Genetic Effect on Yield and Fiber Quality Traits of 16 Chromosome Substitution Lines in Upland Cotton

Evaluation of the genetic effect on yield and fiber quality can provide useful information on cotton breeding. Sixteen CSB lines and TM-1 introduced from USDA/ARS were used as male and top-crossed with three elite cultivars and the 51 F1 hybrids, 16 CSB lines, TM-1, and 3 elite cultivars were planted at the Cotton Research Institute of CAAS, Anyang, Henan Province and Xiajin, Shandong Province, China. The yield traits and fiber quality data were obtained and additive and dominance effect on each trait were measured by AD model. Boll weight takes the largest additive proration, whereas boll number takes the least additive proration. The largest and the least dominant proration for lint yield and boll weight were measured, respectively. Fiber length has the additive and dominance effect, and dominance effect was slightly more than additive effect. Larger additive and no dominance effect on uniformity, micronaire, and fiber strength were measured. Significantly, positive additive effect on boll weight of CSB06 and CSB12Sh was observed. CSB14Sh and CSB01 have significantly positive additive effect on 4 and 3 traits of fiber quality, respectively. CSB01 has the greatest dominant effect on lint yield among CSB lines. The dominant effect on fiber length of CSB lines showed positive. It is beneficial to use CSB06 and CSB12Sh as parents to improve boll size, to use CSB14Sh and CSB01 as parents to improve fiber quality. As for hybrid cotton breeding, it is reasonable using CSB01 to improve lint yield traits, and using CSB01, CSB11Sh, and CSB06 to improve fiber length.

Dosage Screening and Effect Evaluation of Biological Agents against Cotton Verticillium Wilt through Drip Irrigation

Drip irrigation of biological agents is an important green pathway to prevent diseases in Xinjiang cotton fields, especially soil-borne diseases. In order to clear the suitable dosage of different biological agents for controlling cotton Verticillium wilt, field split plot experiment was designed to research the control effects of Bacillus subtilis WP (15, 30 and 45 kg/hm^2), Shibeijian Trichoderma harzianum (15, 18 and 24 kg/hm^2), Yufeng“99”(15, 22.5 and 30 kg/hm^2), Zhongnonglukang (30, 45 and 60 kg/hm^2) and Athomin (45, 60 and 75 kg/hm^2) on cotton Vertillium wilt in 2016 and 2017. The disease control effect against cotton Verticillium wilt, cotton growth, cotton yield and fiber quality were compared and analyzed by biometrical method. The results showed that five biological agents significantly reduced the incidence rate and disease index of cotton Verticillium wilt, and the average control effect reached 33.50%-74.94%. The control effect of Shibeijian T. harzianum dripped at the dosage of 18 kg/hm^2 was significantly higher than that dripped at 15 and 24 kg/hm^2. There was no significant difference between different application dosages in Athomin treatment. The control effect of the remaining three agents had significantly positive correlation with application dosage. Five biological agents had obvious promotion effects on cotton growth, and the cotton height, width of the top fourth leaf, fruit branch number and boll number per plant were increased in different levels. The cotton height and width of the top fourth leaf had no obvious changes with the increase of dosage, while the fruit branch number and boll number increased with the increasing dosage. Meanwhile, these biological agents significantly advanced the maturity of cotton. Except for Athomin treatment, the cotton seed yield in other treatments showed an increasing trend and increased significantly with the increasing dosage. The cotton fiber length and fiber breaking tenacity were improved slightly, but cotton quality had not been improved conspicuously. Therefore, according to disease control effect, cotton growth and yield performance, the suitable drip dosage of biological agents were as follows: Yufeng "99" 30 kg/hm^2, Zhongnonglukang 60 kg/hm^2, B. subtilis WP 45.0 kg/hm^2, and Shibejian T. harzianum 18.0 kg/hm^2. The drip dosage of Athomin still needs to be further studied.

Effects of Transgenic Cry1Ac plus CpTI Cotton on the Bioecology of Main Parasitoids in Laboratory Studies

Effects of transgenic Cry1Ac plus CpTI cotton(double genes cotton) on development of main parasitoids were studied in the laboratory.Compared with the traditional cotton,the differences of

不同土壤处理除草剂对棉田杂草防除效果及安全性

为筛选出适宜本地区土壤处理的除草剂。通过大田小区试验,采用土壤封闭处理,对比分析了7种土壤处理除草剂对棉花安全性和杂草防除的效果。结果显示,与对照相比,不同药剂处理对‘冈棉11号’出苗率和第一果枝结位均没有显著性差异,但鲜重、株高和果枝数有增加趋势,表明试验药剂对棉花安全。田间药效结果显示,复配剂50%扑草净可湿性粉剂(WP)+33%二甲戊灵乳油(EC)、50%扑草净WP+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC和50%扑草净WP+50%乙草胺EC对禾本科和阔叶杂草均具有较好防效,45 d平均鲜重防效分别为83.32%、84.08%、80.57%,与单剂处理均存在极显著差异,且持效期较长,建议3种复配剂作为土壤处理除草剂用于棉田杂草防除。

棉副产品全混合发酵饲料工艺参数优化

试验旨在探索棉副产品全混合发酵饲料工艺参数,为提高棉副产品综合利用效率、解决新疆南疆地区饲料不足的问题提供思路。试验采用3×5双因素设计,设置28.57%(C1)、31.51%(C2)和34.21%(C3)3个玉米粉添加组,每组分别添加1.0(B1)、2.0(B2)、3.0(B3)、4.0(B4)、5.0 g(B5)屎肠球菌冻干粉,每组3个重复,加水预发酵2 d,测定pH值后加入棉副产品全混合饲料的其他部分,控制水分含量为70%,室温下发酵30 d,开封后测定发酵品质、营养成分、游离棉酚(FG)及有机酸含量。结果表明:全部发酵饲料感官品质较好,C1B3、C2B3、C2B4组为优等。不同玉米粉添加量对干物质、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量影响极显著(P<0.01);不同屎肠球菌添加量对干物质、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量影响极显著(P<0.01);玉米粉和屎肠球菌交互作用对粗蛋白含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),对酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。不同屎肠球菌添加量对FG含量影响显著(P<0.05)。不同玉米粉添加量对乳酸(LA)、丁酸(BA)和总挥发性脂肪酸含量影响极显著(P<0.01),不同屎肠球菌添加量对LA、乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)和总挥发性脂肪酸含量影响极显著(P<0.01),玉米粉和屎肠球菌交互作用仅对LA、AA和总挥发性脂肪酸含量具有极显著影响(P<0.01)。采用隶属函数法综合对各项指标进行评估,C3B3发酵效果最佳。研究表明,添加34.21%玉米粉、3.0 g屎肠球菌、17.20%棉籽粕、28.35%棉花秸秆、19.38%棉籽壳、0.66%预混料、0.07%CaCO3和0.13%NaCl,含水量控制为70%时,棉副产品全混合饲料发酵效果较好。

噻虫嗪棉花种子包衣的残留动态及与棉蚜防效的相关性分析

【目的】新烟碱类杀虫剂具有的内吸活性和向顶传导特性,可用做种子处理来防治蚜虫、粉虱等刺吸式口器害虫,探讨噻虫嗪处理种子后农药的残留动态与防效的相关性,为其合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】以棉花为试材,用30%噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂不同剂量进行种子包衣处理,调查防治效果的同时采集棉花植株样品,采用液质联用的方法分析棉花植株中噻虫嗪及其代谢产物噻虫胺在棉花植株中的残留及消解动态。【结果】噻虫嗪棉花种子包衣后,播后16 d首次采样,不同剂量噻虫嗪在棉花植株中的残留量为0.753~2.768 mg/kg,其代谢产物噻虫胺含量范围为0.278~0.894 mg/kg。随着时间的推移,两者残留量呈指数下降,播后66 d对棉花样品进行检测时,2种药物在棉花中的含量均小于检出限0.001 mg/kg,噻虫嗪及代谢产物噻虫胺在棉花中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程。【结论】不同剂量噻虫嗪种子包衣可显著降低苗期蚜虫虫口密度,表现出明显的剂量效应,并且植株中的农药残留水平与棉蚜防治效果之间有较强的相关性,其作用机理可能与棉蚜刺探叶片后产生拒食效应有关。

砜吡草唑与二甲戊灵混配对棉田阔叶杂草的防效及安全性评价

【目的】研究砜吡草唑与二甲戊灵混配对棉田阔叶杂草的防除效果,并评价其安全性。【方法】设置40%砜吡草唑SC和330 g/L二甲戊灵EC混配田间药效试验,评价各处理对棉田龙葵、灰绿藜、反枝苋、马齿苋和苘麻等阔叶杂草的防效及其对棉花生产的安全性。【结果】各处理棉花出苗率为80.56%~83.61%,与对照相比差异未达显著水平。砜吡草唑SC 120、180和240 g a.i./hm^(2)分别与330 g/L二甲戊灵EC 742.5 g a.i./hm^(2)混配后,药后30 d对棉田阔叶杂草的株防效分别为89.15%、92.03%和97.83%,药后45 d株防效分别为87.94%、91.49%和95.56%,鲜重防效分别为90.80%、93.16%和95.65%,混配药剂对棉田阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效均优于单剂处理。各供试处理与对照相比,棉花增产幅度达9.89%~16.45%。【结论】40%砜吡草唑SC 120~180 g a.i./hm^(2)与330 g/L二甲戊灵EC混配可用作棉花田防除阔叶杂草,对棉花出苗安全。

12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田阔叶杂草防效及安全性评价

为筛选可用于花生棉花间作田的高效、安全除草剂,采用室内生物活性测定法评价了84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂等12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田常见的6种阔叶杂草的防除效果及对花生和棉花的安全性。结果表明,120 g/噁草酮乳油、240 g/L乙氧氟草醚乳油、51%丙炔氟草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油在田间推荐剂量下可有效控制供试6种杂草;40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂在棉花和杂草间的选择性指数均大于2,杂草防除效果良好。25%噻吩磺隆可湿性粉剂、84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、20%乙羧氟草醚乳油等对棉花安全性相对较差。

淖毛湖煤和棉秆共热解协同效应分析

煤和生物质共热解过程中,填料方式会显著影响挥发分之间相互作用及产物分布。分析分隔放置(Case 1)、机械混合(Case 2)、煤在棉秆上层(Case 3)和煤在棉秆下层(Case 4)4种填料方式下淖毛湖煤(NMH)和棉秆(CS)共热解产物的分布、组成及性质,并结合分形理论研究共热解半焦的孔隙特征,探究共热解协同效应。结果表明,NMH和CS协同作用因填料方式不同而变化,填料方式对共热解产物分布及性质影响大。用Case 4方式时,共热解焦油产率最高,为15.94%,较理论计算值增加3.89%,正协同效应最显著。此时,CS热解产生的富氢组分及时与NMH热解挥发物发生交互作用,导致H_(2)、CH_(4)和C_(2)~C_(4)产量较理论值降低,共热解焦油产率增加。不同填料方式对共热解焦油中轻油馏分均产生负协同作用。含氧化合物相对含量减少可能是因为共热解过程促进脱氧反应(如脱羧和脱羰基化等),进一步生成脂肪烃,减少含氧官能团发生交联反应;在共热解中,·H自由基与活性含氧基团产生正协同作用,促使焦油中O、N、S原子向固体或气体产物转移。由半焦分形结果可知半焦分形维数D_(1)和D_(2)均在2~3间,说明半焦粗糙度和孔结构均满足分形结构基本特征。对于Case 3和Case 4方式,位于下层样品半焦的表面更粗糙。用Case 3方式所得CS-C孔隙更小;而Case 4方式所得NMH-C孔隙更不均匀,孔结构更复杂。

圆二色光谱法实验教学的探索

设计了手性分子构型分析的圆二色光谱实验,并将其应用于学生仪器培训教学中。实验中,以一对(S)-和(R)-5-羟基-2-哌啶酮为切入点,通过核磁谱图确定其结构,利用圆二色光谱仪对其进行构型测试。根据圆二色光谱Cotton效应确定,(R)-5-羟基-2-哌啶酮在215nm出现正的Cotton效应,(S)-5-羟基-2-哌啶酮在215nm出现负的Cotton效应。实验的开展巩固了学生对圆二色光谱多方面知识的了解,激发了学生的热情,培养了学生的综合能力。

生物药剂复配对棉花黄萎病防治及生长发育的影响

【目的】研究生物药剂复配对棉花黄萎病防治效果及生长发育的影响,为棉花植株健康生长提供理论依据。【方法】于2022年进行大田试验,选用棉花品种为新陆中42号。药剂以80%乙蒜素乳油药液、亚磷酸钾、谷胱甘肽为基础,分别为复配抗病毒专用型助剂(T_(1))、复合微生物菌肥(T_(2))、15%噁霉灵(T_(3))、5%辛菌胺醋酸盐(T_(4))、25%吡唑醚菌酯(T_(5)),分析不同药剂对棉花黄萎病防治效果,农艺性状及产量的影响。【结果】各处理对棉花病害防治效果显著,对棉花生长表现出一定的促进作用,增加棉花株高、果枝数和蕾铃数。其中T_(2)处理较T_(1)和T_(3)处理对棉花黄萎病防治效果提高19.99%、23.34%,T_(1)、T_(2)处理较CK处理铃数增加1.8个、2.67个。T_(2)处理的籽棉产量为6104.86 kg/hm^(2),较其他处理产量最高并差异显著。【结论】滴施复合微生物菌肥+80%乙蒜素乳油+亚磷酸钾+谷胱甘肽(T_(2))可提高黄萎病防治效果,增加蕾数铃数和单株结铃数,从而显著增加棉花产量。

陆地棉纤维强度KASP-SNP标记的开发及效应评价

纤维强度(fiber strength,FS)是判断棉花纤维品质优劣的重要指标之一,开发可用于目标性状选择的分子标记将会大大提高选择准确性并加快育种进程。设计KASP引物,对国内外的376份品种(系)进行基因型鉴定,筛选多态性标记并验证其对高强纤维材料选择的有效性。3个SNP位点在材料中均具有多态性,标记FS-15对高强纤维材料的选择率为63.2%,FS-16和FS-29分别为60.0%和56.1%。对单倍型组合(Hap1、Hap2、Hap3和Hap4)的有效性评价表明,携带Hap3(TTA)的材料纤维强度显著高于其他组合,对高强纤维材料选择率达72.7%。此外,Hap3对纤维长度、铃重、籽指和衣指无不利影响。以上结果表明,开发的KASP标记及Hap3可用于高纤维强度材料的辅助选择,同时未对纤维长度、铃重、籽指和衣指等性状产生不利影响。

政策干预对国内外粮棉价格溢出效应的影响——基于进口规模快速增长背景

通过构建外生政策影响下的VAR-BEKK-MVGARCH-DUMMY模型,利用2000年1月至2021年12月的月度数据,分析了进口规模对玉米、棉花国内外价格溢出效应的影响,政策实施对玉米、大豆、棉花国内外价格溢出效应的影响。研究发现,进口规模扩大并未对玉米、棉花国内外价格溢出效应产生显著影响;不同政策实施对国内外粮棉价格溢出效应的影响存在差异,其中,临时收储政策对粮棉价格干预最大,其影响程度较强,目标价格补贴和“市场化收购+生产者补贴”政策对粮棉价格干预较弱,其影响程度也相对较弱;政策实施对不同农产品国内外价格溢出效应的影响存在差异,大豆开放程度最高,其影响最强,棉花开放程度次之,其影响相对较弱,而玉米开放程度最低,其影响也最弱。为此,应在确定粮棉储备合理规模,打好支持保护政策“组合拳”,提高统筹利用国际国内市场、资源能力等方面着力,确保中国粮食安全和重要农产品市场稳定。

封顶剂不同浓度飞喷对棉花的封顶效果研究

研究不同浓度复配封顶剂飞喷对棉花的封顶效果,结果表明,高浓度处理的株高、株宽、果台数、主茎节间数、平均LAI较中浓度减少了2.76%、5.89%、6.37%、7.77%、0.61%,较低浓度处理减少了11.85%、9.78%、16.94%、18.68%、6.25%,其平均SPAD值和单叶P_(n)较中浓度增加了6.49%、4.46%,较低浓度处理增加了12.47%、17.51%;低药剂浓度处理的茎、叶干物质积累显著高于中、高浓度处理,其生殖器官干物质积累及最终产量明显低于中、高浓度处理,且中浓度与高浓度处理差异不显著。无人机喷施甲哌鎓水剂1200~1500 mL/hm^(2)+烯效唑300~375 g/hm^(2)+油酸甲酯40~47.5 mL/hm^(2),可有效控制株型,增加产量。

不同种植模式对麦后复播棉花产量的影响

为缓解喀什粮棉争地矛盾,探索麦后复播棉花种植模式,开辟粮棉双丰新途径。通过设置不同种植密度及保留果枝台数二因素试验,分析不同处理对棉花花铃数、单铃质量、产量、品质的影响。研究表明:高密度A_(2)平均产量较常规密度A_(1)平均产量增加15.58%;常规密度A_(1)模式,保留不同果枝台数,产量差异不显著,高密度A_(2)模式,保留7台果枝,产量最高达2207.55 kg·hm^(-2);2种不同种植密度单铃质量均随着保留果枝台数增加而增加;高密度A_(2)(32.8965万株·hm^(-2))5行种植模式,有利于提高光和效率增加产量;麦后复播棉棉纤维成熟度不够。在喀什麦后复播棉花尚不成熟的情况下,较高的有效积温生态区、合理安排种植密度、选择麦棉两早品种、抢时播种、保留7台果枝,是提高麦后复播棉花的产量有效措施。

机采长绒棉质量控制与梳理效果探析

为了解决长绒棉人工采摘成本高、机采含杂率高等问题,从长绒棉品种、种植、采摘、加工技术与工艺,梳理效率和梳理效果方面分析机采长绒棉质量控制的关键路径;通过对比分析不同国家生产的机采长绒棉物理指标及性能,以及梳棉工序、精梳工序的梳理效率和梳理效果,指出:改善机采长绒棉的种植环境、梳理器材的质量,是提高机采长绒棉梳理效果和梳理效率的途径,也是降低纺纱梳理成本、提高梳棉工序和精梳工序梳理质量的关键。

Genetic analysis of yield and fiber quality traits in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivated in different ecological regions of China

Background:Cotton is an important fiber crop worldwide.The yield potential of current genotypes of cotton can be exploited through hybridization.However,to develop superior hybrids with high yield and fiber quality traits,information of genetic control of traits is prerequisite.Therefore,genetic analysis plays pivotal role in plant breeding.Results:In present study,North Carolina II mating design was used to cross 5 female parents with 6 male parents to produce 30 intraspecific F1cotton hybrids.All plant materials were tested in three different ecological regions of China during the year of 2016-2017.Additive-dominance-environment(ADE)genetic model was used to estimate the genetic effects and genotypic and phenotypic correlation of yield and fiber quality traits.Results showed that yield traits except lint percentage were mainly controlled by genetic and environment interaction effects,whereas lint percentage and fiber quality traits were determined by main genetic effects.Moreover,dominant and additiveen vironine nt in teraction effects had more influence on yield traits,whereas additive and domi nance-e nviron ment interaction effects were found to be predominant for fiber traits.Broad-sense and its interaction heritability were significant for all yield and most of fiber quality traits.Narrow-sense and its interaction heritability were non-significant for boll number and seed cotton yield.Correlation analysis indicated that seed cotton yield had significant positive correlation with other yield attributes and non-significant with fiber quality traits.All fiber quality traits had signiflcant positive correlation with each other except micronaire.Conclusions:Results of current study provide important information about genetic control of yield and fiber quality traits.Further,this study identified that parental lines,e.g.,SJ48-1,ZB-1,851-2,and DT-8 can be utilized to improve yield and fiber quality traits in cotton.

Genetic Analysis of Earliness Traits in Short Season Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Inheritance and interrelationship of phenotype and genotype of earliness traits were evaluated in a diallel analysis involving six early-maturing parents. Date of first square （DFS）, date of first flower （DFF）, date of first open boll （DFOB）, number of node first sympodial branch （NNFSB）, and harvested rate before frost （HRBF） as earliness traits of six parents, 15 F1 hybrids and 15 F2 progenies were investigated from 2005 to 2008. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Additive, dominance and epistasis effects were analyzed with ADAA （additive- dominance-epistasis） model. HRBF, DFF, and DFOB showed significant additive genetic variances. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.088 （HN, narrow sense） and 0.416 （HNE, environment interaction） for HRBF, to 0.103 （HN） and 0.524 （HNE） for DFF, and to 0.187 （HN） and 0.519 （H~） for DFOB. Dominance genetic effects for DFS, DFF, DFOB, and NNSFB were stronger than additive effects. Additive-by-additive epistatic effects for DFS, DFOB, and NNSFB were detected and affected by environment. Correlation analysis showed generally that HRBF had a significant negative genetic and phenotypic correlation with DFS, DFOB, and NNFSB; DFS had significant positive genetic and phenotypic correlations with DFF, DFOB, and NNFSB; significant positive genetic and phenotypic correlations were also detected between DFF and DFOB, DFF and NNFSB, DFOB and NNFSB. The results showed that the lower the node to the first fruiting branch and the shorter the plant, the earlier was the onset of squaring, flowering, and boll opening, the higher was the harvest rate before frost. Heredity of earliness traits among parents and their hybrids were also detected and parents A1, A2, Bl, B2, and B3 could be used to improve earliness traits of short season cotton cultivars.

STUDY OF SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANCY OF PHOSPHORUS AND BORON ON COTTON AND COTTON-PET BLENDS FBRICS

The fire retardancy effectiveness of mixtures formed from phosphorus-containing compound and boron-phosphorus-containing compound were examined utilizing limited oxygen index (LOI) and vertical test techniques. Phosphorus-boron systems in flame retardancy may show synergism and antagonism. The fire-retardancy effectiveness of boron-phosphorus-containing compounds are superior to the mixing systems of compounds which contain phosphorus or boron individully.

新疆地区喷施纳米农药防治棉蚜效果试验

为明确纳米农药在新疆地区对棉蚜的防治效果,2022年在新疆石河子地区开展纳米农药防治棉蚜试验,比较不同处理1次施药后不同时间的防效。结果表明:纳米农药对新疆地区棉蚜防效有较大差异,最高防效可达85.0%以上,较常规药剂减少农药使用量11.1%~27.3%,但需根据不同地区(棉田)棉蚜种群的抗性特点进行组合配方施药,从而达到农药减量增效的目的。