输入输出线性化的三电平Boost PFC变换器控制策略。首先,分析了三电平Boost PFC变换器的工作模态,建立了状态空间方程;然后,推导出三电平Boost PFC变换器输入输出非线性模型,判断线性化的可行性,进而对系统进行线性化;最后,利用经典控制理论设计控制器,并增加电压平衡控制,保证变换器的中点电位平衡。仿真结果表明:负载恒定时,输入电流可跟随输入电压相位变化并保持正弦波形,电流波形更为平滑;负载跳变时,电压电流调节迅速,输出电压除纹波稍有变化外,电压平均值保持恒定。证明了所提控制策略具备良好的动、静态特性及强鲁棒性。

基于LMT信号的微电网交流器输出阻抗校正方法

微电网交流器输出阻抗校正方法难以抑制交互过程产生的谐波谐振,导致失稳。为此,提出基于LMT信号的微电网交流器输出阻抗校正方法,分析下垂控制变闭环输出阻抗,计算输出功率调节转换器的额定电流小扰动能量,建立传递函数实现阻抗分析。通过LMT信号原理重新定义所有数据格式,计算微电网交流器阻抗数值,利用LMT信号反演实现阻抗校正。实验结果表明,校正前的电压峰值为375 V,峰值电流为400 A,校正后的波形均匀稳定,且峰值与校正前基本一致,因此基于LMT信号的微电网交流器输出阻抗校正方法能保证校正过程的稳定性。

基于切比雪夫窗的配电电缆缺陷诊断优化研究

电缆输入阻抗谱加窗傅里叶变换后主瓣宽度过大,导致电缆末端附近缺陷定位“死区”过大。为解决该问题,提出一种基于切比雪夫窗的配电电缆缺陷定位改进方法。首先,建立电缆分布参数模型,结合电缆输入阻抗谱阐述局部缺陷定位原理;然后,通过海明窗、布莱克曼窗和切比雪夫窗对电缆输入阻抗谱加窗进行仿真研究,对比分析各窗函数性能;最后,由电缆阻抗相位谱构造诊断函数并结合切比雪夫窗实现缺陷定位与缺陷类型识别。对长度为100 m的10 kV XLPE电缆进行仿真研究,所得结果表明:与直接对电缆阻抗谱加切比雪夫窗处理相比,所提方法不仅能将距电缆首端2 m处缺陷定位相对误差由0.467%减小至0.029%,而且定位“死区”从距电缆末端6m减小至3 m,同时能够根据缺陷处波形特征识别不同缺陷类型。