Multi-objective Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Life Cycle Cost

为克服目前全寿命周期成本（life cycle cost,LCC）技术的应用局限于设备运行或维护阶段的不足,针对输电网整体建立一个3维LCC层级模型,包括时间维度、元件维度和费用维度。费用维度进一步分解为设备级、系统级、外部环境成本。研究了以可靠性为中心的维护手段的应用对维护成本的影响,利用电量不足期望值计算故障成本。在此基础上,对风电等4种不确定因素进行建模,建立以LCC成本最小和切负荷量最小为多目标的输电网机会约束规划模型。采用正态边界交点算法联合改进小生境遗传算法,对模型有效求解。最后,分别对18节点系统和77节点系统进行算例分析。研究结果给出了帕累托解集及推荐的最优规划方案;此外,LCC费用分解图表明了各费用的比重和影响,有利于指导未来资产管理。

Highway Planning and Design in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China: A Cost–Safety Balance Perspective

Engineering designs for mountainous highways emphasize compliance checking to ensure safety. However, relying solely on compliance checking may lead designers to minimize costs at the expense of high risk indicators, since the overall risk level of the highway design is unknown to the designers. This paper describes a method for the simultaneous consideration of traffic safety risks and the associated cost burden related to the appropriate planning and design of a mountainous highway. The method can be carried out in four steps: First, the highway design is represented by a new parametric framework to extract the key design variables that affect not only the life-cycle cost but also the operational safety. Second, the relationship between the life-cycle cost and the operational safety risk factors is established in the cost-estimation functions. Third, a fault tree analysis (FTA) is introduced to identify the traffic risk factors from the design variables. The safety performance of the design solutions is also assessed by the generalized linear-regression model. Fourth, a theory of acceptable risk analysis is introduced to the traffic safety assessment, and a computing algorithm is proposed to solve for a cost-efficient optimal solution within the range of acceptable risk, in order to help decision-makers. This approach was applied and examined in the Sichuan–Tibet Highway engineering project, which is located in a complex area with a large elevation gradient and a wide range of mountains. The experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly improved both the safety and cost performance of the project in the study area.

Cost-Benefit Assessment of Inspection and Repair Planning for Ship Structures Considering Corrosion Model Uncertainty

Owing to high costs and unnecessary inspections necessitated by the traditional inspection planning for ship structures, the risk-based inspection and repair planning should be investigated for the most cost-effective inspection. This paper aims to propose a cost-benefit assessment model of risk-based inspection and repair planning for ship structures subjected to corrosion deterioration. Then, the benefit-cost ratio is taken to be an index for the selection of the optimal inspection and repair strategy. The planning problem is formulated as an optimization problem where the benefit-cost ratio for the expected lifetime is maximized with a constraint on the minimum acceptalbe reliability index. To account for the effect of corrosion model uncertainty on the cost-benefit assessment, two corrosion models, namgly, Paik＇ s model and Guedes Soares＇ model, are adopted for analysis. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed method. Sensitivity studies are also providet. The results indicate that the proposed method of risk-based cost-benefit analysis can effectively integrate the economy with reliability of the inspection and repair planning. A balance can be achieved between the risk cost and total expected inspection and repair costs with the proposed method, which is very. effective in selecting the optimal inspection and repair strategy. It is pointed out that the corrosion model uncertainty and parametric uncertaintg have a significant impact on the cost-benefit assessment of inspection and repair planning.

北非绿色能源发展与中国-北非绿色能源合作展望

北非地区绿色能源自然禀赋较为理想,北非各国均把绿色能源发展作为推动能源转型和实现经济多元化的重要举措,并制定了相应的绿色能源发展战略规划,为长期发展谋篇布局。北非国家虽然绿色能源开发潜力巨大,但尚未形成较为完整的发展体系,仍存在发展不均衡、不充分等问题。中国绿色能源高质量发展居于全球领先地位,成为北非拓展绿色能源合作的重要选择。中国在积极推动全球能源治理、气候治理过程中,在中非、中阿绿色发展合作的整体框架下,逐步加大与北非地区的绿色能源合作,在太阳能发电、风力发电、水力发电、绿氢等领域取得了一定成果。未来,中国与北非国家绿色能源合作应着眼于双方绿色能源发展优势与需求,积极拓展融资渠道,探索“绿色能源+”合作模式,促进北非地区本土就业,加强人才培养与交流,力争不断完善并深化中国与北非绿色能源合作。

高比例分布式光伏并网背景下配电系统电碳耦合规划方法

国家实施强化绿色证书与减碳政策,明确了电能供应与碳排放之间的联系,电碳耦合成为必然趋势。在欧盟实施碳关税政策背景下,我国的碳税可能会大幅增长,因此需要一种能够精确描述和评估碳税变化趋势的方法。为此,基于配电系统功率碳排放计算方法,将规划成本、碳税纳入规划总成本,以配电系统规划投资最小为目标函数,确立碳排放因子、潮流约束、节点电压约束、支路电流约束、投资约束等约束条件,构建了一种配电系统电碳耦合规划模型,旨在描述电能消耗与碳排放之间的关系。并基于条件风险价值(CVaR)理论优化电碳耦合规划模型,给出在极端损失场景下量化碳税波动的方法,以预测碳税的大幅变化。利用IEEE 24节点系统对该模型及碳税波动量化方法进行仿真验证,结果表明,该模型能够提供电碳耦合规划方案,并能有效评估碳税的极端变化。

多障碍环境下巡检机器人路径规划优化研究

针对大规模、密集的障碍物分布,高效地搜索最佳路径是一个挑战,为规划出更短的巡检路线,并实现多障碍环境下的灵活避障,文中提出一种多障碍环境下巡检机器人路径规划优化方法。使用二维矩阵构建巡检环境模型,应用D*算法在巡检环境模型中进行巡检机器人路径规划,并将传统D*算法中的扩展步长方式改变为自适应扩展步长,使机器人在面积较大的巡检场地能够更快地完成巡检;将代价函数由欧氏距离替换为切比雪夫诺距离和曼哈顿距离融合的代价函数,并引入了平滑度函数优化线路规划结果,使规划的路径更为平滑,在遇到由于多种原因产生的新障碍物时可以重新规划路径。通过实验结果可知,无论是静态地图还是动态地图,该方法均可以快速准确地规划出一条最佳路线,并且在多种环境中应用该方法能够高效获取路径规划结果。

基于改进混合A^(*)算法的自动泊车路径规划方法研究

为了解决在自动驾驶过程中短距离自动泊车场景下,受环境复杂性影响导致传统的A^(*)算法和RS曲线加速搜索算法难以应用的问题,提出了一种加入反向搜索算法的改进混合A^(*)算法;利用地图栅格法和A^(*)算法计算启发值,通过检测车身轮廓线与简化后的障碍物线是否相交判断二者能否相撞,以节省搜索时间;通过控制RS曲线的扩展方向数量,保证路径的平滑性;经MATLAB仿真垂直入库和侧方泊车场景,对改进算法与传统算法进行了对比分析,验证了同等条件下改进的混合A^(*)算法在两种仿真场景的平均搜索时间上分别减少8.18%和20.53%,且能产生更短、更平滑的路径,从而验证了所提基于反向搜索算法的混合A^(*)算法的优越性。

A Preliminary Study on Modeling Stability of Planning Inventory and Incentive Effects

The incentive effects and dynamic aspects of the inventory system were discussed in this paper. The wage policy was regarded as a factor to influence workers' thinking of their action. A multiple objective problem was constructed for the owners and the workers. At the same time, the planning stability is considered in the presented model. Since the process speed is decided by the dynamic demand of production or the interior system itself, two situations were discussed in this paper.

A Flexible Multi-Layer Map Model Designed for Lane-Level Route Planning in Autonomous Vehicles

An increasing number of drivers are relying on digital map navigation systems in vehicles or mobile phones to select optimal driving routes in order to save time and improve safety. In the near future, digital map navigation systems are expected to play more important roles in transportation systems. In order to extend current navigation systems to more applications, two fundamental problems must be resolved: the lane-level map model and lane-level route planning. This study proposes solutions to both problems. The current limitation of the lane-level map model is not its accuracy but its flexibility;this study proposes a novel seven-layer map structure, called as Tsinghua map model, which is able to support autonomous driving in a flexible and efficient way. For lane-level route planning, we propose a hierarchical route-searching algorithm to accelerate the planning process, even in the presence of complicated lane networks. In addition, we model the travel costs allocated for lane-level road networks by analyzing vehicle maneuvers in traversing lanes, changing lanes, and turning at intersections. Tests were performed on both a grid network and a real lane-level road network to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Study on Influencing Factors and Planning Model of Mining Quantity about Mineral Resources in Open Pit

According to the particularity of the open pit, the main influencing factors of mining quantity about mineral resources have been summarized systematically in life cycle and the structured hierarchical relation of its influencing factors has been constructed. In the light of the production process of open pit, the functional relationships between investment, mining cost and mining quantity have been defined based on the process of mining and loading so that the relation of the life cycle cost and mining quantity can be set up. And what’s more, in order to obtain the maximum economic profit of mining enterprises in life cycle, the planning model of mining quantity has been established based on the life cycle cost. The rational distribution of mining quantity will have been found on the condition of obtaining optimal solution about the planning model so as to determine scientifically the production scale of mining enterprises from the point of view of the sustainable development.

PON and WiMAX Convergence Network Planning Based on Mixed Integer Programming Model

This article analyzes the characteristics of PON and WiMAX convergence network planning.Based on user coverage ratio,WiMAX channel allocation,cell radius,carrier-to-noise ratio threshold,and bandwidth constraint,we propose a mixed integer programming model solved by a Branch-Band and Heuristic Search method.Finally,the simulation result is given and analyzed.The planning method based on a mixed integer programming model can save 20 percentage of the overall planning cost,compared with the greedy algorithm.The relationship between the convergence network planning cost and frequency usage is also analyzed.The optimized planning result with the lowest cost can be acquired through the best frequency usage.

How palliative care can reduce healthcare costs &improve quality of care

The sustainability of the healthcare system has been in question for several years. With rising healthcare costs, limited resources and an aging population, society needs to come up with innovative ideas to reduce healthcare spending. This paper attempts to illustrate how addressing goals of care can have a significant impact on healthcare costs.

Comparative Cost Benefit Analysis of Different Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Basrah, Iraq

Solid Waste Management (SWM) system in Basrah has deteriorated recently to the point that only limited waste collection is undertaken in certain urban areas and disposal is largely to uncontrolled dump sites. In this study, the technical, economical, and environmental aspects of three SWM scenarios were investigated aiming to compare the scenarios and select the most appropriate one for implementation. Scenario 1 was to consider waste disposal into a sanitary landfill. Scenario 2 added waste transportation to transfer station before disposal to a sanitary landfill. Scenario 3 considered waste sorting, recycling and composting followed by landfill disposal in an integrated treatment disposal facility. The current open dumping practice was considered as the baseline scenario. According to economic analysis, the benefits from the revenues of selling the produced recyclables and compost did not improve the ranking of scenario 3. However, scenario 3 has gained positive recognition due to the environmental benefits of waste recycling. Therefore, final recommendations were in favour of scenario 3, which has been approved by the UNICEF, as well. Currently the recommended scenario is under implementation in Basrah, Iraq.

Optimal Risk-Based Maintenance Planning of Ship Hull Structure

Various structures such as marine structures age over time. In order to always maintain safety conditions, maintenance processes including inspection and repair should be implemented on them. Corrosion and fatigue cracks are two main factors that reduce the ultimate strength of the ship's hull girder over time and thus increase the probability and risk of failure. At the time of inspection,the structural conditions must be checked so that, if necessary, the required repairs can be done on it. The main objective of this paper is to provide optimized maintenance plans of the ship structure based on probabilistic concepts with regard to corrosion and fatigue cracks. Maintenance activities increase the operational costs of ships; therefore, it is advisable to inspect and repair in the optimal times. Optimal maintenance planning of the ship structure can be conducted by formulating and solving a multi-objective optimization problem. The use of risk as a structural performance indicator has become more common in recent years. The objective functions of the optimization problem include minimizing the structure's lifecycle maintenance costs, including inspection and repair costs, and also minimizing the maximum risk of structural failure during the ship's life. In the following,to achieve better responses, reliability index has been added to the problem as the third objective function. The multi-objective optimization problem is solved using genetic algorithms. The proposed risk-based approach is applied to the hull structure of a tanker ship.

城市物流枢纽经济规划技术方法与实践

枢纽经济已成为国家及省市关注的发展重点,但目前其顶层设计和规划编制体系尚未建立。基于国家、省、市已出台的有关政策文件,从货运物流的角度论证物流、枢纽和经济的关联性,从物流成本的角度指出物流枢纽经济衔接不畅是造成物流成本偏高的关键因素,其根源之一即交通规划、物流规划和产业规划3类规划缺乏融合,未能形成合力。以现有研究为基础,提出物流枢纽经济规划编制总体框架,明确量化分析、集聚发展、多式联运、产业耦合和政策配套5大技术要点,并结合湖北襄阳的规划实践探索具体方法,助力枢纽经济发展壮大。

计及生态阻力成本的新能源基地风光电站容量规划与布局优化方法

由于沙漠、戈壁、荒漠新能源基地海拔高以及生态环境恶劣,生态阻力作用影响风光电站容量规划与布局。以新能源基地为研究对象,提出一种计及生态阻力成本的风光电站容量规划与布局优化方法。基于新能源基地广域气象数据和广域地理信息数据,建立资源时空特性表征模型,并选取3种关键生态阻力因子建立生态阻力评价体系,在此基础上构建综合生态阻力成本模型;基于资源时空特性表征模型及综合生态阻力成本模型,建立综合成本最低的风光电站容量规划与布局优化模型,并给出模型的求解流程。基于西北某新能源基地实际数据的算例仿真结果表明,所提方法能有效解决新能源基地自然资源开发与生态阻力之间的矛盾,在保障系统可靠运行的前提下提升系统经济性。

基于深度强化学习的农村物流运输路径自动选择研究

常规方法求解运输路径自动选择模型时,选择的运输路径的运输总成本较高,因此,提出基于深度强化学习的农村物流运输路径自动选择方法。通过分析农村流通供应链的特殊性确定目标函数,并基于目标函数设计运输路径自动选择模型,采用深度强化学习算法求解,设置状态-动作空间、奖励函数等要素完善动作选择过程,输出模型最优解,从而实现运输路径自动选择的目的。在实验论证中,所提方法所选运输路径的平均运输成本为8.35万元,相比对照方法更低。结果表明,设计的方法能够有效规划物流运输路径,降低运输成本。

Water pollution control planning for the Taizi River watershed

Water pollution control planning for the Taizi River watershed,a typical Chinese case study,is presented in this paper. Based on comprehensive analysis.water quality in the watershed was assessed and predicated;water quality models for the river and reservoir were built;and function of water bodies and environmental assimilative capacity were determined ;and then the planning for industrial pollution sources and concentrated sewage treatment were made respectively.

乡村区域共富的路径类型、动力机制与规划策略——基于浙江省3个典型案例的实证分析

新时代乡村振兴战略的根本目标是实现共同富裕。围绕单一村庄开展的建设提升已无法满足乡村发展的更高需求,从区域视角关注乡村共富成为当前的迫切要求。2003年启动的“千万工程”,不断推动浙江乡村建设由“单维”向“系统”转变,为乡村区域共富发展指明了方向,提供了注解。基于此,通过浙江省3个典型案例实证分析,深度剖析浙江省乡村区域共富的路径类型及其动力机制。研究发现,当前浙江省乡村区域共富路径主要包括乡村振兴联合体、特色村镇竞合体与产业文化和合体3种类型,其在形态特征、形成路径、动力结构等方面均存在差异。三者动力来源分别为社会价值认同、交易成本降低及规模经济驱动。在此基础上,提出应增强全局观念、创新公共产品供给、因地制宜提供专业化基础设施与公共服务设施等规划策略。这对于促进浙江省乡村区域共富发展具有现实意义,也为全国其他地区乡村发展提供借鉴与参考。

城市规划需要考量城市情感问题吗?

城市是一个充满人类情感的场所,城市人对其所在建成环境和城市规划实施行动会产生如此这般的感受。在发达的信息社会和高质量发展阶段,城市情感在城市生活中越来越凸显。然而,理性的城市规划实践往往难以把握,甚至忽略城市情感因素。本文探讨城市规划考量城市情感因素的重要性,并针对规划如何有效地认识、测度和提升城市情感提出一些初步的设想,包括规划师对城市情感的同感和认识过程、大数据情感分析方法和技术的应用,以及通过社区责任规划师的实践探索如何帮助减少弱势群体付出的情感代价。