Game theory approach to optimal capital cost allocation in pollution control

This paper tries to integrate game theory, a very useful tool to resolve conflict phenomena, with optimal capital cost allocation issue in total emission control. First the necessity of allocating optimal capital costs fairly and reasonably among polluters in total emission control was analyzed. Then the possibility of applying game theory to the issue of the optimal capital cost allocation was expounded. Next the cooperative N person game model of the optimal capital cost allocation and its solution ways including method based on Shapley value, least core method, weak least core methods, proportional least core method, CGA method, MCRS method and so on were delineated. Finally through application of these methods it was concluded that to apply game theory in the optimal capital cost allocation issue is helpful to implement the total emission control planning schemes successfully, to control pollution effectively, and to ensure sustainable development.

Simple Real Time Non-Co-Operative Game Theoritic Model for Energy Cost Optimization in Developing Countries

This paper describes the significant cost saving opportunities for consumers in developing countries by the use of a simple non-cooperative game theoretic mathematical model for demandside management techniques to mitigate the massive use of diesel back-up during grid outages and also other cost optimization schemes. Application of real time load scheduling optimization is investigated during power outages, for residential consumer in India. This method involves a beautiful formulation of a non–cooperation behavior between the diesel generator & the residential consumer during power outages. This involves a tree model with a two player game, where in player one is the diesel generator & player two is the consumer. Depending on the duration of the outage & the consumers limit on the cost for energy different cost optimization strategies can be generated. The load types modeled include passive loads and schedulable, i.e. typically heavy loads. It is found that this DSM schemes show excellent benefits to the consumer. The maximum diesel savings for the consumer due to strategy formulation can be approximately ranging from 45% to as high as 75% for a flat-tariff grid. The study also showed that the actual savings potential depends on the timing of power outage, duration and the specific load characteristics.

Integrating Activity-Based Costing （ABC） and Theory of Constraint （TOC） for Improved and Sustained Cost Management

Implementing effective cost management approaches has recently gained momentum due to intense competition and increasing customer demands. Moreover, effective cost management approaches have contributed to firms＇ competitive advantage in relation to cost leadership strategy. Consequently, firms have implemented contemporary cost management systems, such as activity-based management, business process re-engineering, life-cycle costing, target costing, and theory of constraint （TOC）, to enable them to become low-cost producers and compete effectively and sustain their performance. Furthermore, focusing on cost management to improve profitability has led to the integration of activity-based costing （ABC） and TOC. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review literature and discuss how integration of ABC and TOC can result in improved and sustained cost management. While these methods have different approaches in addressing cost management, treating them as complementary cost management approaches can result in improved cost management due to improved product costing, improved cost reporting, improved product-mix decisions, and improved cycle-time management. Improvement in cost management will then result in sustained cost management. Sustained cost management is further enhanced with the investment in information customer and shareholder value technology that supports cross-functional decision making to continue creating to remain competitive in the market.

Application of Grey System Theory in Design For Cost (DFC)

Design For Cost (DFC) is a branch of Design For X (DFX). In this paper, wedefined DFC as a design method that analyzed and evaluated the product's life cycle cost (LCC), thenmodified the design to reduce the LCC. Nowadays it is a very difficult thing to obtain LCC data inChina or in developing countries. Statistical methods can not be used because available LCC data arefew. In order to solve this problem, we used grey system theory. Then relations of cost factorswere analyzed in LCC using grey relevant methods, and a GM(1,1) model between design parameters andLCC was established. Using this model, we can estimate and control LCC by changing design parametersat the beginning of the design stage.

A game theory based method for inter-plant heat integration considering cost allocation

Inter-plant heat integration is an effective way for energy recovery in process industry. Although inter-plant heat integration can significantly reduce energy consumption, it is not widely applied in the multiple stakeholders’ situation due to profit or cost distribution problems. Therefore, this work considers both the technique aspects of heat integration and its business aspects between stakeholders simultaneously. The new proposed methodology consists of three steps. Firstly the optimal matching of heat integration between plants is obtained through mathematical programming. Then the cost distribution is decided through game theory. Finally the cost distribution obtained previous is corrected by an ideal expert model. A case study is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the method in the end of the work.

Supply chain coordination mechanisms under asymmetric information with retailer cost disruptions

A two-level supply chain model involving one supplier and one retailer with linear demand is developed, and supply chain coordination mechanisms under asymmetric information （the retailer＇ s cost structure is asymmetric information） are proposed by employing game theory in two scenarios： coordination mechanisms under asymmetric information in a regular scenario （without disruption）; and coordination mechanisms under asymmetric information in an irregular scenario （ with retailer cost disruptions）. It is optimal for the supply chain to maintain the original production plan and to guarantee a steadily running system if variations of retailer costs are sufficiently low and do not exceed an upper bound. This shows that the original production plan has certain robustness under disruptions. Decisions must be re-made if a retailer＇ s cost change is greater and exceeds an upper bound. Impacts of retailer cost disruptions on the order quantity, the retail price, the wholesale price and each party＇ s as well as the system＇ s expected profits are investigated through numerical analyses.

Traffic assignment problem under tradable credit scheme in a bi-modal stochastic transportation network: A cumulative prospect theory approach

The traffic equilibrium assignment problem under tradable credit scheme(TCS) in a bi-modal stochastic transportation network is investigated in this paper. To describe traveler’s risk-taking behaviors under uncertainty, the cumulative prospect theory(CPT) is adopted. Travelers are assumed to choose the paths with the minimum perceived generalized path costs, consisting of time prospect value(PV) and monetary cost. At equilibrium with a given TCS, the endogenous reference points and credit price remain constant, and are consistent with the equilibrium flow pattern and the corresponding travel time distributions of road sub-network. To describe such an equilibrium state, the CPT-based stochastic user equilibrium(SUE) conditions can be formulated under TCS. An equivalent variational inequality(VI) model embedding a parameterized fixed point(FP) model is then established, with its properties analyzed theoretically. A heuristic solution algorithm is developed to solve the model, which contains two-layer iterations. The outer iteration is a bisection-based contraction method to find the equilibrium credit price, and the inner iteration is essentially the method of successive averages(MSA) to determine the corresponding CPT-based SUE network flow pattern. Numerical experiments are provided to validate the model and algorithm.

Analyze the service outsourcing on the base of the modern economy theory

The paper provides information about the concept and the characteristics of the service outsourcing. It also analyzes the service outsourcing classification and the modem economy theory of the service outsourcing. Through the analysis, we hope to provide the foundation for further study.

Research on goal-setting method of rock drivage based on the balance among period, cost and quality

On the basis of the analysis on the disadvantages of the original goal-setting about rock drivage, this paper defined the ＂life cycle quality＂. With project management theory and the Cobb-Douglas function, ＂quality-cost and quality-price curve model＂ and the ＂total cost-period prediction model＂ were built. Then the goal-setting method of the balance among quality, cost and period of rock drivage was constructed by finding ＂life cycle cost＂ through ＂life cycle quality＂ using ＂quality-cost and quality-price curve model＂ and ensuring period through ＂life cycle cost＂ using ＂total cost-period prediction model＂ （hereinafter referred to as the ＂three goals balance method＂）. ＂Value contribution＂ which is the value of the contribution to a mine because of rock drivage, was found in the process of constructing the ＂quality-cost and quality-price curve model＂. An industrial test was done in coal mine A with the research results, staff footage efficiency improved by 24.24%, the period shortened by 14.3%, the ＂life cycle cost＂ dropped by 2.09%, the ＂life cycle quality price＂ improved by 3.29%, and value contribution increased by 25.3%. The result shows that the new goal method setting on the basis of coal mine profit maximization can ensure construc- tion period. At the same time, it can realize cost and quality objectives and the optimization and balance of relationship among them; rewarding excavation teams by ＂value contribution＂ can combine organizational goal with personal goal, it significantly raise the employee＇s work efficiency.

Estimating Military Aircraft Cost Using Least Squares Support Vector Machines

A multi-layer adaptive optimizing parameters algorithm is developed forimproving least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) , and a military aircraft life-cycle-cost(LCC) intelligent estimation model is proposed based on the improved LS-SVM. The intelligent costestimation process is divided into three steps in the model. In the first step, a cost-drive-factorneeds to be selected, which is significant for cost estimation. In the second step, militaryaircraft training samples within costs and cost-drive-factor set are obtained by the LS-SVM. Thenthe model can be used for new type aircraft cost estimation. Chinese military aircraft costs areestimated in the paper. The results show that the estimated costs by the new model are closer to thetrue costs than that of the traditionally used methods.

A TRUST REGION ALGORITHM VIA BILEVEL LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR SOLVING THE GENERAL MULTICOMMODITY MINIMAL COST FLOW PROBLEMS

This paper proposes a nonmonotonic backtracking trust region algorithm via bilevel linear programming for solving the general multicommodity minimal cost flow problems.Using the duality theory of the linear programming and convex theory,the generalized directional derivative of the general multicommodity minimal cost flow problems is derived.The global convergence and superlinear convergence rate of the proposed algorithm are established under some mild conditions.

Allocation of fixed transmission cost based on power flow tracing algorithm

In the electricity market, charging based on the traditional spot electricity price often results in the payment imbalance of electric network, and goes against the development of the power system. So, it is necessary to modify the spot price. The key of the modification lies in how to calculate the fixed unit transmission cost of each node, that is how to allocate the fixed transmission cost to users.To solve this problem, we develop a power flow tracing algrithm to modify the spot price. We put forward a path searching method based on the graph theory after studying the fundamental principle of power flow tracing and apply the method to the downstream tracing algorithm and upstream tracing algorithm according to the proportional distribution principle. Furthermore, to improve the computational efficiency of the algorithm, we introduce the branch expunction method to optimize the node order. By using the result of power flow tracing to get fixed node transmission cost and introducing it to modify the spot price, we obtain the synthetical price.The application to a 5-bus system prove the algorithm feasible.

Successful Delivery of Infrastructural Projects： Epistemic Overview of Cost Risk and Uncertainties

The process of decision making and risk analysis are essential tasks along the construction project cycle. Over the years, construction practitioners and researchers have used various methods, tools and techniques to evaluate risk and assist in making more concise decisions. Most practitioners, however, rely on their expert judgment, past experience, intuition, acquired and accumulated knowledge and gut feelings to make decisions. Aleatory （natural, heterogeneity and stochasticity） and epistemic （subjective, ignorance） are the two major types of uncertainties observed in natural sciences. Practitioners traditionally deal with aleatory uncertainty through probabilistic analysis based on historical data （frequentist approach）; and epistemic uncertainty, on the other hand, handled through the Bayesian approach which has limitations since it requires a priori assumption. This paper reports the application of the DST （Dempster Shafer Theory） of evidence to determine the most critical risk factors affecting project cost contingencies using their epistemic probabilities of occurrence. The paper further discuses how these factors can be managed to enhance successful delivery of infrastructural projects. It uses the mixed methodology, with data gathered through structured questionnaires distributed to construction clients, contractors, professionals and experts in the built environment. The research revealed that design risk, financial risk and economic risk were most important cost risk categorizations. In particular, scope changes, incomplete scope definition, incomplete design, changes in specification, micro and macroeconomic indicators and delayed payment problems were identified as the most important risk factors to be considered during the cost contingency estimation process, hence successful delivery of infrastructural projects. The paper concludes by recommending modalities for managing the contingency evolution process of risk estimation to enhance successful delivery and management of infrastructural projects.

The Application of Transaction Cost Theory in Supply Chain Management

In the context of globalization and digitalization, the application of transaction cost theory in supply chain management has become increasingly important. As business environments grow more complex, enterprises face challenges in effectively managing supply chain transaction costs. This paper systematically explores the application of transaction cost theory in supply chain management, covering key areas such as supplier selection, supply chain integration, and risk management. The research finds that supplier evaluation models based on transaction costs can help enterprises make more comprehensive selection decisions. In terms of supply chain integration, transaction cost theory provides important guidance for vertical integration decisions and the design of collaboration mechanisms. The application of digital technologies has both reduced traditional transaction costs and introduced new cost considerations. Faced with emerging risks such as cybersecurity and geopolitical issues, enterprises need to adopt dynamic transaction cost management strategies. In the future, the application of transaction cost theory in supply chain management will likely place greater emphasis on interdisciplinary integration and sustainable development, providing theoretical support for enterprises to achieve efficient, flexible, and sustainable supply chain management in the changing global business environment.

Implications of Fama-French Models and Critical Evaluation of Cost of Equity Approach in Explanation of Variations in Expected Stock Returns

CAPM theory that solves relationship between asset return and asset risk for potential investment project by CML and SML,is illustrated in the first section as an introduction of further analysis of corporate valuation techniques.Fama and French three factor model is perceived as a revision of CAPM,although it stills has severe weaknesses.CAPM theory solves relationship between asset return and asset risk for potential investment project by CML and SML.

社会交互成本理论与社会信用法的法理重构

社会信用体系建设探索实践面对法治拷问,社会交互成本理论对社会信用法治之路将如何前行进行了回应。该理论通过揭示和描述社会信用机制的内在规律,对我国社会信用体系建设当前实践给出了学理解读。在社会交互成本理论看来,社会信用建设现有的法治探索经验显示,社会信用法在法律的调整对象等一系列方面已然显现新的特征,以“行为本位”为前提的法理思维已经无法涵括社会信用法领域出现的新的法律现象。在依据社会交互成本理论形成的法理观念看来,社会信用法的调整对象已不只是信用行为,而是信用行为习惯及其背后的社会关系;调整手段不只是国家的强制力,而是国家强力规制与社会自我管理有机融合;调整方式不再是单纯的负面惩戒,而是以正向调整鼓励守信为主。

论中国数据跨境制度的现状、问题与纾困路径

中国已经建立了以“安全评估、标准合同、保护认证”为核心、以行业规定为配套的数据跨境制度体系,形成了既保安全又促发展的中国方案。但在具体立法中,该制度在理论与实践上存在双重失衡,在理论上缺乏完善的基础理论支撑,在实践中未能形成系统完整的制度体系,且其在适用关系上出现龃龉,与国际规则之间也存在割裂导致难以衔接,致使数据处理者在合规实践中面临较大成本,难以获得预期成效。不同于美国的“市场话语”和欧盟“权利本位”的数据跨境理论基础,中国应当基于国情明确利益平衡体系下的数据主权理论建构数据出境制度体系,矫正实践中过度保障安全的规制思路,通过单列安全评估、制定行业性与地方性特殊制度等措施,完善相关制度之间、国内法与国际规则之间的适用衔接,着力降低合规成本,保障制度落到实处。

拥堵收费下考虑船主心理期望成本的过坝策略研究

本文针对内河航运中水利枢纽通航拥堵问题,在拥堵收费下引入心理期望成本,以探寻面向双过坝模式(通航建筑物过坝和翻坝转运)的优化策略。首先,应用非抢占式M/M/1排队系统,构建了以综合过坝成本为参考点的决策模型,提出了三种情形(无心理期望成本、通航建筑物过坝的心理期望成本、双过坝模式的心理期望成本)下的船舶过坝优化策略,并对比分析了通航建筑物过坝比率、船舶平均等待时间和过坝系统总成本;然后,引入对翻坝转运的补贴策略,通过调整心理期望成本水平,来影响船舶过坝策略选择;最后,以三峡工程为例,验证了上述模型的有效性。结果表明:在拥堵收费下,考虑船主心理期望成本,可以促进过坝方式的转移,降低船舶过坝平均等待时间,且双过坝模式中均考虑该因素更有利于提升通航效率;同时,实施翻坝转运补贴策略,能充分发挥心理期望成本的调节作用,从而有效缓解水利枢纽通航拥堵问题。

交易费用政治学的反思与发展:交易价值理论的阐述

交易费用理论试图用单一的经济指标“成本”来解释纷繁复杂的政治社会现象,这一思路本身就具有局限性。对于更加复杂的公共领域而言,试图仅仅应用成本最小化的单一经济价值目标来解释说明,不仅片面、狭隘,甚至根本无法逻辑自洽,更谈不上能够指引公共领域的实践。公共领域的政治和行政问题需要回归到价值理性层面,应该适用公共价值的解释体系。交易价值理论认为公共领域交易行为应该是公共价值调和、公共价值排序、公共价值认同的过程,其最终目的是实现与交易行为相适配的最优公共价值。公共治理其实是一个公共价值交易与达成的过程。

量能度权:集团公司差异化管控的底层逻辑与治理对策

集团公司差异化管控能够优化不同出资主体的权力配置,然而集团公司管控现有研究对有限理性的默认假设缺乏关注,无法为集团公司差异化管控提供理论支持。本文基于不完全契约理论,指出集团公司差异化管控的底层逻辑是实际控制人、子公司其他股东和子公司高管围绕关键资源禀赋、子公司对集团公司的重要程度和依赖程度等影响因素进行剩余控制权优化配置。同时,剩余控制权配置过程会产生异质性配置结果,进而产生不同的管控模式和代理问题,这就需要辅以异质性治理结构与机制安排,以降低潜在治理成本。本文通过解构上述过程,主要回答了集团公司差异化管控的底层逻辑、分类依据和治理对策等三个核心命题,不仅可以助力集团公司差异化管控实践,还能够为完善中国特色现代企业制度、弘扬企业家精神提供有益启示。