Numerical study on mixing performance of screw elements in intermeshing counter-rotating and co-rotating twin-screw extrudes

The flow process of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride （U PVC） through the mixing zone of intermeshing counter rotating and co rotating twin screw extruders （TSEs） were numerically simula ted by the finite element method. Three dimensional isothermal flow field of U-PVC in two kinds of TSE was calculated. The mixing performance of the screw elements of the extruders was statistically analyzed by particle tracking method. The dispersive mixing performance was characterized by the mixing index, the logarithm of stretching, and the segregation scale. The distributive mixing per forulance was characterized by the resident time distribution. The results indicate that the counter rotating TSE can build higher pressure and generate higher axial velocity and shear rate, whereas the co rotating TSE has better performance in dispersive and distributive mixing.

Effects of Shielding Coatings on the Anode Shaping Process during Counter-rotating Electrochemical Machining

Electrochemical machining （ECM） has been widely used in the aerospace, automotive, defense and medical industries for its many advantages over traditional machining methods. However, the machining accuracy in ECM is to a great extent limited by the stray corrosion of the unwanted material removal. Many attempts have been made to improve the ECM accuracy, such as the use of a pulse power, passivating electrolytes and auxiliary electrodes. However, they are sometimes insufficient for the reduction of the stray removal and have their limitations in many cases. To solve the stray corrosion problem in CRECM, insulating and conductive coatings are respectively used. The different implement processes of the two kinds of coatings are introduced. The effects of the two kinds of shielding coatings on the anode shaping process are investigated. Numerical simulations and experiments are conducted for the comparison of the two coatings. The simulation and experimental results show that both the two kinds of coatings are valid for the reduction of stray corrosion on the top surface of the convex structure. However, for insulating coating, the convex sidewall becomes concave when the height of the convex structure is over 1.26 ram. In addition, it is easy to peel off by the high-speed electrolyte. In contrast, the conductive coating has a strong adhesion, and can be well reserved during the whole machining process. The convex structure fabricated by using a conductive iron coating layer presents a favorable sidewall profile. It is concluded that the conductive coating is more effective for the improvement of the machining quality in CRECM. The proposed shielding coatings can also be employed to reduce the stray corrosion in other schemes of ECM.

New Bulb Turbine with Counter-rotating Tandem-runner

With the increasing demand for the clean sustainable power, the turbine design urgently turns to increase the capability significantly toward higher head for generating larger power. Currently, there are many studies in the field of the bulb turbine with single-stage runner, though reports about counter-rotating tandem-runner are rare. However, the further high-head application with the single-stage runner is very difficult to achieve due to the limit of the specific speed. In this paper, a new bulb turbine with the tandem-runner is designed in order to substantially increase the applicable limit toward higher head with larger power. A half of the net head is absorbed by the frontal runner which can generate output power, while the remaining half is absorbed by the rear runner. To generate the Euler energy required for the rear runner, the frontal runner has the counter-rotation against the rear runner so that the counter-rotating tandem-runner can meet the purpose of double head and power under the same size as the conventional bulb turbine. Supply and demand of Euler energy between the two runners are thoroughly optimized through the detailed flow analysis, in order to secure the stable operation. As a result, the interference of Euler energies between the outflow from the frontal runner and the inflow to the rear runner is confirmed to be very small on the counter-rotating interface between the two runners. The prediction method of on-cam performance between the two adjustable runners is also developed numerically, which provides optimal flow between the two runners. This research provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design and operation of the counter-rotating tandem-runner bulb turbines.

Link Resource Allocation in Counter-Rotating Seam of Low-Orbit Satellite Network

This paper studies the communication problem at the counter-rotating seam of the low-orbit satellite based on the walker constellation. The counter-rotating seam has a short life cycle, low capacity, and dynamic geometric parameters. To better utilize the scarce link resources at the seam, increase network throughput, and approach the physical limits of the link throughput at the seam, an initial phase condition that maximizes the relative rotational joint link throughput is calculated. In the experimental simulation results using the Iridium system as an example, it is shown that better throughput can be obtained under the initial conditions, and the throughput is improved by about 30%.

Isolated attosecond pulse generation with few-cycle two-color counter-rotating circularly polarized laser pulses

Most of the schemes for generating isolated attosecond pulses（IAP） are sensitive to the carrier-envelope phase（CEP）of the driving lasers. We propose a scheme for generating IAP using two-color counter-rotating circularly polarized（TCCRCP） laser pulses. The results demonstrate that the dependence of the IAP generation on CEP stability is largely reduced in this scheme. IAP can be generated at most of CEPs. Therefore, the experiment requirements become lower.

Semi-integer harmonic generation from an argon atom by bichromatic counter-rotating circularly polarized laser field

We theoretically investigated the properties of the high-order harmonic generation from an argon atom by bichromatic counter-rotating circularly polarized(BCCP)laser field.The harmonic emission processes have been illustrated by numerically solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schr¨odinger equation of an atom in intense laser fields.It is found that with the decrease of the right-circularly polarized laser wavelength,the harmonic spectra are gradually splitting and the harmonic orders move towards the higher frequency.Meanwhile,the integer and semi-integer harmonic emission will be generated when the frequency ratios of right-and left-circularly polarized lasers are semi-integer.The emission mechanism of the semi-integer-order harmonics has been investigated by using the rules of photon absorption and emission.

Effects of initial electronic state on vortex patterns in counter-rotating circularly polarized attosecond pulses

We theoretically investigate the effects of different electronic states as the initial state on the vortex patterns in photoelectron momentum distributions(PMDs)from numerical solutions of the two-dimensional(2D)time-dependent Schrodinger equation(TDSE)of He^(+)with a pair of counter-rotating circularly polarized attosecond pulses.It is found that the number of spiral arms in vortex patterns is equal to the number of the absorbed photons when the initial state is the ground state.However,the number of spiral arms in vortex patterns is always two more than the number of the absorbed photons when the initial state is the excited state.This sensitivity is attributed to the initial electron density distribution.In addition,we have demonstrated the PMDs for different initial electronic states with the same wavelengths and analyzed their corresponding physical mechanisms.It is illustrated that the method presented can be employed to effectively control the distribution of the electron vortices.

Power Stabilization System with Counter-Rotating Type Pump-Turbine Unit for Renewable Energy

Traditional type pumped storage system contributes to adjust the electric power unbalance between day and night, in general. The pump-turbine unit is prepared for the power stabilization system, in this serial research, to provide the constant power with good quality for the grid system, even at the suddenly fluctuating/turbulent output from renewable energies. In the unit, the angular momentum changes through the front impeller/runner must be the same as that through the rear impeller/runner, that is, the axial flow at the outlet should be the same to the axial flow at the inlet. Such flow conditions are advantageous to work at not only the pumping mode but also the turbine mode. This work discusses experimentally the performance of the unit, and verifies that this type unit is very effective to both operating modes.

Role of potential on high-order harmonic generation from atoms irradiated by bichromatic counter-rotating circularly polarized laser fields

We investigate high-order harmonic generation from atoms irradiated by bichromatic counter-rotating circularly polarized laser pulses by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation.It is found that the minimum energy position of the harmonic spectrum and the non-integer order optical radiation are greatly discrepant for different atomic potentials.By analyzing the quantum trajectory of the harmonic emission,discrepancies among the harmonic spectra from different potentials can be attributed to the action of the potential on the ionized electrons.In addition,based on the influence of the driving light intensity on the overall intensity and ellipticity of higher order harmonics,the physical conditions for generating a high-intensity circularly polarized harmonic can be obtained.

Counter-Rotating Type Horizontal-Axis Bidirectional Propellers for Tidal Stream Power Unit

Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal streams. Hence a tidal stream power unit with counter-rotating type horizontal-axis bidirectional propellers is proposed in this paper. The blades with fully-symmetrical hydrofoils were optimized numerically. The output and flow conditions predicted by the computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments at the higher tip speed ratios, which are of expected usual operating conditions of this unit. The numerical and experimental results show good agreements. It is also confirmed that the flow discharged from the counter-rotating type propellers has no swirling component, though the single propeller generates the unacceptable swirling component.

A Numerical Prediction of Tip Vortices from Tandem Propellers in the Counter-Rotating Type Tidal Stream Power Unit

Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ocean energy source. Unique tandem propellers that can counter-rotate have been designed to generate electric power effectively from a tidal stream. This type of power unit has several advantages compare to the conventional unit with a single propeller. At the design of the tidal stream power unit, it is important to investigate the structure of the tip vortex tubes shedding to predict the load of the propeller. In this research, we investigated the tip vortex shedding using the CFD method for the conventional single propeller and counter-rotating type tandem propellers and estimated the performance efficiency using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) model and we confirmed the limitation of RANS model on the calculation of the tip vortex stretching.

Tomographic particle image velocimetry measurement on three-dimensional swirling flow in dual-stage counter-rotating swirler

Three-Dimensional(3D)swirling flow structures,generated by a counter-rotating dualstage swirler in a confined chamber with a confinement ratio of 1.53,were experimentally investigated at Re=2.3×10^(5)using Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry(Tomo-PIV)and planar Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV).Based on the analysis of the 3D time-averaged swirling flow structures and 3D Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD)of the Tomo-PIV data,typical coherent flow structures,including the Corner Recirculation Zone(CRZ),Central Recirculation Zone(CTRZ),and Lip Recirculation Zone(LRZ),were extracted.The counter-rotating dual-stage swirler with a Venturi flare generates the independence process of vortex breakdown from the main stage and pilot stage,leading to the formation of an LRZ and a smaller CTRZ near the nozzle outlet.The confinement squeezes the CRZ to the corner and causes a reverse rotation flow to limit the shape of the CTRZ.A large-scale flow structure caused by the main stage features an explosive breakup,flapping,and Precessing Vortex Core(PVC).The explosive breakup mode dominates the swirling flow structures owing to the expansion and construction of the main jet,whereas the flapping mode is related to the wake perturbation.Confinement limits the expansion of PVC and causes it to contract after the impacting area.

基于ORB的交叉双旋翼无人直升机视觉跟踪控制系统

为了使交叉双旋翼无人直升机在全球定位系统(Global positioning system,GPS)信号不稳定的情况下实现对目标的视觉跟踪,设计了一种交叉双旋翼无人直升机视觉跟踪控制系统。首先,设计了一种视觉模块,对跟踪目标进行图像处理,利用基于方向性快速的特征点检测和旋转BRIEF(Oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF,ORB)描述子特征匹配和矩形检测,获取跟踪目标的中心点像素坐标,通过相机模型和旋转矩阵解算出跟踪目标的中心点实际位置。然后,设计了一种跟踪控制模块,采用串级比例积分微分(Proportional-integral-derivative,PID)加前馈的控制结构,为了限制极限位置和最大加速度,位置控制中采用平方根控制器,姿态控制中设计了一种交叉双旋翼姿态控制机构。之后,通过飞控地面站搭建仿真环境,对添加视觉模块的飞行控制系统进行仿真验证,结果表明,无人直升机可以很好地跟踪到视觉模块输出的期望位置。最后,进行实验验证,在设定最大飞行速度为1 m/s的条件下,姿态角最大为8°左右,位置与期望位置之间的误差最大为0.08 m,可以实现交叉双旋翼无人直升机对目标的视觉跟踪。

视觉辅助的交叉双旋翼无人直升机自主降落控制系统

为了使交叉双旋翼无人直升机在全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)信号干扰的情况下实现平稳的自主降落,采用AprilTags视觉基准系统中的TAG36H11图像作为降落地标,并基于该降落地标设计了一种视觉辅助的交叉双旋翼无人直升机自主降落控制系统。对降落地标进行图像预处理,基于Canny边缘检测、Hough变换直线检测和矩形检测,提取降落地标的特征信息,然后通过相机成像原理和坐标系转换解算出无人直升机的相对位姿信息,针对GPS信号干扰的情况下提出了一种利用Hough变换直线检测解算偏航角的算法,最后设计了一种串级PID控制结构的位姿控制算法,位置控制中设计了一种开方控制器,用于限制无人直升机的极限期望位置和最大加速度。同时,在姿态控制中设计了一种交叉双旋翼无人直升机姿态控制机构,通过6个数字舵机控制倾斜盘的倾角实现交叉双旋翼的周期变距,改变无人直升机的飞行姿态。通过Mission Planner飞控地面站进行仿真验证,将视觉处理系统与飞行控制系统组合,仿真结果表明,视觉辅助的飞行控制系统可以很好地跟踪无人直升机的期望位置。经过实验验证,姿态角度偏移量控制在4°以内,位置偏移量控制在0.05 m以内,可以实现交叉双旋翼无人直升机视觉辅助的自主降落。

辊式矫直机矫直辊的弯辊模型

将板材在辊式矫直机矫直辊作用下的弯曲,假设为由压下机构作用的弯曲和由弯辊机构作用的弯曲共同作用的结果·根据梁的弹塑性弯曲理论,通过把板材弯曲当作梁的弯曲,并考虑到矫直机在入口处的压弯量,通常使板材弯曲时塑性变形层高度占厚度80%,认为经弯辊作用后塑性变形层高度增加了5%～15%,利用梁的弯曲挠度,建立不同弯曲的弯辊模型,求出了矫直辊的弯辊量·理论计算的弯辊量与实际设定值结果吻合,证明该弯辊量设定模型具有实际应用价值·

压弯量对轧件矫直变形影响的有限元分析

采用显式动力学有限7亡软件ANSYS／LS-DYNA分析了中厚板在热矫直时，不同压弯量对轧件矫直变形的影响。模拟结果表明，人口压弯量在达到一定程度（即塑性比拐点）时，人口处轧件塑性变形区沿长度方向扩展迅速，而沿厚度方向增加缓慢，此时矫直效率降低；对厚度不同的轧件，随着厚度的增加，塑性比拐点出现较晚；另外塑性比拐点以卜，使塑性比达60％～85％的人口压弯量引起的残余应力值变化不大。只是残余应力分布状况不同，而当人口压弯量超过塑性比拐点时，轧件的残余应力在某些区域则发生较人变化。该模拟结果对确定中厚板热矫直模型，掌握矫直变形规律具有一定的指导意义。

中厚板热矫直机压下模型

矫直机压下模型主要由入、出口矫直辊的压弯量设定和矫直辊的弯辊量设定组成。根据梁的弹塑性弯曲理论,矫直辊的压弯量应该由作用在板材上的反弯挠度来确定,即通过确定弹复挠度、残余挠度而得到反弯挠度,从而得到矫直辊的压弯量;矫直辊的弯辊量由最大原始曲率及入口板件厚度的塑性变形层深度来确定。研究结果表明计算值与实际设定值较吻合。

板带矫直机压下量的计算方法及其对矫直质量的影响

针对某辊式板带矫直机的结构特点,采用大变形法则确定了压下量,并利用曲线拟合方法,模拟矫直时带钢的变形曲线,确定了压下量与反弯挠度的关系。结果表明,利用该方法可方便地预测压下规程的矫直效果。

啮合同向双螺杆挤出过程非啮合开槽螺纹元件组合流道三维流场分析

应用ANSYS有限元分析软件对啮合同向双螺杆挤出过程包括非啮合多过程螺纹元件 (NI -MPE)的组合流道进行了等温非牛顿三维流场模拟分析 ,得到了包括NI -MPE元件的组合流道的压力场、速度场、剪切速率场和剪切应力场 。

啮合同向双螺杆挤出机的相似放大

首先给出啮合同向双螺杆挤出机熔体输送段相似放大方法中所用到的参量表达式,然后从混合、热平衡和综合这两方面分别进行相似放大,并分析各自的优缺点。利用W＆P公司ZSK系列混合机的设计特点和技术数据,分析了相似放大设计在实际中的应用。对大型同向双螺杆挤出机提出相似放大的准则,应是螺杆线速度保持恒定。