Comparative study of apparent metabolizable energy and net energy values of dephenolized cottonseed proteins for laying hens

Optimizing the energy utilization of nutrients and ensuring maximum benefits are continuous goals for livestock producers.The net energy(NE)value of feed reflects its nutritional value in the precision feeding system.An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy(AME)and NE values of 3 types of dephenolized cottonseed protein(DCP)for Hy Line Brown hens aged 42 to 45 weeks using the reference diet substitution method.A reference diet based on corn soybean meal was used to meet the nutritional needs of Hy Line Brown laying hens.To render the crude protein and energy values of the 3 test diets similar,10.5%,12%,and 16%of the gross energy yielding ingredients from the reference diet were replaced with DCP 1,DCP 2,and DCP 3,respectively.The birds were fed 4 diets during a 7-d adaptation period.After the dietary adaptation period,2 birds per replicate from each treatment group were placed in an individual open circuit respiratory calorimetry chamber for a 3-d experimental period.Daily O_(2)consumption and CO_(2)production were recorded,and excreta samples were collected.The AME values of DCP 1,DCP 2,and DCP 3 were 3,049.05,2,820.13,and 2,982.31 kcal/kg of dry matter(DM),respectively.The NE values of DCP 1,DCP 2,DCP 3 were 1,475.77,1,910.31,and 1,905.37 kcal/kg of DM,respectively,and the NE:AME ratios were 48.40%,67.74%,and 63.89%,respectively.Our data show that the AME value of DCP does not reflect the nutritional value of the feed.The NE value of DCP with a high ME value was not necessarily high.

Effects of paraprobiotics on bile acid metabolism and liver health in largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)fed a cottonseed protein concentrate-based diet

Cottonseed protein concentrate is a sustainable fishmeal alternative in aquafeed.A 10-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a cottonseed protein concentrate-based diet with and without multi-strain yeast fractions(MsYF)on growth,bile acid metabolism,and health in largemouth bass.Four hundred fish(54.0±0.0 g)were casually distributed into 16 tanks(4 replicates/diet).Fish were fed with 4 iso-nitrogen and iso-energetic diets 3 times daily,including a fishmeal diet(FM),a soy protein concentrate-based diet(SPC;replacing 81%fishmeal protein),a cottonseed protein concentrate-based diet(CPC;replacing 81%fishmeal protein),and a CPC diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg MsYF(CPCY).Results showed that the survival of SPC was the lowest,i.e.,48%,with no apparent diet effect among other treatments;we omitted the SPC in additional analyses.Fish fed cottonseed protein concentrate-based diets showed lower growth than FM(P<0.05).Fish fed CPC showed the highest nuclear dense hepatic phenotypes ratio(50%),followed by CPCY(33%)and FM(17%).Further,dietary CPC increased hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride levels with concurrently increased cholesterol syn-thesis but decreased triglyceride synthesis-associated transcription levels(P<0.05).Furthermore,di-etary CPC increased bile acid synthesis but decreased bile acid transport-associated transcription levels(P<0.05),and then induced an increment of plasma cholic acid and hepatic chenodeoxycholic acid content and the decrement of genus Romboustia(P<0.05).Regarding the effect of MsYF,fish fed CPCY reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and total plasma bile acid content(P<0.05)compared to CPC,suggesting an improvement in liver health.Also,dietary MsYF could reverse the microbiota community structure showing a similar gut microbial composition to FM.In conclusion,81%of fishmeal protein replaced by cottonseed protein concentrate suppressed growth and liver health,while dietary MsYF might mitigate the negative impact of a high cottonseed protein concentrate level diet on liver functions via gut microbiota regulation.

Effect of dietary protein sources and storage temperatures on egg internal quality of stored shell eggs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various protein sources(soybean meal, SBM; cottonseed protein, CSP; double-zero rapeseed meal, DRM) on the internal quality(Haugh unit, yolk index,albumen pH,yolk hardness and yolk springiness) of eggs when stored at either 4 or 28℃ for 28 d. A total of 288 laying hens(32 wk of age) were randomly allotted to 6 treatment groups(4 replicates per treatment) and fed diets containing SBM, CSP, or DRM individually or in combination with equal crude protein content(SBM-CSP, SBM-DRM, and CSP-DRM) as the protein ingredient(s). A 6 x 2 factorial arrangement was employed with dietary types and storage temperatures(4 and 28℃) as the main effects. After 12 wk of diet feeding, a total of 216 eggs was collected for egg internal quality determination.The results showed as follows: 1) lower egg quality was observed in the DRM group compared with the other groups when stored at 4 and 28℃ for 28 d(P < 0.05), while there was no difference in egg internal quality among the other groups. 2) The CSP diet resulted in higher yolk hardness compared with the other diets when eggs were stored at 4℃ for 28 d(P < 0.05). Lower Haugh unit was observed in the DRM and SBM-DRM groups compared with the other groups when eggs were stored for 28 d at 4℃(P < 0.05).3) Yolk breakage occurred in the DRM group and eggs could not be analyzed for egg internal quality when stored at 28℃ for 28 d. The overall results indicated that CSP or DRM as the sole dietary protein source for laying hens may adversely affect the internal quality of stored eggs as compared with the SBM diet, and half replacement of CSP combined with SBM may maintain similar egg quality to SBM diet alone for eggs stored under refrigerated conditions.