Fluid-Structure Coupled Analysis of the Transient Thermal Stress in an Exhaust Manifold

The development of thermal stress in the exhaust manifold of a gasoline engine is considered.The problem is addresses in the frame of a combined approach wherefluid and structure are coupled using the GT-POWER and STAR-CCM+software.First,the external characteristic curve of the engine is compared with a one-dimen-sional simulation model,then the parameters of the model are modified until the curve matches the available experimental values.GT-POWER is then used to transfer the inlet boundary data under transient conditions to STAR-CCM+in real-time.The temperature profiles of the inner and outer walls of the exhaust manifold are obtained in this way,together with the thermal stress and thermal deformation of the exhaust manifold itself.Using this information,the original model is improved through the addition of connections.Moreover,the local branch pipes are optimized,leading to significant improvements in terms of thermal stress and thermal deforma-tion of the exhaust manifold(a 7%reduction in the maximum thermal stress).

Investigating the Thermal Stress of Millisecond Pulsed Laser Irradiation on Charge-Coupled Devices

In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity of the CCD’s material parameters and the melting phase transition process of aluminum electrode materials was considered by using equivalent specific heat capacity method, the physical process where a laser pulse irradiating a CCD pixel array was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The temperature field and thermal stress field were calculated and analyzed. In order to clarify the mechanism producing damage on the CCD detector, Raman spectra from silicon were measured with a micro-Raman spectrometer to determine stress change in the CCD chip. The procedure presented herein illustrates a method for evaluating strain in a CCD after laser irradiation.

Numerical Solution for Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Line Contact with Couple Stress Fluid as Lubricant

In this paper,the detailed analysis of the influence of thermal and non-Newtonian aspects of lubricant(couple stress fluid)on EHL line contact as a function of slide-roll ratio is presented.The novel low complexity FAS(full approximation scheme),of the multigrid scheme,with Jacobi dipole and Gauss Seidel relaxation is used for the solution of coupled equations viz.modified Reynolds equation,film thickness equation and energy equation satisfying appropriate boundary conditions.The analysis reveals the combined influence of non-Newtonian,thermal and slide-roll ratio(of bearing moving with different speeds)on pressure,film thickness and pressure spike covering a wide range of physical parameters of interest.Results show that pressure spike is strongly influenced by thermal,slide-roll ratio and non-Newtonian character of lubricant with negligible effect on the overall pressure distribution.Also,the minimum film thickness is slightly altered and it increases with the increase in the couple stress parameter.These findings confirm the importance of non-Newtonian and thermal effects in the study of EHL.

Finite Element Method Analysis of Stress Field Considering Thermal Coupled Force During Laser Process

According to the prominent characteristic of rapid heating and cooling velocity in process of laser phase transformation hardening, it is important and necessary to consider the couple relation among temperature, phase transformation and stress. Based on the above, a mathematical model to analyze transformation and to reflect its characteristic is presented. Also temperature field control equation relative to stress and phase transformation is set up and thermal elastoplastic constitutive equation containing phase transformation was derived, In a given yield condition, temperature and stress field are numerically calculated by means of Finite Element Method. The result indicates the calculation value coincides with result of test Stress especially thermal stress varied violently in process of laser phase transformation hardening, which leaded to the residual stress on the surface and accorded to the fact. This process can improve the characteristic of material, so it is significant to study on thermal stress of laser quenching, to discuss the effect of phase transformation and stress on temperature, to optimize the laser quenching process and to improve the synthetic mechanic properties of quenching material.

7FDL-16柴油机气缸盖热结构耦合应力分析

通过CATIA软件进行三维建模,利用Space Claim模块提取流体域,在Fluent模块设置流体边界条件并仿真流动,先后导入Ansys Workbench稳态热和静应力分析模块,设置热边界条件和应力载荷,得到气缸盖的温度场以及热结构耦合应力分布云图。热结构耦合应力分析可得:热应变最大处在火力面鼻梁区,最大变形量为0.002 1 mm,应力最大处在两排气门之间的鼻梁区,最大应力值为398 MPa,安全系数为2.71,满足实际结构工作的要求标准。

BMS电路板多模块协同热-力耦合建模及仿真分析

针对现有电动汽车电池管理系统(BMS)电路板研究仅仅考虑单一功能模块的温度场及其散热效果,缺乏考虑BMS多个功能模块在温度场和力场下的相互影响及协同效应的研究的情况,以某商用BMS电路板为研究对象,采用ANSYS构建了表征BMS多模块协同作用下的热-力耦合数值仿真分析模型并验证了其有效性.在此基础上,针对BMS电路板各功能模块温度场及热变形行为开展了数值仿真研究.结果表明:BMS电路板温度分布不均,最大温差达20.5℃.均衡模块存在积热,温度高达54.4℃.高温导致电路板组件发生热膨胀变形,同时电路板约束诱发均衡模块及供电模块边缘的贴片电阻出现热应力集中,两者共同作用致使BMS均衡模块、供电模块产生凸起翘曲变形,且Z轴热变形量随着温度升高而增大,最大变形量达9.5μm,应针对BMS电路板上积热模块开展散热优化设计.

电缆附件用硅橡胶力-热老化特性及电-热-力多物理场耦合仿真研究

长期运行过程中,高温及界面压力作用会导致电缆附件硅橡胶(silicon rubber,SIR)绝缘发生老化,影响附件材料的电-热-力综合性能,易引发放电故障.该文采用实验和仿真结合的方法,研究力-热联合老化作用下硅橡胶材料的电-热-力综合性能变化规律;进一步仿真研究了SIR材料参数变化引起的电缆附件电场、热场和力场变化.实验结果表明,随着老化程度的不断加深,SIR的交联程度和分子运动体系会发生变化,导致材料的电-热-力性能发生不同程度的改变.相对介电常数呈现先下降后上升的趋势,体积电阻率、击穿场强和闪络电压等均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;此外,随着老化时间的延长,材料拉伸强度和断裂伸长率逐渐下降.仿真结果表明,力-热联合老化引起的电缆附件应力锥根部电场强度变化较小,维持在2.2 k V/mm左右;不同老化程度下绝缘层内外侧温差较为明显,最大温度梯度为9.15℃;应力锥根部界面压力从0.263 MPa下降到0.230 MPa,下降约12.5%.该工作对于配电电缆附件绝缘性能评价和故障分析具有指导意义.

C/SiC材质盘式制动器热-机耦合特性分析

为了探究新型C/SiC材料用作小型汽车盘式制动器不同载荷条件下的温度和应力特性,文中通过ABAQUS软件建立了C/SiC制动盘的三维热-机耦合模型,对不同初始速度和制动压力下的紧急制动进行了模拟仿真研究,并与传统的HT250制动盘进行了对比。结果表明:制动片对C/SiC制动盘产生周期脉冲压力,制动过程中摩擦生热造成制动盘温度周期升降,产生正弦波动的热应力,脉冲压力和正弦波动的热应力二者耦合造成制动盘Mises应力、径向应力和周向应力呈现出周期“脉冲”和“正弦”波动变化。在制动减速度为5.56 m/s2、初始速度为60 km/h条件下,C/SiC制动盘在制动摩擦区峰值温度最高为137.3℃,峰值Mises应力、径向应力和周向应力远远小于材料强度。制动盘芯部的非摩擦区域节点承受周期波动的拉应力,是容易发生疲劳失效的关键位置。随着制动减速度的提高,C/SiC比HT250材质制动盘温升更高,但应力峰值的增幅小,具有更强的抗热衰退性能,满足紧急制动的要求。

Natural convection flow of a couple stress fluid between two vertical parallel plates with Hall and ion-slip effects

The Hall and ion-slip effects on fully developed electrically conducting couple stress fluid flow between vertical parallel plates in the presence of a temperature dependent heat source are investigated. The governing non-linear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The resulting equations are then solved using the homotopy analysis method （HAM）. The effects of the magnetic parameter, Hall parameter, ion-slip parameter and couple stress fluid parameter on velocity and temperature are discussed and shown graphically

Flow of couple stress fluid with variable thermal conductivity

The steady flow and heat transfer of a couple stress fluid due to an inclined stretching cylinder are analyzed. The thermal conductivity is assumed to be temperature dependent. The governing equations for the flow and heat transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations. Series solutions of the resulting problem are computed. The effects of various interested parameters, e.g., the couple stress parameter, the angle of inclination, the mixed convection parameter, the Prandtl number, the Reynolds number, the radiation parameter, and the variable thermal conductivity parameter, are illustrated. The skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are computed and analyzed. It is observed that the heat transfer rate at the surface increases while the velocity and the shear stress decrease when the couple stress parameter and the Reynolds number increase. The temperature increases when the Reynolds number increases.

基于连续逐层添加的金属增材制造热-力耦合行为数值模拟研究

金属增材制造是引领第三次工业技术革命的核心技术之一。然而,因过大的残余应力所引发的变形、开裂、抗腐蚀性能下降等问题仍然是阻碍金属增材制造发展的主要瓶颈之一。本文借助开源多物理场仿真平台Elmer,开展了基于连续逐层添加的金属增材制造热-力耦合行为数值模拟研究。其中,连续逐层添加是依据时间与单元位置等信息实时控制单元的激活状态得以实现,应力释放的预测是通过人为将基板的弹性模量设置为很小的值得以实现。针对激光能量输入与基板预热温度对金属增材制造热-力耦合行为的影响,发现随着激光能量输入逐渐降低或基板预热温度逐渐提高,制件的位移逐渐减小,制件的残余应力水平逐渐减弱;相比于激光能量输入,基板预热温度对金属增材制造热-力耦合行为的影响更大。

Geometric nonlinear formulation for thermal-rigid-flexible coupling system

This paper develops geometric nonlinear hybrid formulation for flexible multibody system with large deformation considering thermal effect. Different from the conventional formulation, the heat flux is the function of the rotational angle and the elastic deformation, therefore, the coupling among the temperature, the large overall motion and the elastic deformation should be taken into account. Firstly, based on nonlinear strain-displacement relationship, varia- tional dynamic equations and heat conduction equations for a flexible beam are derived by using virtual work approach, and then, Lagrange dynamics equations and heat conduction equations of the first kind of the flexible multibody system are obtained by leading into the vectors of Lagrange multiplier associated with kinematic and temperature constraint equations. This formulation is used to simulate the thermal included hub-beam system. Comparison of the response be- tween the coupled system and the uncoupled system has re- vealed the thermal chattering phenomenon. Then, the key parameters for stability, including the moment of inertia of the central body, the incident angle, the damping ratio and the response time ratio, are analyzed. This formulation is also used to simulate a three-link system applied with heat flux. Comparison of the results obtained by the proposed formulation with those obtained by the approximate nonlinear model and the linear model shows the significance of con- sidering all the nonlinear terms in the strain in case of large deformation. At last, applicability of the approximate non- linear model and the linear model are clarified in detail.

基于热-应力耦合的LNG储罐泄漏状态下外罐壁受力分析

为分析LNG全容罐在内罐泄漏状态下的外罐壁液密性,采用大型通用有限元分析软件对外罐在正常使用、夏季高中低液位及局部冷点泄漏状态下的结构响应进行了非线性有限元分析,并验证分析了热角保护结构的可靠性。研究结果表明:正常使用阶段外罐壁向内轻微收缩,外罐壁外侧根部出现轻微受拉损伤。泄漏阶段外罐壁收缩明显增大,外罐壁内侧出现大范围受拉损伤,钢筋应力水平显著增加,但外罐壁液密性指标满足要求。热角保护结构在内罐泄漏状态下可有效保证外罐壁底部不直接接触低温液体。

工业微波照射下混凝土砂浆-骨料界面力学性能与多场效应数值分析

针对微波加热特点,采用Comsol Multiphysics数值软件建立了含界面层的砂浆-骨料模型,分析了模型内部电磁场、温度场、应力场的分布情况,得出了砂浆-骨料界面处热力学性能的变化规律及多物理场耦合作用下界面过渡区的微波响应。通过与微波照射砂浆-骨料模型实验对比,验证了数值分析的可靠性。研究结果表明,微波照射后会在界面过渡区域产生很大的温度梯度和热应力,更高的功率和更长的加热时间能使温度梯度、拉应力和压应力变大,从而更有利于砂浆与骨料的界面剥离,实现粗骨料的回收。分析了同一微波能量层级不同照射模式下,试件的热力响应情况。

温-压耦合作用下深层盐岩盖层封闭能力演化特征

为了研究温-压耦合作用对盐岩盖层封闭能力演化的影响,选择中国金坛盐洞的盐岩样品,利用高温-高压三轴岩石力学测试系统实验装置,设计开展恒温变压、恒压变温以及温-压耦合3组实验,模拟温度、压力条件对盐岩盖层封闭能力演化的影响。研究结果表明:①温-压耦合作用导致盐岩短期强度大幅减弱,塑性大幅增强,缩短了脆-塑性转化时间,其中,由温度引起的盐岩短期强度降低百分比(T_(i))大于35.06%;压力引起的盐岩短期强度降低百分比(p_(i))最大只有38.25%,表明埋藏过程中,盐岩力学性质主要受控于温度。②单一压力作用下,盐岩裂缝具有逐渐减少、愈合的趋势;而温-压耦合作用下,盐岩会出现“裂缝再次发育”现象,其中,低温阶段(温度<90℃),压力占主导地位,高温阶段(温度≥90℃),温度占主导地位,盐岩出现蠕变损伤。③建立“深层盐岩”“脆性—脆-塑性—塑性—蠕变损伤—损伤愈合”演化模式,其中,蠕变损伤阶段对于盐下油气藏的保存极为不利。因此,准确厘定盐岩封闭能力的演化特征可为深层盐下油气藏的富集规律分析提供理论依据。

Nonlinearity analysis of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers based on couple stress theory

This paper studies the static deformation behavior of a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer （PMUT） actuated by a strong external electric field. The transducer membrane consists of a piezoelectric layer, a passive layer and two electrode layers. The nonlinearities of the piezoelectric layer caused by electrostriction under a strong electric field are analyzed. Because the thickness of the transducer membrane is on the microscale, the size dependence of the deformation behavior is evaluated using the couple stress theory. The results show that the optimal ratio of the top electrode diameter and the membrane diameter is around 0.674. It is also found that this optimal value does not depend on any other parameters if the thicknesses of the two electrodes are negligible compared with those of the piezo- electric and passive layers. In addition, the nonlinearities of the piezoelectric layer will become stronger along with the increase of the electric field, which means that softening of the membrane stiffness occurs when a strong external electric field is applied. Meanwhile, the optimal thickness ratio for the passive layer and the piezoelectric layer is not equal to 1.0 which is usually adopted by previous researchers. Because there exists size dependence of membrane deforma-tion, the optimal value of this thickness ratio needs to be greater than 1.0 on the microscale.

热-流-固耦合作用下页岩气储层渗透率的演化机制

为了研究热-流-固耦合作用下页岩渗透率的演化机制,考虑热解吸、有效应力和热膨胀对页岩渗透率的影响,提出了页岩的有效应力-渗透率模型,该模型能够分析吸附应变和热膨胀应变对页岩渗透率的影响机制。基于该模型和多孔介质弹性理论,建立了单轴应变条件下页岩气储层的热解吸渗透率模型,该模型能够探讨页岩渗透率随温度和孔隙压力的演化规律。利用室内实验观测的页岩岩样渗透率实验数据,验证了该模型的有效性和准确性。结果表明:(1)热解吸渗透率模型能较好地拟合恒压变温条件下的Marcellus页岩渗透率。(2)探讨了恒温条件下页岩渗透率随孔压的演化机制,发现恒温条件下渗透率的演化规律呈“U形”,温度越高,渗透率随孔压下降的反弹现象越不明显。(3)分析了恒压条件下页岩渗透率随温度的演化机制,发现恒压条件下渗透率随温度的演化规律呈“倒U形”,孔隙压力越大,温度对渗透率的影响越小。(4)分别在恒温和恒压条件下对热解吸渗透率模型进行敏感性分析,发现泊松比越大,渗透率比值梯度越大,孔隙体积模量越大,渗透率比值梯度越小。恒压条件下,当线胀系数大于临界值或朗缪尔体应变小于临界值,渗透率的演化规律不呈现“倒U形”。恒温条件下,当朗缪尔体应变小于临界值时,渗透率的演化规律不呈现“U形”。

基于流-热-固耦合的水冷壁应力场数值模拟研究

锅炉水冷壁向火侧内烟气与水冷壁管内饱和水之间的传热,使水冷壁管间、水冷壁管与鳍片间、水冷壁向火侧和背火侧间产生较大的热应力。本文通过数值模拟获得垂直膜式水冷壁管屏在较高炉膛温度下的温度场和应力场分布,获悉了水冷壁管内压力及温度决定了水冷壁热应力的大小及分布,得知了水冷壁管与鳍片拉裂的原因是锅炉热负荷在短时间内的交替变化,其计算结果为水冷壁在发生热应力拉裂破坏条件下的改进及合理应对拉裂事故提供了方向。

斜面型自补偿油封的热-结构耦合分析

传统唇形油封在使用过程中,存在不耐高温、耐磨性能差、摩擦生热高、使用寿命短等问题,为此,提出了一种使用斜面型自补偿油封代替传统的唇形油封的方法,利用数值分析软件进行了油封的热-结构耦合分析,探究了摩擦温度对油封热应力的影响规律。首先,利用数值分析软件建立了斜面型自补偿油封的动力学模型,采用热-结构耦合的分析方法,进行了油封温度场的求解;然后,引入温度场对油封应力进行了求解,对比分析了相同工况下唇形油封和斜面型自补偿油封温度场的区别;最后,搭建了高压高转速密封实验台,使用PT100温度传感器、瞬态液晶测量等新技术,进行了密封点-面测温,开展了斜面型自补偿油封温升特性的实验研究。实验结果表明:斜面型自补偿油封摩擦温升较唇形油封低,唇形油封的高摩擦生热性及材料的高弹性造成了唇形油封热应力集中,影响了唇形油封的使用寿命;在相同工况下,斜面型自补偿油封较唇形油封摩擦温升低,转子转速每增加1000 r/min,唇形油封的温度平均上升16.9%,斜面型自补偿油封的温度平均上升14.1%;转子转速在3000 r/min~4000 r/min时,斜面型自补偿油封稳定时的温度比唇形油封低21.1%~26.3%。研究结果表明:在相同工况下,斜面型自补偿油封的温升要低于唇形油封;斜面型自补偿油封的低摩擦温升,对于提高密封的使用寿命具有指导意义。

基于ANSYS的平板焊接热-结构耦合场数值模拟

采用ANSYS软件对平板焊接过程进行了数值模拟分析,通过APDL语言编写程序,建立平板对接有限元模型,利用体生热率热源模型和“生死单元”法动态模拟了焊缝金属的熔覆过程,最后对焊接过程的温度-应力耦合场进行了模拟。后处理时,通过选择不同方向上的路径进而得到对应的热结构耦合场中的温度变化曲线和残余应力分布曲线,结果显示与实际焊接过程规律相符,为工程实际中焊接模拟的可靠性分析提供了有益参考。