Finite-Time Normal Mode Disturbances and Error Growth During Southern Hemisphere Blocking

The structural organization of initially random errors evolving in abarotropic tangent linear model, with time-dependent basic states taken from analyses, is examinedfor cases of block development, maturation and decay in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere duringApril, November, and December 1989. The statistics of 100 evolved errors are studied for six-dayperiods and compared with the growth and structures of fast growing normal modes and finite-timenormal modes (FTNMs). The amplification factors of most initially random errors are slightly lessthan those of the fastest growing FTNM for the same time interval. During their evolution, thestandard deviations of the error fields become concentrated in the regions of rapid dynamicaldevelopment, particularly associated with developing and decaying blocks. We have calculatedprobability distributions and the mean and standard deviations of pattern correlations between eachof the 100 evolved error fields and the five fastest growing FTNMs for the same time interval. Themean of the largest pattern correlation, taken over the five fastest growing FTNMs, increases withincreasing time interval to a value close to 0.6 or larger after six days. FTNM 1 generally, but notalways, gives the largest mean pattern correlation with error fields. Corresponding patterncorrelations with the fast growing normal modes of the instantaneous basic state flow aresignificant' but lower than with FTNMs. Mean pattern correlations with fast growing FTNMs increasefurther when the time interval is increased beyond six days.

Centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns are studied in Au＋Au collisions by using AMPT with string melting, RQMD and UrQMD models. The behaviors of the shortrange correlation （SRC） and the long-range correlation （LRC） are presented clearly by two spatial-position dependent correlation patterns. For centrality dependence, UrQMD and RQMD give similar results as those in AMPT, i.e., in most central collisions, the correlation structure is flatter and the correlation range is larger, which indicates a long range rapidity correlation. A long range rapidity correlation showing up in RQMD and UrQMD implies that parton interaction is not the only source of long range rapidity correlations. For energy dependence, AMPT with string melting and RQMD show quite different results. The correlation patterns in RQMD at low collision energies and those in AMPT at high collision energies have similar structures, i.e. a convex curve, while the correlation patterns in RQMD at high collision energies and those in AMPT at low collision energies show flat structures, having no position dependence. Long range rapidity correlation presents itself at high energy and disappears at low energy in RQMD, which also indicates that long range rapidity correlations may come from some trivial effects, rather than the parton interactions.

Trace initial interaction from final state observable in relativistic heavy ion collisions

In order to trace azimuthal angle dependence of the initial interaction in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collision, two azimuthal multiplicity-correlation patterns neighboring and fixed-to-arbitrary angularbin correlation patterns -- are suggested. From the simulation of Au ＋ Au collisions at √SNN = 200 GeV by using the Monte Carlo models RQMD with hadron re-scattering and AMPT with and without string melting, we observe that the correlation patterns change gradually from out-of-plane preferential one to inplane preferential one when the centrality of collision shifts from the central collision to peripheral collision, meanwhile the anisotropic collective flow v2 keeps positive in all cases. This regularity is found to be collision energy independent. The physics behind the two opposite trends of correlation patterns, in particular, the presence of out-of-plane correlation patterns at RHIC energy, are discussed.

Sequence Pattern Correlation of Amino Acid in Collision-induced Dissociation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A novel approach of sequence pattern correlation has been applied to predict an expected amino acid sequence from CID ESI MS spectra. The proposed approach deduces sequence patterns with no help from known protein database such that it is useful to identify an unknown peptide or new protein. The algorithm applies a cross correlation to match an experimental CID spectrum with predicted sequence pattern generated from fragmentation information. The fragmentation knowledge of both y series and other non y series are utilized to generate the predicted sequence patterns. In contrast to the normal de novo approach, the proposed approach is insensitive to mass tolerance and non susceptive to spectral integrality with no need for selection of a starting point.