Competitive analysis of price online inventory problem with cost function

In this paper,a new price is given to the online decision maker at the beginning of each day.The trader must decide how many items to purchase according to the current price.We present three variants and an online algorithm based on cost function.The competitive ratio of the online algorithm is given for each variant,which is a performance measure of an online algorithm.More importantly,we show that the online algorithm is optimal.

Effect of Carbon Price Floor on Levelised Cost of Gas-Fired Generation Technology in the UK

The UK government implements carbon price floor to provide long-term incentive to invest in low-carbon technology, thus, fossil-fuel power plants have to face increasing carbon price. This report addresses the effect of carbon price floor on levelised cost of gas-fired generation technology through the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) ap-proach with the estimation of carbon price floor. Finally, the comparison of levelised cost of electricity for all generation technology in the UK will be shown and discussed.

区块链环境下基于商业信用融资模式的供应链运营决策研究

应用区块链可以解决现有商业信用融资模式中存在的交货期过长、产品真实性难以保证和零售商不按时还款等问题。本文构建了应用区块链与未应用区块链的两种商业信用融资模式,运用Stackelberg博弈求解两种模式下供应链的最优批发价和零售价决策,研究未应用区块链时产品为真的概率、零售商期末按时支付剩余款项的概率、零售商违约对供应商造成的损失比例、应用区块链的单位运营成本和应用区块链后的交货期等因素对供应链运营决策和成员期望利润的影响,分析应用区块链后商业信用融资的价值。研究表明:当引入区块链缩短交货期、确保产品为真等功能带来的益处大于一定程度时,零售价和批发价高于传统模式;若零售商违约的可能性非常低,或者即使零售商违约,供应商的损失也不大,则传统模式下的批发价和零售价更高。若区块链运营成本小于零售商愿意支付的阈值,选择应用区块链对供应链所有企业而言均有利;而若区块链运营成本大于供应商愿意支付的阈值,供应链中任何企业均不会因应用区块链而受益。

装备寿命周期费用估算软件PRICE H剖析

对国外复杂系统费用估算软件PRICE（parametric review of information for costing and evaluation）的建模思路和方法进行了深入剖析。分析了其费用估算分解结构的建立依据，对输入参数进行了梳理，总结了费用估算的核心关系式形式以及核心参数——先进性综合参数的构建、确定与校准等关键问题，探讨了该软件的建模思路和方法对我国复杂装备费用估算建模的启示。

基础设施工程主要材料价格波动对工程造价的影响研究

随着社会经济的发展,城市基础设施建设规模不断扩大,所需材料种类繁多,而材料价格波动直接关系到基础设施工程建设的进度与质量,会给工程造价管理带来较大影响。因此,如何控制和降低工程造价是目前工程建设单位普遍关注的问题。文章结合某基础设施工程案例,分析了主要材料价格波动对工程造价的影响,然后提出材料价格波动控制策略,以期为相关工作人员提供一定的参考和借鉴。

EPC类项目“窗口期”大宗钢材风险管控措施

随着建筑行业的快速发展,EPC项目管理模式正逐渐成为主流。此模式主要特点为包含建设项目的设计、采购及施工,其合同模式体现为固定总价。“窗口期”即项目处于设计阶段,该阶段通常是指项目中标后5个月左右的项目设计阶段。此时项目建设完成后的收款已确定,但建设成本却根据材料价格有浮动。以项目材料价格中波动大、使用量大的钢材作为切入点,通过分析对其不同的价格风险管理措施,对比出各自方案的优势及劣势,以此帮助相关企业更精细化的控制项目成本,以保证企业长久平稳经营。

考虑价格因素的中国全要素生产率计算及其影响因素分析——基于Global Cost Malmquist和Tobit模型的实证研究

本文将价格因素引入模型中,基于Global Cost Malmquist指数模型估算全要素生产率,基于全要素生产率分解进一步分析我国的资源错配状况及其来源,并采用Tobit模型对全要素生产率尤其是价格效应的影响因素进行实证分析,研究结果表明:现阶段我国全要素生产率增长存在高估问题,技术进步对我国全要素生产率的正向促进作用日趋显著,由价格扭曲导致的资源错配是现阶段抑制我国全要素生产率进一步提高的主要因素,同时技术进步和价格扭曲加剧了地区全要素生产率差异;对外直接投资、出口贸易和金融发展提高了全要素生产率增长,改善了资源错配,而市场分割和工业占比则起到抑制作用;东部和西部地区的对外直接投资、中部地区的出口贸易以及西部地区的金融发展水平会显著改善地区价格扭曲程度。基于以上研究,提出加快资源配置市场化改革、培育开放的市场化动力、激发金融市场活力、优化产业结构等政策启示。

Marginal cost pricing for coal fired electricity in coastal cities of China:The case of Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen City, China

By developing a GDMOD model to estimate the environmental externalities associated with electricity generation, this project provides a detailed analysis of the damages and costs caused by different pollutants at varying distances from the Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen, China. The major findings of this study can be summarized that (1) environmental damages caused by electricity production are large and are mainly imposed on regions far away from the electricity plant; (2) air pollution is the most significant contributor to the total damages, and SO_2, NOx, and particulate matter are the three major pollutants with highest damages; (3) the damages caused per unit of particulate, NOx, and SO_2 emissions are much higher than pollution treatment and prevention costs. The research results of this project showed that China needs to have a more effective levy system on SO_2, and a more manageable electricity tariff mechanism to internalize the environmental externalities. The results have also implications for pollution control strategies, compensation schemes as well as emission trading arrangements.

Methods Research to Calculate Equivalent of Environmental Cost in Power Industry

Power industry as an important means of primary energy consumption, occupies an important position in coal consumption and pollutant emissions, and causes a great impact on the environment. It is particularly important to define environmental costs while Environmental costs account for a heavy weight in the total cost of generating after the introduction of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) This paper analyzes the composition of environmental cost and its calculation methods, three cost equivalent pricing methods and its scope in environmental costs were proposed, there are Government pricing, market pricing and cost accounting, then analyses the cost of equivalent effect on electricity trade.

Using Quantile Regression Approach to Analyze Price Movements of Agricultural Products in China

This paper studies how the price movements of pork,chicken and egg respond to those of related cost factors in short terms in Chinese market.We employ a linear quantile approach not only to explore potential data heteroscedasticity but also to generate confidence bands for the purpose of price stability study.We then evaluate our models by comparing the prediction intervals generated from the quantile regression models with in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts.Using monthly data from January 2000 to October 2010,we observed these findings：（i） the price changes of cost factors asymmetrically and unequally influence those of the livestock across different quantiles;（ii） the performance of our models is robust and consistent for both in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts;（iii） the confidence intervals generated from 0.05th and 0.95th quantile regression models are good methods to forecast livestock price fluctuation.

基于机器学习的成本法在专利价值评估中的应用研究--以“新能源汽车”为例

[目的/意义]构建基于机器学习的成本法专利价值评估方法,快速识别海量专利的实际成本,并预测其价值区间,在为专利价值评估提供新研究思路的同时,也为专利转移转化定价提供了参考借鉴。[方法/过程]通过Innography数据库与Incopat数据库下载“新能源汽车”领域多指标专利数据,提取专利成本影响因素与专利价值影响因素,并形成专利数据训练集与专利数据预测集;构建AutoGluon机器学习分类算法,将包含成本数据的Innography专利数据训练集导入模型进行训练,并将训练好的模型对Incopat专利数据预测集进行成本预测;最后使用成本法并结合本研究提出的专利价值指数对预测结果进行计算,估算其价格区间。[结果/结论]通过实证分析与结果验证可知,本研究构建的基于机器学习的成本法专利价值评估方法在预测专利价值区间中具备一定有效性,为促进专利价值评估研究深化及专利转移转化定价实践发展提供了参考。

Environmental and External Costs of Yali Hydropower Plant and Policy Recommendations in Vietnam

The purpose of this study is to estimate the monetary value of the main environmental and external costs of Yali Hydropower Plant (YHPP) and to incorporate them into the financial viability indices of the plant, namely its net present value and electricity price. The results were found that if the electricity price is kept at its original level of 5.2 US cents/kWh to cover direct costs only, the net present value of the plant would be reduced to about 27% by incorporating environmental and external costs. Alternatively, the electricity price would have to be increased to 5.68 US cents/kWh in order to cover the full costs of YHPP and to maintain the original net present value. The main policy recommendations are: Government regulations should require that the financial analysis and appraisal of all future electricity sources include the full cost of these schemes, including not only direct costs but also environmental and external costs related to preventing or mitigating the environmental impact caused by them. An appropriate financial mechanism should be established to allocate the revenue from full cost electricity pricing to a fund to cover the environmental protection and compensation costs.

Executive Stock Option, Mediation of Agency Costs and Allocation of Power in Levered Firms

The relationship between options and agency costs in levered firms is studied by modeling the effect of executive stock options on the manager's investment strategy in levered firms. Stock options do not necessarily aggravate agency costs in levered firms. The corporate governance affects agency costs greatly. If debt-holders were entitled to design executive stock options together with stockholders, by allocating power properly between stockholders and debt-holders, firm value could be enhanced greatly. The following way of allocating power between the two parties is proposed: the exercise price should be the weighted average of the stockholders' and debt-holders' suggested exercise prices. The weight allocated to debt-holders is positively related to the amount of debts that debt-holders lend to stockholders.

基于生态补偿的南水北调后续工程水价研究

制定科学合理的跨流域调水工程水价是开展水源区生态补偿的重要途径之一。在现有水价的基础上,新增生态补偿作为水价的重要组成部分,运用机会成本法测算南水北调东线工程水源区生态补偿标准,并引入社会发展阶段系数和政府支付能力系数对其进行修正,构建计入生态补偿的南水北调后续工程水价定价模型。以南水北调东线一期工程胶东干线为例,得到2016、2020年水源区的理论生态补偿标准分别为116.121、199.992亿元,在现行价格基础上水价需分别提高0.93、4.51元/m^(3)。结果表明,生态补偿会耗费大量资金,只有当工程调水能力达到规划设计规模时,持续性调水才能逐步降低供水成本,否则水价会超出受水区的承受范围,工程效益也难以发挥。

Price Paradox and Strategic Choice of "Vegetable Basket" in China

By using the analysis method of game theory,this paper analyzes the phenomenon of price paradox of "vegetable basket" in China and its reason as follows:the price paradox of "vegetable basket" in China is that if the vegetable is cheap,it will harm farmers,and if the vegetable is expensive,it will harm people;high-cost logistics,low negotiation status of vegetable growers and cooperation predicament are responsible for price paradox.Based on the theoretical basis of strategic choice-theory of intermediaries,it indicates that the intermediaries can realize effective transaction and save transaction cost.The strategic choice of solving price paradox of "vegetable basket" is put forward as follows:support vegetable growers' cooperatives,reduce transaction cost and raise the negotiation status of vegetable growers;develop the model of connection of agricultural products and supermarkets,and reduce the cost of transport and distribution;innovate upon intermediaries and develop the third-party logistics.

Major Determinants of Prices Increase of Building Materials on Ghanaian Construction Market

Prices increase of building materials is a common trend in both developed and developing countries. The prices increase of building materials results in high cost of housing.The aim of this study is to identify the major determinants of prices increase of building materials on Ghanaian construction market, and also to assess the relationship between the independent variables of the prices increase. A five-point Likert scale was used for the study;from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). The variables in the questionnaire were ranked based on the response of the participants of the study using Mean Response Analysis (MRA) statistics. Spearman correlation matrix was used to determine the relationship between the variables of prices increase of building materials. Crude oil prices, energy cost, local taxes and charges, cost of fuel and power supply, high running cost, high prices of raw materials, cost of transportation and the high cost of labour were found to be the major determinants of prices increase of building materials on Ghanaian construction market. The study further found multicollinearity relationship among variables of prices increase of building materials, of which the highest correlation coefficient was found between fast-growing demand due to high global economic growth and over-dependence on imported building materials. The study recommends that further research should be carried out to determine the control measures of increase prices of building materials in Ghana.

新型婚育文化视角下农村彩礼现状及治理路径研究——基于中西部地区H省的调查

培育新型婚育文化是新时代人口高质量发展的客观要求。彩礼作为婚育文化的重要内容,在一定程度上影响着适龄群体的婚恋生育意愿。农村“高价彩礼”问题相较城市更为突出,引发了社会各界的广泛关注。本文选择中西部地区H省为分析样本,通过大型问卷调查来客观呈现H省现阶段农村区域不同群体的彩礼态度,并通过预期彩礼价格、实付彩礼价格、彩礼嫁妆比等多个量化指标来测量农村区域的彩礼治理现状与存在问题。根据研究结论,提出要积极引导移风易俗,培育新型婚育文化;大力发展农村经济,促进区域协同发展;完善婚恋公共服务,优化婚恋友好环境等建议。

Analysis of Influence of Price to Customer Satisfaction Based on the Prediction Models

For the purpose of improvement of the sales, confirming the influence of price to the sales and customer satisfaction of the product is important. The most suitable price should be determined from the view point of customers, and it is extremely important to implement a high quality product corresponding to the real need of customers. It may have close relationship between cost and an expense to implement the individual inherent attribute of system product. Also, it may have close relationship between production cost and price of product. For the purpose of improvement of the customer satisfaction for quality of system product, the method of quantitative quality requirement and evaluation based on the ISO/IEC9126 quality model that includes six quality characteristics is widely recognized. In the precedent study, I have introduced the requirements definition method for the quality of system product based on the system quality model defined in ISO/IEC9126 and proposed the effectiveness of it statistically. In the previous study, I have also confirmed the relationship between inherent attributes of the product and quantitative result of the measured value of total customer satisfaction from the view point of six quality characteristics statistically. I performed the development of the prediction model to estimate the total customer satisfaction for the system product from the view point of inherent attribute of the product. And, I have proposed the effectiveness of application of the estimated prediction model and possibility of improvement of the total customer satisfaction of a system product. Based on the result of previous study, in this paper, I propose the result of investigation of influence of price to customer satisfaction, and the possibility of application of estimated prediction model for improvement of the total customer satisfaction of system product based on the price of product. Also, based on the result of investigation of relationship among price and inherent attributes of product, I propose the possibility of application of estimated prediction model and improvement of the price of system product from the view point of inherent attributes of product.

四川省气电容量成本回收机制研究

四川省发展气电是实现“双碳”目标,提升电力调峰调频、确保安全稳定供电的重大举措。2022年四川省出台气电上网两部制电价政策指导意见,明确气电容量电价按一定合理收益回收固定投资成本,电量电价与气价实施联动调整。通过梳理国家及部分省份的气电两部制电价政策,调查分析四川气电的成本构成,研究对气电投资成本回收机制并测算容量电价,提出了容量电价测算原则、方法以及疏导路径的相关建议。研究结果表明:①因地制宜出台气电价格政策有利于推动气电产业健康可持续发展;②实施气电两部制电价有利于通过容量电价回收固定成本且取得合理收益,有利于促进四川气电产业有序健康可持续发展,并通过相对较低的电量电价实现与电力市场逐步接轨,增强市场竞争力;③容量电价按照“谁受益、谁承担”和“合理分摊、动态调整”原则进行疏导;④气电容量电价标准按资本金内部收益率8%对应取值,F机组容量电价标准可为28元/(kW·月),并且容量电费由该省内大工业、一般工商业用户疏导分摊。

计及碳成本的区域间电价差与跨区电力交易量评估模型

在实现“双碳”目标背景下,电力行业碳减排任务亟待完成;跨区电力交易能实现富余风光资源异地消纳,助力电力系统低碳转型.由于互联区域电源结构差异客观存在,所以碳成本对区域内出清电价影响程度不同,进而形成区域间动态电价差,影响跨区电力交易结果;交易结果又会加剧电源结构差异,进一步影响区间电价差.为此,提出一种计及碳成本的区间电价差与跨区电力交易量评估模型,将碳成本引入电力系统生产过程,理顺区间电价差和跨区电力交易的关系.在跨区电力交易量的评估中,以区间动态电价差为信号确定跨区电力交易量;在区间电价差的评估中,以各机组年收益率为依据更新区内电源结构,对比电源结构迭代前、后的电价差.以两互联地区开展跨区电力交易为例,算例仿真结果表明:所提模型能够有效评估区域间动态电价差和跨区电力交易量,量化电源结构演化对区间电价差的影响.