Improving the fatigue property of welded joints for AZ31 magnesium alloy by ultrasonic peening treatment

The fatigue property of AZ31 magnesium alloy and its TIG welded joints were investigated. The ultrasonic peening treatment （UPT） was used to improve the fatigue property of the TIG welded joints, which was treated at the weld toe by the UPT process. The test results show that the fatigue strength of the base metal of AZ31 magnesium alloys is 57.8 MPa, and those of the fillet joint and the transverse cross joint are respectively 20. 0 MPa and 17.2 MPa at 2 × 10^6 cycles. The fatigue strengths of two kinds of welded joints treated by the UPT are respectively 30. 3 MPa and 24. 7 MPa, which have been improved by 51.5% and 43.6%, respectively. The fatigue life of the fillet joint specimens is prolonged by about 2. 74 times and the fatigue life of the transverse cross joint specimens is prolonged by about 1.05 times when the stress range is at 40. 0 MPa.

Microstructure and mechanical property of resistance spot welded joint of aluminum alloy to high strength steel with especial electrodes

Dissimilar material joining of 6008 aluminum alloy to H220 YD galvanized high strength steel was performed by resistance spot welding with especial electrodes that were a flat tip electrode against the steel surface and a domed tip electrode upon the aluminum alloy surface. An intermetallic compound layer composed of Fe2Al5 and FeAl3 was formed at the steel/ aluminum interface in the welded joint. The thickness of the intermetallic compound layer increased with increasing welding current and welding time, and the maximum thickness being 7. 0 μm was obtained at 25 kA and 300 ms. The weld nugget diameter and tensile shear load of the welded joint had increased tendencies first with increasing welding current （ 18 -22 kA） and welding time （ 50 - 300 ms）, then changed little with further increasing welding current （ 22 - 25 kA） and welding time （300 -400 ms）. The maximum tensile shear load reached 5.4 kN at 22 kA and 300 ms. The welded joint fractured through brittle intermetallic compound layer and aluminum alloy nugget.

Fatigue property comparison of TIG welded joints of magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy

The fatigue properties of the TIG welded joints of both AZ31B magnesium alloy and 5A06 aluminum alloy were investigated. The four types of welded joints were used in fatigue tests, such us butt joints, transverse cross joints, fillet joints and lateral connecting joints. The fatigue strengths at 2 × 10^6 cycles of the four welded joints of AZ31B magnesium alloy are 39. 0 MPa, 24. 4 MPa, 32. 1 MPa and 24. 2 MPa, which are 55. 0% , 42. 2%, 78. 0% and 50. 2% of that of 5A06 aluminum alloy, respectively. The fatigue strength levels at slope m = 3 of the aluminum alloy＇ s welded joints are mostly higher than the FAT recommended by the International Institute of Welding （ HW） , while those of the magnesium alloy＇ s welded joints are all lower than the FAT. It is indicated that the FAT of magnesium alloy＇ s welded joints should be established as early as possible in order to be applied in the design of magnesium alloy＇ s welded structures.

Defects of friction stir welded 1060 aluminum alloy and their effects on joint tensile property

9. 6 mm thick 1060-H24 aluminum alloy plates were friction stir welded and the influencing factors on groove and tunnel defects were examined. Results show that the welding speed range for achieving a groove-free joint is enlarged with increasing the rotating speed. The tunnel size decreases with decreasing the welding speed under the same rotating speed. Excessive or insufficient shoulder plunge depth will cause defective joints. At a relatively low rotating speed and high welding speed, the tool having a larger shoulder diameter has a larger range of processing parameters to obtain a groove-free joint. Moreover, the tensile fracture behaviors of the defective and defect-free samples are different.

Research on microstructure and property of electron beam welding joints of titanium alloy sheets

This paper reports research into the microstructures and properties of electron beam welding （EBW） joints of a Ti alloy sheet. To control the TC4 sheet joint formation during electron beam welding is not an easy task. However, the electron beam current has a significant influence on joint formation and a good appearance of a T-joint can be obtained by increasing the heat input and using the electron beam scan method. It was found that all acicular martensite in the fusion zone （FZ） consisted primarily of α＇ phase titanium, with some β phase present. Grain coarsening occurred in the heat-affected zone （HAZ） due to transformation of the β phase. Butt joints possessed high strength, hardness of the fusion zone, and the heataffected zone of these joints performed better than that of the parent metal. The highest shear strength of T-joint was 615 MPa and the fracture mechanism was a gliding fracture.

A comprehensive review of radiation effects on solder alloys and solder joints

In the realm of military and defence applications, exposure to radiation significantly challenges the performance and reliability of solder alloys and joints in electronic systems. This comprehensive review examines radiation-induced effects on solder alloys and solder joints in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, we evaluate the existing literature, including experimental studies and fundamental theory, to provide a comprehensive overview of the behavior of solder materials under radiation. A review of the literature highlights key mechanisms that contribute to radiation-induced changes in the microstructure, such as the formation of intermetallic compounds, grain growth,micro-voids and micro-cracks. Radiation is explored as a factor influencing solder alloy hardness,strength, fatigue and ductility. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges and limitations inherent in studying the effects of radiation on solder materials and offers recommendations for future research. It is crucial to understand radiation-induced effects on solder performance to design robust and radiationresistant electronic systems. A review of radiation effects on solder materials and their applications in electronics serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners in that field.

Microstructure,Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Thick 6061-T6 Alloy/T2 Pure Cu Dissimilar Joints Produced by Double Side Friction Stir Z Shape Lap-Butt Welding

A novel double side friction stir Z shape lap-butt welding(DS-FSZW)process was proposed to achieve excellent mechanical properties of Al/Cu medium-thick dissimilar joints.The influence of welding parameters on weld microstructure and properties of DS-FSZW joint were systematically investigated.It indicated that defect-free medium-thick Al/Cu DS-FSZW joint could be achieved under an optimal welding parameter.DS-FSZW joint was prone to form void defects in the bottom of the second-pass weld.The recrystallization mechanisms at the top and middle of the weld nugget zone(WNZ)were continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)and geometric dynamic recrystallization(GDRX).While the major recrystallization mechanism at the bottom of the WNZ was GDRX.DS-FSZW joint of the optimal welding condition with 850 r/min-400 mm/min was produced with a continuous thin and crack-free IMCs layer at the Al/Cu interface,and the maximum tensile strength of this joint is 160.57 MPa,which is equivalent to 65.54%of pure Cu base material.Moreover,the corrosion resistance of Al/Cu DS-FSZW joints also achieved its maximum value at the optimal welding parameter of 850 r/min-400 mm/min.It demonstrates that the DS-FSZW process can simultaneously produce medium-thick Al/Cu joints with excellent mechanical performance and corrosion resistance.

Shear mechanical properties and fracturing responses of layered rough jointed rock-like materials

This study aims to investigate mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of layered rock with rough joint surfaces under direct shear loading.Cubic layered samples with dimensions of 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm were casted using rock-like materials,with anisotropic angle(α)and joint roughness coefficient(JRC)ranging from 15°to 75°and 2-20,respectively.The direct shear tests were conducted under the application of initial normal stress(σ_(n)) ranging from 1-4 MPa.The test results indicate significant differences in mechanical properties,acoustic emission(AE)responses,maximum principal strain fields,and ultimate failure modes of layered samples under different test conditions.The peak stress increases with the increasingαand achieves a maximum value atα=60°or 75°.As σ_(n) increases,the peak stress shows an increasing trend,with correlation coefficients R² ranging from 0.918 to 0.995 for the linear least squares fitting.As JRC increases from 2-4 to 18-20,the cohesion increases by 86.32%whenα=15°,while the cohesion decreases by 27.93%whenα=75°.The differences in roughness characteristics of shear failure surface induced byαresult in anisotropic post-peak AE responses,which is characterized by active AE signals whenαis small and quiet AE signals for a largeα.For a given JRC=6-8 andσ_(n)=1 MPa,asαincreases,the accumulative AE counts increase by 224.31%(αincreased from 15°to 60°),and then decrease by 14.68%(αincreased from 60°to 75°).The shear failure surface is formed along the weak interlayer whenα=15°and penetrates the layered matrix whenα=60°.Whenα=15°,as σ_(n) increases,the adjacent weak interlayer induces a change in the direction of tensile cracks propagation,resulting in a stepped pattern of cracks distribution.The increase in JRC intensifies roughness characteristics of shear failure surface for a smallα,however,it is not pronounced for a largeα.The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanical responses and failure mechanisms of the layered rocks subjected to shear loads.

A Joint Cause

The World Intellectual Property Organization and Tsinghua University have jointly launched a master’s program to promote global intellectual property protection and innovation.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy laser beam welded joint

The fiber laser welding tests for 3 mm thick TC4 titanium alloy plates are carried out,and the microstructures of the joints are analyzed by the OM and SEM,and the mechanical properties of the joints are described by tensile and hardness tests,and the SEM morpho-logies of the tensile fracture are observed.The results show that the weld zone is composed of columnarβphase with coarse grains and acicular martensiteα',and small secondaryα'phases in different directions are formed acicular martensiteα'.The microstructure at the boundary between the HAZ and the weld is composed ofα'andαphases,the microstructure at the boundary between the HAZ and the base metal is composed of the initial(αandβ)andαphases,and the microstructure of the middle transition zone of the HAZ is composed of a small amount ofα'andαphase of high temperatureβphase’transformation and initial(αandβ)phases.The average tensile strength of TC4 titanium alloy laser beam welded joints is 1056 MPa,and the average elongation is 9.0%,which are lower than the tensile strength and the elongation of the base metal respectively.The fracture is ductile fracture,and the hardness of the weld zone is the highest and that of the HAZ is the lowest.

不同年龄阶段膝关节有限元计算模型的材料特性分析

背景:有限元计算模型作为一种重要的工程分析技术已被广泛应用于生物工程研究的各个领域,然而,很少有文献介绍不同年龄阶段膝关节有限元计算模型每个解剖结构的材料性能,以满足不同的研究目的。目的:在前人膝关节有限元研究的基础上,总结不同年龄阶段膝关节有限元计算模型的材料特性。方法:英文检索词为“Knee,finite element,material selection,ligament injury,osteoarthritis,elderly,children,young people”等,中文检索词为“膝关节,有限元,材料选择,韧带损伤,骨关节炎,老年人,儿童,年轻人”等,分别检索中国知网、PubMed数据库,文献检索时限为1950-2024年,就纳入与排除标准,最终纳入108篇文献进行归纳总结。结果与结论:儿童膝关节骨密度会随着年龄的增长而增加,在成年后达到峰值。中年到老年阶段,膝关节股骨、胫骨、腓骨、髌骨的弹性模量会随着年龄的增加而降低,进而回归到儿童时期的弹性模量。儿童与成年人软骨的弹性模量基本一致,而老年人的软骨弹性模量增大。随着年龄的增长,膝关节韧带的弹性模量会出现一定程度降低,但年轻人与老年人膝关节韧带的弹性模量无显著差异。随着年龄的增长,膝关节半月板机械完整性的丧失会损害组织的生物力学功能,扰乱组织有效承载和传递的各向异性生物力学响应。膝关节有限元建模可以深入了解膝关节的生物力学特性,开发新的植入材料、预测膝关节疾病、改进手术技术,并指导患者康复锻炼。

采用耗能装配节点的榫卯木构架抗震性能有限元分析

针对榫卯木构架常规梁柱榫卯节点的缺陷,提出一种榫卯木构架的梁柱耗能装配节点。为研究该耗能装配节点对木构架抗震性能的影响,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立带有全钢耗能装配节点、橡胶柔性耗能装配节点、无加固的榫卯式节点三种不同类型榫卯木构架的有限元模型,并进行单调荷载加载分析和低周反复加载分析,主要研究这三类榫卯木构架模型的破坏特征、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载力及耗能能力等力学性能;同时,利用能力谱曲线和需求谱曲线,采用性能点探讨三类木构架的抗震性能。结果表明,与原榫卯木构架相比,该耗能装配节点能够有效地调整和控制木构架的破坏模式,增强梁柱节点的非线性力学性能,显著提高榫卯木构架的整体抗震性能。

适应高流量车载的装配式路面刚性接缝材料的制备及性能研究

通过聚合物改性水泥基材料探讨改性砂浆的力学性能、抗疲劳能力以及微观结构和产物等,研究满足高流量车载装配式路面的适宜填缝材料。研究结果表明,刚性接缝砂浆28d抗折强度、抗压强度满足填缝主拉应力为0.3 MPa、M10级的水泥砂浆拉应力和抗压强度要求,能快速满足通车需求,减少交通隔断时间。GⅢ刚性砂浆200万次疲劳变形处于材料的抗压疲劳破坏前中期,满足中等交通量车载要求。该类型砂浆在装配式道路板工程中的应用,体现出优异的综合性能和较高的性价比。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar pure copper/1350 aluminum alloy butt joints by friction stir welding

The dissimilar friction stir welding of pure copper/1350 aluminum alloy sheet with a thickness of 3 mm was investigated. Most of the rotating pin was inserted into the aluminum alloy side through a pin-off technique, and sound welds were obtained at a rotation speed of 1000 r/min and a welding speed of 80 mm/min. Complicated microstructure was formed in the nugget, in which vortex-like pattern and lamella structure could be found. No intermetallic compounds were found in the nugget. The hardness distribution indicates that the hardness at the copper side of the nugget is higher than that at the aluminum alloy side, and the hardness at the bottom of the nugget is generally higher than that in other regions. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the dissimilar welds are 152 MPa and 6.3%, respectively. The fracture surface observation shows that the dissimilar joints fail with a ductile-brittle mixed fracture mode durin~ tensile test.

Effect of joining temperature on microstructure and properties of diffusion bonded Mg/Al joints

The joining of AZ31B Mg alloy to 6061 Al alloy was investigated at different joining temperatures by vacuum diffusion bonding method. The microstructures of Mg/Al dissimilar joints were studied by means of optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray （EDX）. The results show that the thickness of each layer in the diffusion zone increases with the increase of joining temperature, and the microstructure changes obviously. At joining temperature of 440 °C, the diffusion zone is composed of Mg2Al3 layer and Mg17Al12 layer. At joining temperatures of 460 and 480 °C, the diffusion zone is composed of Mg2Al3 layer, Mg17Al12 layer, eutectic layer of Mg17Al12 and Mg-based solid solution. The width of high-hardness zone in the joint increases with increasing joining temperature, and the micro-hardnesses at different locations in the diffusion zone are significantly different. The joining temperature of 440 °C offers the highest tensile strength of 37 MPa, and the corresponding joint exhibits brittle fracture at the intermetallic compound layer of Mg17Al12.

将夫妻公司穿透识别为实质一人公司的裁判思维之争

夫妻公司是民营经济发展中的主力军。夫妻创业离不开稳定、透明、公平与可预期的法治化营商环境。围绕夫妻公司是否为实质一人公司,存在同案不同判现象。有些判例对夫妻股东无条件地套用自证清白的证据规则,增加了夫妻投资与公司治理风险,不利于高质量发展。为提振投资信心,必须坚持外观主义优位原则,尊重股权结构的公示公信效力,反对恣意的实质穿透主义,划清夫妻共同财产与股东独立人格之间的法律边界,抛弃夫妻通谋失信推定说,鼓励夫妻股东夫妻平等共治,共襄盛举。夫妻公司就是二人公司,并非一人公司或实质一人公司。鉴于“实质一人公司”并非严谨法律概念,不宜被代入《公司法》第23条第3款中的一人公司范畴。既然《公司法》第23条第1款在规制夫妻公司时不存在法律漏洞,法官无须也不应牵强附会地对其准用该法第23条第3款。不将夫妻公司视为实质一人公司,不等于纵容夫妻股东滥用股东有限责任原则与公司法律人格。倘若夫妻公司存在人格严重混同或股权资本显著不足等情形,债权人有权依据《公司法》第23条第1款为股东多元化公司设计的一般法律规则,诉请法院揭开公司面纱,但无权请求法院类推适用第23条第3款专为一人公司设计的举证责任倒置规则。信息占有与举证责任成正比应成为一条证据铁律。

Microstructure and properties of Cu/Al joints brazed with Zn-Al filler metals

The mechanical properties and microstructural distribution of the Cu/A1 brazing joints formed by torch-brazing with different Zn-A1 filler metals were investigated. The microstructure of the Zn-A1 alloys was studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the phase constitution of the Cu/A1 joints was analyzed by energy dispersion spectrometry. The results show that the spreading area of the Zn-A1 filler metals on the Cu and A1 substrates increases as the A1 content increases. The mechanical results indicate that the shear strength reaches a peak value of 88 MPa when A1 and Cu are brazed with Zn-15AI filler metal. Microhardness levels from HV122 to HV515 were produced in the three brazing seam regions corresponding to various microstructure features. The Zn- and Al-rich phases exist in the middle brazing seam regions. However, two interface layers, CuZn3 and A12Cu are formed on the Cu side when the A1 content in the filler metals is 2% and more than 15%, respectively. The relationship between intermetallic compounds on Cu side and Zn-xA1 filler metals was investigated.

Mechanical properties of monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints of the traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region

The mechanical properties of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints of the ancient Chinese traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region were studied using the experimental method. Three monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints were designed according to the actual configurations. The failure modes,the hysteretic curves,the skeleton curves, the rotation rigidities, and the energy dissipation capacity of this type of mortise-tenon joints under the low cyclic reversed loading were obtained. The results show that the hysteretic curves of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints appear to be Z shape and have obvious pinch effects. During the process of the test,these mortisetenon joints pass orderly through the elastic stage,the yield stage and the failure stage. The energy dissipation capacity of these mortise-tenon joints generally decreases with the increase in the rotation angle. The equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints are between 0. 161 and 0. 193. The results can provide the theoretical base for the computing analysis and repair design of Chinese traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region.

恒刚度边界下加锚节理岩体剪切行为宏细观研究

为探究深部地下工程中加锚节理岩体的剪切特性,本文开展了恒刚度边界条件下加锚节理岩体的直剪试验,探究了不同节理面粗糙度、法向刚度和初始法向应力对加锚节理岩体剪切力学特性的影响,并结合PFC数值模拟,分析了不同锚杆弹性模量影响下锚固体系的宏观力学特性和细观裂纹变化特征.结果表明:节理面粗糙度对剪切强度影响显著,粗糙度越大,剪切强度越高;锚杆可提高试样的整体抗剪强度,但法向刚度和初始法向应力对锚杆的锚固效果有不同的影响,存在最优范围;试件内部裂纹以张拉裂纹为主,随着锚杆弹性模量的增加,锚固体的峰值剪切强度和内部裂纹数量都呈现增加趋势,但增加速率在变小;锚杆内部剪切应力曲线和轴向应力曲线变化相似,与锚杆弹性模量有明显关系,弹性模量越大,应力增长越剧烈,达到屈服强度后增加变得十分缓慢.

基于激光表面处理技术的轴承表面性能提高研究现状

真空镀膜设备轴承在工作过程中受交变载荷及循环应力作用,工作面易出现点蚀和剥落等缺陷,导致轴承疲劳失效。通过激光表面处理技术对其工作面进行处理,可以提高轴承工作面的硬度和耐磨性等表面性能,也可以改变轴承工作面的润滑状态,降低轴承磨损,提高轴承使用寿命。为厘清激光表面处理技术在轴承中的应用现状,首先分析了激光熔覆、激光冲击强化、激光淬火和激光表面织构技术原理;然后,阐述了工艺参数,如激光功率、激光扫描速度等对改性层形貌特征、微观组织结构和表面性能的影响;其次,分析了以上技术在轴承领域应用的优缺点,并探讨了激光表面改性过程中需要解决的理论问题和技术瓶颈;最后,对激光表面处理技术在轴承领域的发展进行了展望。激光表面处理技术在提高轴承表面性能方面具有较好的工程应用前景。