In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of ext...In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.展开更多
China is implementing the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Revitalizing idle and inefficient utilization courtyards is an important measure for rural revitalization.The evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency i...China is implementing the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Revitalizing idle and inefficient utilization courtyards is an important measure for rural revitalization.The evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency is the basis of determining the idle and inefficient utilization courtyards in order to revitalizing it.This study provided a reference for the optimal use of rural courtyard utilization and revitalization through the quantitative comprehensive evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency and the classification of courtyard utilization types.Taking Shandong Province in Eastern China as study area,we selected eight surveyed villages by stratified sampling method.According to the scale of the villages,full survey and sample survey were used,while middleaged men who familiar with the courtyards were selected as the respondents.Through a household questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews from2017 to 2018,578 questionnaires of rural courtyardsin eight villages were obtained.Then based on the functions of rural courtyard and land resource conditions,16 comprehensive factors were formulated,involving land conditions,construction conditions and economic benefits,to build the comprehensive evaluation index system of rural courtyard utilization efficiency.Next the index weight was determined by analytic hierarchy process,and the linear weighted regression model was used to evaluate the utilization efficiency of rural courtyard.Finally,the K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the utilization efficiency of courtyards.The results showed that among the eight villages,the average utilization efficiency of courtyards was moderate(one village was low,five were moderate,and two were high).The proportions of both idle and inefficiently utilized courtyards were high.There were three vital factors leading to the idle and low efficiency of rural courtyards.They were declining rural industries,limited arable land per capita,and more farmer workers.In this case,the utilization efficiency of courtyards should be improved by transferring rural land,developing secondary and tertiary industries,evaluating the development potential of villages,classifying and optimizing courtyard utilization,so as to make full use of idle and inefficient courtyards,increase the income of farmers and collectives and promote the revitalization of rural areas.展开更多
Different climatic zones should consider different architectural spatial organization forms when designing buildings. In this paper, the design scheme of Half Courtyard located in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi is sel...Different climatic zones should consider different architectural spatial organization forms when designing buildings. In this paper, the design scheme of Half Courtyard located in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi is selected for research to explore how to construct ecological elderly care buildings in cold regions. The design scheme has been proven to increase solar energy efficiency, add natural ventilation, improve the insulation performance of building envelopes, and create a comfortable indoor climate.展开更多
The effect of the courtyard on moderating the hush climate and improving the thermal environment of the courtyard style cave dwelling, and the interaction amongst the ambient, the courtyard and its surrounding cave ro...The effect of the courtyard on moderating the hush climate and improving the thermal environment of the courtyard style cave dwelling, and the interaction amongst the ambient, the courtyard and its surrounding cave rooms were investigated. A field measurement was carried out in such a typical dwelling in the winter. The results presented in this paper prove the ability of this dwelling to transform an extreme winter environment outside cave rooms into a better outdoor community space and will be helpful for modern architects to seek a low cost housing solution with concern for sustainable development.展开更多
Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance,...Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance, but not pruning; Tibetan courtyard landscaping valued shape, color, flower season and visual aesthetics of fl owers, tried to build "gardens" with fl ower confi guration as the major content, similar aesthetic concepts and landscaping style with European gardens; moreover, it paid more attention to plants, but not waterscape design; in Tibetan gardens, lawns occupied a secondary position next to fl owering plants, fruit trees and garden crops.展开更多
There are two types of typical traditional Chinese residential buildings:one is the dwellings in Anhui Province in South China,and the other is of course the merchants’grand courtyards in Shanxi Province in North Chi...There are two types of typical traditional Chinese residential buildings:one is the dwellings in Anhui Province in South China,and the other is of course the merchants’grand courtyards in Shanxi Province in North China.The grand courtyards in Shanxi Province are famous as they are deep and sumptuous,represented by those of Jin-Merchants(Jin,is short for Shanxi Province,and Jin-merchants refer to these businessmen in Shanxi Province.展开更多
Characteristics and differences of Chinese and westerners in cultural background,lifestyle,and psychological needs were analyzed,on the basis of which gardening arts in both regions explored,and trend of modern courty...Characteristics and differences of Chinese and westerners in cultural background,lifestyle,and psychological needs were analyzed,on the basis of which gardening arts in both regions explored,and trend of modern courtyard design summarized.Taking Hollister House Garden(Connecticut)and Taihe"Yard by Canal"(Beijing)for example,differences of modern Chinese and western yard designs were compared.展开更多
From the perspectives of physiology and psychology, this article not only analyzes the interrelation between landscape and sight, but also classifies and studies the courtyard landscape sight. According to the studies...From the perspectives of physiology and psychology, this article not only analyzes the interrelation between landscape and sight, but also classifies and studies the courtyard landscape sight. According to the studies of courtyard sight, courtyard space and courtyard construction, how to optimize the courtyard landscape construction is to be discussed to provide references for further researches and field applications.展开更多
This paper investigates residents living experience in the common courtyards of cooperative housing and cohousing in Canada,and their sense of happiness associated with it.Cooperative housing as a form of social housi...This paper investigates residents living experience in the common courtyards of cooperative housing and cohousing in Canada,and their sense of happiness associated with it.Cooperative housing as a form of social housing established in Toronto,Ontario,Canada as early as the 1910s.Cohousing as its subsequent name has evolved into a global movement since the 1960s,to promote residents sharing and caring for one another through active participation in community lives and cooperative management.A key feature of this housing is the inclusion of shared spaces,such as common courtyards.This research explored what make residents happy and/or unhappy in the common courtyards,and how to improve their living experience in the common courtyards.Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 residents in three cooperative housing in Toronto and three cohousing across Canada.The findings suggest that the Courtyard is a central component to promote social happiness of residents.The paper contributes to the topic of Housing and Happiness that is rarely studied.It finally proposes a courtyard garden housing scheme that can be a template for universal application.The main conclusion is that there is a need for more courtyard configuration in contemporary Canadian urban planning and architectural design to promote community development.展开更多
By introducing two famous works of Mr.Zhang Kaiji in his later years,the reconstruction plan of Beijing Planetarium and the Museum of Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History,the paper analyzes the "c...By introducing two famous works of Mr.Zhang Kaiji in his later years,the reconstruction plan of Beijing Planetarium and the Museum of Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History,the paper analyzes the "courtyard·yard" space he once imagined in the modern city and large public buildings,and expounds the value and significance of his conception.The author believes that the expansion and transformation of important works should be based on historical research and centered on the spirit of space,and the intangible space outside of tangible entities should be carefully treated,so as to better complete the transmission of modern Chinese space experience.展开更多
Due to the special geographical location and environment of Yuzhou and the convenient transportation conditions,the progress of political,economic,and cultural exchanges,has led to a wide variety of residential buildi...Due to the special geographical location and environment of Yuzhou and the convenient transportation conditions,the progress of political,economic,and cultural exchanges,has led to a wide variety of residential buildings and even prototypes of residential buildings in various parts of Henan and even in the middle reaches of the Yellow River are not uncommon in Yuzhou.Therefore,Yuzhou folk houses can be called one of the typical representatives of the traditional residential architectural culture in the Central Plains.Taking the Song Family Courtyard in Qianjing Village in Yuzhou Region as the research object,this paper obtains first-hand data and materials from fieldwork method and literature analysis methods.Besides,this paper not only comprehensively analyzes the shape system,architectural characteristics,and decorative art content of residential buildings through data measurement,on-site mapping,etc.,but also sorts out and demonstrates the characteristics of residential buildings under the influence of the traditional religious ritual law system and social hierarchy.This paper provides theoretical support for further improving and enriching the theoretical achievements of traditional residential dwellings in the Yuzhou area and also provides a theoretical basis for the protection,inheritance,and reuse of residential dwellings in the Yuzhou area,aiming to lay a foundation for subsequent research.展开更多
The research seeks to understand the effects of internal courtyards on thermal comfort conditions in compound houses in Ghana’s Tamale Metropolitan area.Internal courtyards are an integral part of the design of compo...The research seeks to understand the effects of internal courtyards on thermal comfort conditions in compound houses in Ghana’s Tamale Metropolitan area.Internal courtyards are an integral part of the design of compound houses in this location.Their inclusion in building designs is largely as a point of domestic activity such as cooking and cleaning and also for social interaction.However,a lot of interchanges in thermal conditions between structures and the outdoors take place within these internal courtyards.Various design details of the building will engender different thermal responses of the internal courtyard.This paper assesses thermal comfort in compound houses as against bungalow type houses in the Tamale Metropolis,Ghana by the application of the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)model.This prototype compares with the International Standards Organization(ISO)7730 and American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE)Standard 55(estimated values between 23℃-26℃seen as the allowable temperatures).Ambient indoor conditions(dry bulb temperature and relative humidity)of five(5)buildings each from the two building typologies from were recorded over a period of ten calendar months.These ambient conditions were analyzed,consequently generating the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)recordings.The investigations uncovered relatively high PPD-PMV recordings relating to the Bungalow type buildings while the compound houses attune to the comfort zone.The Actual Mean Votes(AMV)of residents suggests the two building typologies are all rated comfortable however;the compound houses are rated above the bungalow type houses.展开更多
This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heri...This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heritage sustainability:their development caused dwellings to darken(1737–1950),and the existing challenge is to open new patios according to the listed buildings'protection policy.Critical findings in archival research and existing building assessments led to completed data collection and analysis.When exploring construction expansion,from the house towards the collective prototype around a gradually reduced patio and dwelling darkening(1737–1786),buildings resulted in open,semiopen,underlighted and closed designs.Study area on-site assessment uncovered the transition from the older low-rise type(1–3)floors to the modern closed model of up to(4–6)storeys.Construction enlargements,consequently reducing original green areas and courtyards,call for reversing that process or formulating a new strategy.It debates the partial demolition of listed buildings in upgrades and its agreement with the needed“blue courtyard”strategy(PGOUM),resulting from joining new rear individual patios to create a communal building block courtyard.The uncovered“in-between”type(1864),which integrates two open-air collective spaces,an inner courtyard and a back garden,appears challenging to explore.展开更多
In the 1960s, when apartments were being introduced in South Korea and were not yet standardized, diverse attempts at construction were made. However, due to factors such as the preference for houses that face south, ...In the 1960s, when apartments were being introduced in South Korea and were not yet standardized, diverse attempts at construction were made. However, due to factors such as the preference for houses that face south, apartment planning principles were unified. The present study intended to find out characteristics that can be applied to the current demands by studying cases of experimental plans among apartments, understanding the plans of courtyard apartments and classifying the cases into different types. The types of 29 courtyard apartments constructed in 1960-1970s in Seoul were analyzed. The apartments were classified into complex types that refer to cases where many buildings form a courtyard, block types, and open types. 2017 Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license展开更多
基金Supported by Changsha Science and Technology Program"Changsha Vegetable Science Popularization Base"Hunan High-tech Industry Science and Technology Innovation Leading Program"Innovation and Demonstration of Modern Green Building Aerial Ecological Courtyard Technology"(2022GK4065).
文摘In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.
文摘China is implementing the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Revitalizing idle and inefficient utilization courtyards is an important measure for rural revitalization.The evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency is the basis of determining the idle and inefficient utilization courtyards in order to revitalizing it.This study provided a reference for the optimal use of rural courtyard utilization and revitalization through the quantitative comprehensive evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency and the classification of courtyard utilization types.Taking Shandong Province in Eastern China as study area,we selected eight surveyed villages by stratified sampling method.According to the scale of the villages,full survey and sample survey were used,while middleaged men who familiar with the courtyards were selected as the respondents.Through a household questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews from2017 to 2018,578 questionnaires of rural courtyardsin eight villages were obtained.Then based on the functions of rural courtyard and land resource conditions,16 comprehensive factors were formulated,involving land conditions,construction conditions and economic benefits,to build the comprehensive evaluation index system of rural courtyard utilization efficiency.Next the index weight was determined by analytic hierarchy process,and the linear weighted regression model was used to evaluate the utilization efficiency of rural courtyard.Finally,the K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the utilization efficiency of courtyards.The results showed that among the eight villages,the average utilization efficiency of courtyards was moderate(one village was low,five were moderate,and two were high).The proportions of both idle and inefficiently utilized courtyards were high.There were three vital factors leading to the idle and low efficiency of rural courtyards.They were declining rural industries,limited arable land per capita,and more farmer workers.In this case,the utilization efficiency of courtyards should be improved by transferring rural land,developing secondary and tertiary industries,evaluating the development potential of villages,classifying and optimizing courtyard utilization,so as to make full use of idle and inefficient courtyards,increase the income of farmers and collectives and promote the revitalization of rural areas.
基金Sponsored by Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(17JK0480)Industry-University Cooperation and Collaborative Education Project of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China(201802185013)Education and Teaching Reform and Research Project of Xi’an University of Science and Technology(JG18126)
文摘Different climatic zones should consider different architectural spatial organization forms when designing buildings. In this paper, the design scheme of Half Courtyard located in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi is selected for research to explore how to construct ecological elderly care buildings in cold regions. The design scheme has been proven to increase solar energy efficiency, add natural ventilation, improve the insulation performance of building envelopes, and create a comfortable indoor climate.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (59638210).
文摘The effect of the courtyard on moderating the hush climate and improving the thermal environment of the courtyard style cave dwelling, and the interaction amongst the ambient, the courtyard and its surrounding cave rooms were investigated. A field measurement was carried out in such a typical dwelling in the winter. The results presented in this paper prove the ability of this dwelling to transform an extreme winter environment outside cave rooms into a better outdoor community space and will be helpful for modern architects to seek a low cost housing solution with concern for sustainable development.
基金Sponsored by Key Project of National Sci-Tech Support Plan(2013BAJ03B00)
文摘Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance, but not pruning; Tibetan courtyard landscaping valued shape, color, flower season and visual aesthetics of fl owers, tried to build "gardens" with fl ower confi guration as the major content, similar aesthetic concepts and landscaping style with European gardens; moreover, it paid more attention to plants, but not waterscape design; in Tibetan gardens, lawns occupied a secondary position next to fl owering plants, fruit trees and garden crops.
文摘There are two types of typical traditional Chinese residential buildings:one is the dwellings in Anhui Province in South China,and the other is of course the merchants’grand courtyards in Shanxi Province in North China.The grand courtyards in Shanxi Province are famous as they are deep and sumptuous,represented by those of Jin-Merchants(Jin,is short for Shanxi Province,and Jin-merchants refer to these businessmen in Shanxi Province.
文摘Characteristics and differences of Chinese and westerners in cultural background,lifestyle,and psychological needs were analyzed,on the basis of which gardening arts in both regions explored,and trend of modern courtyard design summarized.Taking Hollister House Garden(Connecticut)and Taihe"Yard by Canal"(Beijing)for example,differences of modern Chinese and western yard designs were compared.
基金Sponsored by 2016 Guangxi Higher Education Undergraduate Teaching Reform Project
文摘From the perspectives of physiology and psychology, this article not only analyzes the interrelation between landscape and sight, but also classifies and studies the courtyard landscape sight. According to the studies of courtyard sight, courtyard space and courtyard construction, how to optimize the courtyard landscape construction is to be discussed to provide references for further researches and field applications.
文摘This paper investigates residents living experience in the common courtyards of cooperative housing and cohousing in Canada,and their sense of happiness associated with it.Cooperative housing as a form of social housing established in Toronto,Ontario,Canada as early as the 1910s.Cohousing as its subsequent name has evolved into a global movement since the 1960s,to promote residents sharing and caring for one another through active participation in community lives and cooperative management.A key feature of this housing is the inclusion of shared spaces,such as common courtyards.This research explored what make residents happy and/or unhappy in the common courtyards,and how to improve their living experience in the common courtyards.Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 residents in three cooperative housing in Toronto and three cohousing across Canada.The findings suggest that the Courtyard is a central component to promote social happiness of residents.The paper contributes to the topic of Housing and Happiness that is rarely studied.It finally proposes a courtyard garden housing scheme that can be a template for universal application.The main conclusion is that there is a need for more courtyard configuration in contemporary Canadian urban planning and architectural design to promote community development.
文摘By introducing two famous works of Mr.Zhang Kaiji in his later years,the reconstruction plan of Beijing Planetarium and the Museum of Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History,the paper analyzes the "courtyard·yard" space he once imagined in the modern city and large public buildings,and expounds the value and significance of his conception.The author believes that the expansion and transformation of important works should be based on historical research and centered on the spirit of space,and the intangible space outside of tangible entities should be carefully treated,so as to better complete the transmission of modern Chinese space experience.
基金funded by Fund projects:The National Social Science Foundation of the Arts Key Project“Research on the Architecture Art and Folk Culture of Chinese Traditional Houses on the Land“Silk Road”(Number:18AH008)”Project entrusted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism:“Yellow River Culture and Chinese Civilization:Rescue Research on Shaanxi Traditional Residential Buildings and Residential Folk Culture”(No.21HH02)Shaanxi Province High-level Talents Special Support Program.
文摘Due to the special geographical location and environment of Yuzhou and the convenient transportation conditions,the progress of political,economic,and cultural exchanges,has led to a wide variety of residential buildings and even prototypes of residential buildings in various parts of Henan and even in the middle reaches of the Yellow River are not uncommon in Yuzhou.Therefore,Yuzhou folk houses can be called one of the typical representatives of the traditional residential architectural culture in the Central Plains.Taking the Song Family Courtyard in Qianjing Village in Yuzhou Region as the research object,this paper obtains first-hand data and materials from fieldwork method and literature analysis methods.Besides,this paper not only comprehensively analyzes the shape system,architectural characteristics,and decorative art content of residential buildings through data measurement,on-site mapping,etc.,but also sorts out and demonstrates the characteristics of residential buildings under the influence of the traditional religious ritual law system and social hierarchy.This paper provides theoretical support for further improving and enriching the theoretical achievements of traditional residential dwellings in the Yuzhou area and also provides a theoretical basis for the protection,inheritance,and reuse of residential dwellings in the Yuzhou area,aiming to lay a foundation for subsequent research.
文摘The research seeks to understand the effects of internal courtyards on thermal comfort conditions in compound houses in Ghana’s Tamale Metropolitan area.Internal courtyards are an integral part of the design of compound houses in this location.Their inclusion in building designs is largely as a point of domestic activity such as cooking and cleaning and also for social interaction.However,a lot of interchanges in thermal conditions between structures and the outdoors take place within these internal courtyards.Various design details of the building will engender different thermal responses of the internal courtyard.This paper assesses thermal comfort in compound houses as against bungalow type houses in the Tamale Metropolis,Ghana by the application of the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)model.This prototype compares with the International Standards Organization(ISO)7730 and American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE)Standard 55(estimated values between 23℃-26℃seen as the allowable temperatures).Ambient indoor conditions(dry bulb temperature and relative humidity)of five(5)buildings each from the two building typologies from were recorded over a period of ten calendar months.These ambient conditions were analyzed,consequently generating the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)recordings.The investigations uncovered relatively high PPD-PMV recordings relating to the Bungalow type buildings while the compound houses attune to the comfort zone.The Actual Mean Votes(AMV)of residents suggests the two building typologies are all rated comfortable however;the compound houses are rated above the bungalow type houses.
基金The Government of Spain,Ministry of Science and Innovation,supported this work under a Grant(PID2020-118796RBI00)the University of Alcala under a Grant(PIUAH22-IA-026)a Research Stay at the University of Portsmouth,United Kingdom(2018-BDNS:369002 and 2019-BDNS-429650).
文摘This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heritage sustainability:their development caused dwellings to darken(1737–1950),and the existing challenge is to open new patios according to the listed buildings'protection policy.Critical findings in archival research and existing building assessments led to completed data collection and analysis.When exploring construction expansion,from the house towards the collective prototype around a gradually reduced patio and dwelling darkening(1737–1786),buildings resulted in open,semiopen,underlighted and closed designs.Study area on-site assessment uncovered the transition from the older low-rise type(1–3)floors to the modern closed model of up to(4–6)storeys.Construction enlargements,consequently reducing original green areas and courtyards,call for reversing that process or formulating a new strategy.It debates the partial demolition of listed buildings in upgrades and its agreement with the needed“blue courtyard”strategy(PGOUM),resulting from joining new rear individual patios to create a communal building block courtyard.The uncovered“in-between”type(1864),which integrates two open-air collective spaces,an inner courtyard and a back garden,appears challenging to explore.
文摘In the 1960s, when apartments were being introduced in South Korea and were not yet standardized, diverse attempts at construction were made. However, due to factors such as the preference for houses that face south, apartment planning principles were unified. The present study intended to find out characteristics that can be applied to the current demands by studying cases of experimental plans among apartments, understanding the plans of courtyard apartments and classifying the cases into different types. The types of 29 courtyard apartments constructed in 1960-1970s in Seoul were analyzed. The apartments were classified into complex types that refer to cases where many buildings form a courtyard, block types, and open types. 2017 Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license