Effect of dry-wet cycles on dynamic properties and microstructures of sandstone:Experiments and modelling

Underground pumped storage power plant(UPSP)is an innovative concept for space recycling of abandoned mines.Its realization requires better understanding of the dynamic performance and durability of reservoir rock.This paper conducted ultrasonic detection,split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)impact,mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP),and backscatter electron observation(BSE)tests to investigate the dynamical behaviour and microstructure of sandstone with cyclical dry-wet damage.A coupling FEM-DEM model was constructed for reappearing mesoscopic structure damage.The results show that dry-wet cycles decrease the dynamic compressive strength(DCS)with a maximum reduction of 39.40%,the elastic limit strength is reduced from 41.75 to 25.62 MPa.The sieved fragments obtain the highest crack growth rate during the 23rd dry-wet cycle with a predictable life of 25 cycles for each rock particle.The pore fractal features of the macropores and micro-meso pores show great differences between the early and late cycles,which verifies the computational statistics analysis of particle deterioration.The numerical results show that the failure patterns are governed by the strain in pre-peak stage and the shear cracks are dominant.The dry-wet cycles reduce the energy transfer efficiency and lead to the discretization of force chain and crack fields.

A thermo-mechanical damage constitutive model for deep rock considering brittleness-ductility transition characteristics

This paper developed a statistical damage constitutive model for deep rock by considering the effects of external load and thermal treatment temperature based on the distortion energy.The model parameters were determined through the extremum features of stress−strain curve.Subsequently,the model predictions were compared with experimental results of marble samples.It is found that when the treatment temperature rises,the coupling damage evolution curve shows an S-shape and the slope of ascending branch gradually decreases during the coupling damage evolution process.At a constant temperature,confining pressure can suppress the expansion of micro-fractures.As the confining pressure increases the rock exhibits ductility characteristics,and the shape of coupling damage curve changes from an S-shape into a quasi-parabolic shape.This model can well characterize the influence of high temperature on the mechanical properties of deep rock and its brittleness-ductility transition characteristics under confining pressure.Also,it is suitable for sandstone and granite,especially in predicting the pre-peak stage and peak stress of stress−strain curve under the coupling action of confining pressure and high temperature.The relevant results can provide a reference for further research on the constitutive relationship of rock-like materials and their engineering applications.

Constitutive model of rock under static-dynamic coupling loading and experimental investigation

The importance of study on constitutive model of statically loaded rock experiencing dynamic load is set forth, and the studying methods on dynamic constitutive model are classified according to the current studying status. By way of combining statistic damage model and viscoelastic model, uni-axial and multi-axial constitutive models of statically loaded rock experiencing dynamic load (static-dynamic coupling constitutive model) under intermediate strain rate are established. The verification experiment on 2D constitutive model under different static stress and dynamic stress with different frequencies is designed and performed. It is found that there is a good agreement between the experimental stress-strain curves and the theoretical stress-strain curves.

Calibration of coupled hydro-mechanical properties of grain-based model for simulating fracture process and associated pore pressure evolution in excavation damage zone around deep tunnels

The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for calibration of a discrete element grain-based model(GBM)to replicate the hydro-mechanical properties of a brittle rock measured in the laboratory,and to apply the calibrated model to simulating the formation of excavation damage zone(EDZ)around underground excavations.Firstly,a new cohesive crack model is implemented into the universal distinct element code(UDEC)to control the fracturing behaviour of materials under various loading modes.Next,a methodology for calibration of the components of the UDEC-Voronoi model is discussed.The role of connectivity of induced microcracks on increasing the permeability of laboratory-scale samples is investigated.The calibrated samples are used to investigate the influence of pore fluid pressure on weakening the drained strength of the laboratory-scale rock.The validity of the Terzaghi’s effective stress law for the drained peak strength of low-porosity rock is tested by performing a series of biaxial compression test simulations.Finally,the evolution of damage and pore pressure around two unsupported circular tunnels in crystalline granitic rock is studied.

Thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling damage model of brittle rock

Based on fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and damage mechanics, thermal-hydro-mechanical （THM） coupling damage model of brittle rock is established by analyzing THM coupling mechanism, where THM coupling damage variable DTHM is dominated by TH coupling damage variable DTH, TM coupling damage variable DTM and HM coupling damage variable DHM, and DTH is firstly expressed in term of dimensionless total thermal conductivity of the water Nu. Permeability test, uni-axial compression test and THM coupling test are conducted to measure the permeability, elastic modulus and THM coupling stress-strain curves of brittle rock. The tested values of THM coupling elastic modulus E＇HM are in good agreement with the predicted values of THM coupling elastic modulus ETHM, which can verify the newly established THM coupling damage model.

Fluid solid coupling model based on endochronic damage for roller compacted concrete dam

According to the characteristics of thin-layer rolling and pouting construction technology and the complicated mechanical behavior of the roller compacted concrete dam （RCCD） construction interface, a constitutive model of endochronic damage was established based on the endochronic theory and damage mechanics. The proposed model abandons the traditional concept of elastic-plastic yield surface and can better reflect the real behavior of rolled control concrete. Basic equations were proposed for the fluid-solid coupling analysis, and the relationships among the corresponding key physical parameters were also put forward. One three-dimensional finite element method （FEM） program was obtained by studying the FEM type of the seepage-stress coupling intersection of the RCCD. The method was applied to an actual project, and the results show that the fluid-solid interaction influences dam deformation and dam abutment stability, which is in accordance with practice. Therefore, this model provides a new method for revealing the mechanical behavior of RCCD under the coupling field.

Seepage-Stress-Damage Coupled Model of Coal Under Geo-Stress Influence

In the seepage-stress-damage coupled process,the mechanical properties and seepage characteristics of coal are distinctly different between pre-peak stage and post-peak stage.This difference is mainly caused by damage of coal.Therefore,in the process of seepage and stress analysis of coal under the influence of excavation or mining,we need to consider the weakening of mechanical properties and the development of fractures of damaged coal.Based on this understanding,this paper analyzes the influence of damage on mechanics and seepage behavior of coal.A coupled model is established to analyze the seepage-stress-damage coupled process of coal.This model implemented into COMSOL and MATLAB software to realize the numerical solving.Two examples are adopted to verify the correctness of the model and some useful conclusions are obtained.The numerical model establishes the relationship between microcosmic damage evolution and macroscopical fracture and simulates the whole process of coal from microcosmic damage to macroscopical fracture,and the dynamic simulation of fluid flow in this process.It provides a numerical tool for further research on the seepage-stress-damage analysis.

Application of 1D/3D finite elements coupling for structural nonlinear analysis

An element coupling model (ECM) method was proposed to simulate the global behavior and local damage of a structure.In order to reflect the local damage and improve the computational efficiency,three-dimensional (3D) solid elements and one-dimensional (1D) beam element were coupled by the multi-point constraint equations.A reduced scale 1?8 model test was simulated by the ECM and a full three dimensional model (3DM) contrastively.The results show that the global behavior and local damages of ECM agree well with the test and 3DM.It is indicated that the proposed method can be used in the structural nonlinear analysis accurately and efficiently.

CMC-EBC损伤耦合机理及一体化设计研究进展

陶瓷基复合材料与环境障碍涂层组合(CMC-EBC)是目前航空航天领域最具应用前景的热结构材料体系。本文对CMC-EBC失效机理与分析模型的研究进展进行综述。首先,简要回顾了CMC-EBC材料体系的发展及主要制备工艺。然后,综述了CMC-EBC在服役环境下的主要损伤模式与失效机理,总结发现CMC预制体结构、孔洞缺陷和EBC内裂纹等损伤演化相互影响,这种细观损伤模式的耦合是决定其寿命的关键因素之一,但目前的机理研究主要集中于涂层本身性能及其受环境因素的影响,缺乏对涂层和复合材料编制结构在损伤演化过程中协同效应的考虑。接下来,详细分析了CMC-EBC的失效模拟与预测模型研究的历史与现状,指出其中存在的问题,包括环境因素建模方法和损伤耦合演化模拟技术。目前大部分工作致力于分别开发CMC和EBC的失效模型,而对于CMC-EBC构件的失效预测应考虑其损伤演化与微观结构之间的相互耦合影响。最后,对CMC-EBC材料体系研发与服役性能预测方法进行了展望,认为CMC本体和EBC失效模式相互耦合,开展结构功能一体化设计和分析是CMC-EBC构件研究的趋势。

高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩蠕变试验及非线性蠕变损伤模型

为克服高程障碍并降低施工风险,可采用长大隧道穿越崇山峻岭,但这些隧道往往处于深埋高地应力环境,并受到化学侵蚀影响。为了解决此问题,以丽江—香格里拉炭质板岩大变形隧道为研究对象,采用室内试验和理论推导,研究深埋炭质板岩隧道受化学侵蚀作用下的围岩变形特性。在Poyting-Thomson体蠕变体的基础上,根据模型元件的力学特性,叠加了损伤元件、化学损伤元件和非线性元件,提出高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩非线性蠕变损伤本构关系。研究结果表明:1)炭质板岩试样受化学侵蚀影响显著,侵蚀90 d试样所产生的轴向蠕变应变为侵蚀0 d试样的2.02倍,侵蚀60 d试样所产生的径向蠕变为侵蚀0 d试样的1.85倍;2)受侵蚀的炭质板岩试样在三轴压缩状态下破裂以斜向贯通裂隙为主,并产生一定的滑移错动裂隙,且沿轴线的拉伸劈裂破坏受围压作用抑制明显,未产生竖向贯通裂隙。

基于连续损伤力学的楔横轧芯部损伤建模及预测

楔横轧因存在芯部损伤累积行为而容易形成芯部疏松缺陷,准确预测芯部损伤形成条件对楔横轧轴类件高性能制造具有重要意义。开展了不同条件下的热拉伸试验,得到了影响材料损伤的主要因素;基于连续损伤力学,提出了耦合温度、应变速率和应力三轴度的损伤本构模型;开展了不同断面收缩率的楔横轧试验,标定了损伤本构模型的材料断裂阈值,并验证了损伤模型的预测精度;利用该模型预测了断面收缩率、展宽角、成形角对芯部损伤的影响规律,为参数选择提供参考。研究结果表明:温度、应变速率及应力三轴度都显著影响材料损伤行为,所建立的耦合损伤本构模型能较好地预测楔横轧芯部的损伤演化过程;楔横轧芯部损伤与成形角成反比,与展宽角和断面收缩率成正比,各参数影响程度由小到大依次为断面收缩率、展宽角、成形角。

全程老化沥青中温抗疲劳性能及预测模型研究

为分析老化沥青胶结料的中温抗疲劳性能,以三种基质沥青和两种改性沥青为试验材料,基于线性振幅扫描试验和黏弹性连续损伤模型,建立了预测模型。结果表明,在线性振幅扫描试验中,随着频率的增大和老化时间的延长,沥青的复合剪切模量增大,相位角减小;改性沥青的相位角明显小于基质沥青,表明改性剂可以增强沥青胶结料的弹性;基质沥青的疲劳寿命随老化时间延长而缩短,其变化存在一个平缓过渡期;精度检验结果表明,建立的非线性预估模型拟合程度高,可用于不同老化时间沥青胶结料疲劳寿命的预测;推荐采用残留疲劳寿命作为老化沥青胶结料中温抗疲劳性能工程的判断指标,并针对不同类型沥青提出了相应技术要求。

基于统计指标的曲线桥支座脱空病害识别方法

为快速评估曲线连续梁桥支座健康状态,提出了基于时程统计指标的桥梁支座脱空病害识别方法。首先,提取行车激励下桥面测点加速度信号的20个时程统计指标,通过概率统计的方式,得出各统计指标的置信区间;其次,根据各时程统计指标对支座脱空的敏感程度不同,采用熵值法确定各统计指标的权重分配值;最后,根据各测点异常指标数计算损伤指数,综合判断测点附近支座是否出现脱空病害。为验证方法的有效性,以某3×25 m曲线连续梁桥为工程背景,建立车桥耦合动力学模型进行分析验证。结果表明:该方法可以准确识别脱空支座所在位置,并且可以有效识别较小的损伤;相比于中间支座脱空,时程统计指标对端支座脱空更为敏感。

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体高温-荷载耦合损伤模型及其验证

针对隧道岩体在高温和荷载共同作用下产生的耦合损伤问题,基于连续损伤力学理论,引入高温-荷载耦合损伤因子,建立了考虑高温作用的广义Hoek-Brown(H-B)准则的弹塑性损伤本构模型,解决了模型在数值积分过程中的奇异点问题,并利用Fortran语言编写了模型的有限元程序。结果表明:模型计算的应力-应变曲线与试验所得到的曲线趋势一致且计算结果误差在5%以内,温度作用下隧洞围岩损伤逐渐加剧,验证了模型的准确性和程序的稳健性,可为火灾作用下隧道围岩安全稳定性评价提供一种有效计算方法。

考虑细观损伤的推进剂粘弹性多尺度本构模型研究

为了深入研究固体推进剂细观损伤行为及对其宏观力学性能的影响,在223~333 K温度下对硝酸酯增塑聚醚推进剂(NEPE)推进剂开展了单轴拉伸和应力松弛试验,获得了相应的应力应变曲线及松弛模量主曲线。在有限变形下开发了考虑细观损伤的非线性粘弹性本构模型,该模型通过将微空洞演化与温度、应变率、围压及循环加载损伤等因素关联实现对推进剂力学性能的多尺度分析。通过有限元软件ABAQUS对模型进行了二次开发,并基于试验数据确定了模型参数,之后将模型应用于预测推进剂在不同加载下的力学响应。结果表明,该模型能够准确预测推进剂在宽温(223~333 K)和加载速率(1~200 mm·min^(-1))下的单轴拉伸响应,并且适用于循环加载、围压试验和双轴加载试验,验证了该模型在复杂应力状态下的有效性。该模型所需参数较少且易于嵌入商用软件,可为发动机推装药结构完整性的多尺度分析提供一定的理论指导。

基于损伤耦合演化过程的黏土-结构物界面统计损伤本构模型

为了评估粗糙度对土与结构物界面强度特性的影响,首先,开展不同法向应力条件下黏土和不同粗糙度黏土-结构物界面强度的直剪试验,分析了土体剪切面强度和界面强度的相互关系;其次,利用图像处理软件分析黏土-结构物界面的剪切机理,提出了考虑结构物表面粗糙度影响的界面损伤耦合演化过程;第三,引入考虑界面粗糙度影响的等效初始损伤因子,基于连续损伤理论和统计强度理论建立了考虑界面损伤耦合演化过程的黏土-结构物界面统计损伤本构模型;最后,结合室内试验结果验证了模型适用性。研究结果表明:在相同法向应力条件下,界面粗糙度越大,界面强度越接近土体强度;界面强度与结构物表面粗糙度呈幂函数关系增加,其增长速率随结构物表面粗糙度增加而降低;黏土-结构物界面剪切全过程的损伤演化过程可分为等效初始损伤阶段和加载损伤阶段,其中,等效初始损伤阶段受界面粗糙度影响,加载损伤包括受荷损伤和耦合损伤。本文模型所得结果与试验结果的吻合度较高,能较好地反映黏土与结构物界面损伤本构特征。

温度-应力耦合作用下深部盐岩蠕变损伤模型

随着我国盐岩储库工程的兴建,浅部适宜矿床逐渐利用殆尽,盐岩储库向深部发展成为必然趋势。为了研究深部盐岩储库实际运营过程中,围岩在三向地应力和温度耦合作用下的蠕变损伤特征,进行了不同温度和应力耦合作用下深部盐岩的三轴蠕变试验。考虑温度和应力对深部盐岩蠕变损伤的影响,认为温度损伤伴随蠕变全过程,所处应力状态达到屈服极限时应力损伤开始发挥作用,且温度和应力与损伤变量之间分别满足Weibull分布和负指数函数的关系。引入分数阶Abel黏壶改进西原正夫模型,建立了一种新的考虑温度-应力耦合效应的黏弹塑性蠕变损伤模型。该模型不仅形式简单,且每个参数都有明确的物理意义,方便模型在数值计算和工程实践中的应用。结果表明:深部盐岩的稳态蠕变率是偏应力和温度的函数,拟合出稳态蠕变应变率本构方程中材料参数A=32.39 MPa-4.83/h、激活自由能Q=7.84×10^(4) kJ/mol、蠕变应力指数n=4.83;不同温度和应力下的黏弹塑性蠕变损伤模型的理论解析解与对应试验数据有良好的吻合度,验证了模型的正确性和精确度。通过蠕变损伤模型各力学元件拟合参数结果验证了温度和应力对岩石蠕变性能的影响规律,证明了所建模型的合理性。所建模型不仅可以精确表征岩石的衰减和稳态蠕变阶段,也能较好地描述加速蠕变阶段的变形特性。

冲击载荷作用下传爆药细观损伤模式及本构模型研究

为获取传爆药在冲击载荷作用下的细观损伤模式及本构模型,基于一级轻气炮装置,设计JH-14C传爆药多轴冲击损伤实验,获得了不同速度下应力历程曲线,并利用扫描电镜对回收试样进行细观形貌观测。基于黏弹性统计裂纹模型开发VUMAT子程序,代入到ABAQUS中对SHPB实验进行数值模拟,对照实验结果验证了模型以及参数的有效性,并进一步对多轴冲击试验进行数值模拟,分析不同速度下JH-14C损伤度。结果表明:多轴冲击下JH-14C内部损伤主要为穿晶断裂,JH-14C损伤度随着速度增大而变大。数值模拟与实验结果吻合较好,本构模型可较好描述在不同加载条件下传爆药的力学特性。

基于PD-FEM混合模型的材料热力耦合损伤分析

提出了一种新的近场动力学-有限元方法(peridynamics-finite element method,PD-FEM)混合模型.该模型用于求解材料热力耦合损伤问题,将求解域划分为近场动力学(PD)区域和有限元方法(FEM)区域,通过FEM节点与PD物质点构成的混合键连接各个子区域.采用该模型对氧化铝陶瓷板在热冲击载荷作用下的损伤行为进行了模拟分析,计算结果表明,采用该混合模型获得的裂纹萌生及扩展与实验研究结果吻合良好,验证了该模型的正确性.该PD-FEM混合模型继承了PD处理不连续问题的优势,同时,由于FEM的引入,大大提高了PD方法在研究材料热力耦合损伤问题时的求解效率.

舰艇水下爆炸破损分布特性

舰艇在作战过程中受到武器攻击,从爆炸产生的破口持续多向进水,影响舰艇的不沉性。为了探究水下爆炸破损分布特性,开展了驳船近场水下爆炸试验,利用声固耦合法计算了冲击波与气泡射流载荷联合作用下全船结构的毁伤,得到整船塑性变形区域的凹陷深度为85 cm,L形破口宽30 cm,破口面积为0.2 m2。对比了试验和仿真数据,计算破口尺寸的相对误差小于20%,破口位置吻合较好,验证了模型的准确性。利用该模型进行了不同爆距下爆炸仿真计算,提出了驳船在近场水下爆炸载荷作用下的分布式损伤模式,明确了舰船结构的毁伤除整体折断和局部大型破口外还有广泛分布的小裂缝存在于舱壁、舷侧外板等部位。随着冲击因子从5.74减小至1.91,舱底破口尺寸减小,舱内裂缝增多;当冲击因子在1.91~2.87之间时,舱底破损为分散式的小型破口。舷侧、舱壁与舱底的连接处为薄弱部位,小裂缝分布较多,在舰艇设计过程中可重点加强防护。