Flexural Bond Behavior of Rebar in Ultra-High Performance Concrete Beams Considering Lap-Splice Length and Cover Depth

This study intends to find out the correlation between the cover depth and the bond characteristics of UHPC through pull-out tests of UHPC specimens with different cover depths and bond tests of rebar using flexural members. In this experimental study, specimens are fabricated with the lap-splice length as test variable in relation with the calculation of the lap-splice length for 180- MPa UHPC. Moreover, specimens are also fabricated with the cover depth as test variable to evaluate the effect of the cover depth on the UHPC flexural members. The load-displacement curves are analyzed for each of these test variables to compute the lap-splice length proposed in the K-UHPC structural design guideline and to evaluate the influence of the cover depth on the flexural members. As a result, the stability of the structural behavior can be significantly enhanced by increasing slightly the cover depth specification of the current UHPC Structure Design Guideline from the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 20 mm to the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 25 mm.

Evaluation of Snow Depth and Snow Cover Fraction Simulated by Two Versions of the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model

Based on historical runs,one of the core experiments of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5）,the snow depth （SD） and snow cover fraction （SCF） simulated by two versions of the Flexible Global OceanAtmosphere-Land System （FGOALS） model,Grid-point Version 2 （g2） and Spectral Version 2 （s2）,were validated against observational data.The results revealed that the spatial pattern of SD and SCF over the Northern Hemisphere （NH） are simulated well by both models,except over the Tibetan Plateau,with the average spatial correlation coefficient over all months being around 0.7 and 0.8 for SD and SCF,respectively.Although the onset of snow accumulation is captured wellby the two models in terms of the annual cycle of SD and SCF,g2 overestimates SD/SCF over most mid-and high-latitude areas of the NH.Analysis showed that g2 produces lower temperatures than s2 because it considers the indirect effects of aerosols in its atmospheric component,which is the primary driver for the SD/SCF difference between the two models.In addition,both models simulate the significant decreasing trend of SCF well over （30°-70°N） in winter during the period 1971-94.However,as g2 has a weak response to an increase in the concentration of CO2 and lower climate sensitivity,it presents weaker interannual variation compared to s2.

Comparison of Three Commonly Used Equations for Calculating Local Scour Depth around Bridge Pier under Ice Covered Flow Condition

A precise prediction of maximum scour depth around bridge foundations under ice covered condition is crucial for their safe design because underestimation may result in bridge failure and over-estimation will lead to unnecessary construction costs. Compared to pier scour depth predictions within an open channel, few studies have attempted to predict the extent of pier scour depth under ice-covered condition. The present work examines scour under ice by using a series of clear-water flume experiments employing two adjacent circular bridge piers in a uniform bed were exposed to open channel and both rough and smooth ice covered channels. The measured scour depths were compared to three commonly used bridge scour equations including Gao’s simplified equation, the HEC-18/Jones equation, and the Froehlich Design Equation. The present study has several advantages as it adds to the understanding of the physics of bridge pier scour under ice cover flow condition, it checks the validity and reliability of commonly used bridge pier equations, and it reveals whether they are valid for the case of scour under ice-covered flow conditions. In addition, it explains how accurately an equation developed for scour under open channel flow can predict scour around bridge piers under ice-covered flow condition.

方拱形波纹钢管廊弯矩解析解及断面参数研究

方拱形结构因空间利用率较高而广泛应用于我国地下综合管廊的建设中,但其结构承载特征、力学机制及相关设计方法研究尚少。为研究方拱形波纹钢管廊结构弯矩的解析计算理论以及合理的断面形式,利用结构力学、土力学基本理论和相关规范,推导方拱形波纹钢综合管廊的弯矩解析解,并用二维平面应变模型对弯矩解析式的正确性进行验证,同时建立不同管顶覆土深度的方拱形波纹钢管廊三维地层-结构有限元数值模型,将数值分析结果与弯矩解析式计算的弯曲应力进行对比,分析弯矩表达式的适用覆土深度,基于弯矩解析表达式对管廊断面参数进行优化分析,并给出推荐断面参数范围。研究表明:1)方拱形波纹钢综合管廊的弯矩解析解与数值解相吻合,理论计算的弯矩与数值解的最大误差为5.79%;2)弯矩解析表达式的适用覆土深度为H≤10 m;3)针对依托工程,计算结果表明管廊断面矢跨比、顶板和侧板跨度比均处于0.6~0.8,管廊结构弯矩分布较合理,有利于保障结构安全。

Investigating the Long-Term Relationship between Aerosol Optical Thickness and Land Use/Cover Change in Guangxi Coastal Cities, China

Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) has an impact on AOD to a certain extent. It is of great significance for ecological environment and public health to pay attention to and explore the response mechanism of AOD to LUCC. Based on remote sensing satellite technology, using landsat8 and MODIS data, this paper analyzes the correlation between different land use types and AOD in Beibu Gulf coastal urban belt under the background of wide-scale region and long time series, and further discusses the difference value and contribution level of each LUCC to AOD. The results show that: 1) there is a positive correlation between PM concentration and cultivated land, urban land, water area and other types of land, and the correlation coefficient increases in turn, R is 0.812, 0.685, 0.627, 0.416, respectively, which indicates that the increase of cultivated land and urban land increases PM concentration to a certain extent;2) there is a significant negative correlation between PM concentration and forest land, R is -0.924, The results show that the decrease of woodland is an important factor for the increase of atmospheric particulate matter concentration in the study area from 2015 to 2019;3) through the contribution analysis method, the contribution of cultivated land to AOD is the largest, followed by urban land, and the water area is the smallest in 2015-2019, which indicates that the land use mode is closely related to AOD. It can be helpful to reasonably plan land use types and scientifically optimize land use structure. It can effectively reduce the concentration of air pollution particles.

青藏高原地区积雪与雪线高度时空变化研究

积雪对气候变化具有高度敏感性,研究积雪变化对区域水循环及生态环境演变具有重要意义。基于遥感数据和河流水系分布情况,将青藏高原划分为12个子流域,分析了青藏高原及其子流域的积雪深度、积雪覆盖率、雪线高度的时空变化特征。结果表明:①1979—2020年青藏高原积雪深度呈明显降低趋势,空间上积雪深度由中心区域向四周递增,阿姆河流域多年平均积雪深度最大,印度河流域的次之。②2000-2015年青藏高原多年平均积雪覆盖率为29.66%,呈平缓的下降趋势,印度河流域的积雪覆盖率最大,高达39.83%,塔里木河的次之。③青藏高原雪线高度的变化范围为[4700,5000]m,夏季的雪线高度整体偏高,在8月达到最大值;各子流域雪线高度由大到小的排序依次为雅鲁藏布江流域、印度河流域、河西流域、恒河流域、长江流域、怒江流域、阿姆河流域、塔里木河流域、柴达木河流域、内河流域、黄河流域、澜沧江流域。研究结果对寒区水资源管理和生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。

基于积雪数据的HBV模型改进及应用

大渡河流域内站点分布较少,历史观测数据不足,给该地区的融雪径流预报带来困难。基于欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的最新一代高分辨率陆面再分析数据集ERA5-Land,将积雪覆盖率和积雪平均深度引入度日因子雪量计算公式中,对HBV模型的积融雪模块进行改进,以提升融雪径流计算的可靠性。以大渡河上游为研究对象,选取1961—2018年的水文气象资料对模型进行率定和验证,并以2019年为例进行试预报研究。结果表明,通过引入ERA5-Land再分析数据,以及对积融雪模块进行改进,发挥了其在模拟积融雪上的优势,有效提升了融雪径流预报精度,对大渡河流域具有适用性。研究成果可为稀缺资料地区融雪径流模拟预报提供经验。

近几十年青藏高原与华北地区地表太阳辐射变化特征及其影响因素的对比分析

地表太阳总辐射具有较大的时空变化特征,不同地区的影响因素也存在显著差异。本文利用1961—2016年青藏高原与华北地区的地表太阳总辐射资料,在进行严格的质量控制和均一化处理的基础上,深入分析了两个地区总辐射的年际变化趋势,同时结合云量和气溶胶光学厚度观测资料,探讨了两个地区总辐射变化的影响因素。结果表明:(1)1961—2016年青藏高原和华北地区总辐射总体呈下降趋势,但2008年后青藏高原西部和东部地区总辐射变化趋势相反,而华北地区站点总辐射均呈上升趋势。(2)青藏高原西部地区总辐射的下降主要受到云量变化的影响,而东部地区低云量和气溶胶的下降是总辐射上升的重要原因。(3)在2006—2016年,华北地区总辐射的变化受气溶胶的影响更加显著。

基于MODIS积雪覆盖度数据的青藏高原两套被动微波雪深产品降尺度对比研究

积雪深度(雪深)是流域水量平衡、融雪径流模拟等模型的重要输入参数,被动微波雪深遥感产品被广泛用于雪深监测。然而,由于山区积雪时空异质性强,这些空间分辨率较粗的雪深产品受到极大限制。本研究基于MODIS积雪覆盖度数据,根据经验融合规则以及积雪衰退曲线对“中国雪深长时间序列数据集”的两套雪深产品(由SMMR、SSMI和SSMI/S反演的称为Che_SSMI/S产品;由AMSR-2反演称为Che_AMSR2产品)进行空间降尺度,最终获得青藏高原500 m降尺度雪深数据(Che_SSMI/S_NSD和Che_AMSR2_NSD)。利用6景Landsat-8影像对两套降尺度雪深数据进行对比分析,结果发现两套降尺度数据与Landsat-8影像积雪空间分布吻合度均较高。与29个气象站点雪深数据相比,Che_AMSR2_NSD与实测雪深更为接近,相关系数(R)达到0.72,均方根误差(RMSE)为3.21 cm;而Che_SSMI/S_NSD精度较低(R=0.67,RMSE=4.44 cm),可能是由于采用不同传感器亮温数据的两套原始雪深产品精度不同所致。除此之外,实验表明被动微波雪深产品降尺度精度还受积雪深度、积雪期等因素的影响。当积雪深度小于10 cm且在积雪稳定期时,两套雪深产品降尺度精度均最高;当积雪深度大于30 cm且在积雪消融期时,两套雪深产品降尺度精度均最低。通过对比两套降尺度雪深产品,有助于全面地了解青藏高原雪深时空分布变化及其应用提供数据支持。

不同密度覆盖物对放射治疗表浅剂量的影响

目的探究放射治疗过程中不同密度覆盖物对表浅剂量的影响。方法应用蒙特卡洛程序EGSnrc模拟直线加速器的6 MV光子束,并在加速器射束中心且源皮距100 cm处设置30 cm×30 cm×30 cm的水模体对加速器射束的百分剂量深度准确性进行验证;然后构建模拟人体的组织模体(尺寸为30 cm×30 cm×30 cm),并在组织模体表面覆盖5 mm厚的放射治疗常见覆盖物(石蜡、湿纱布、商用补偿膜Bolus及热塑膜),模拟加速器光子束照射模体过程,收集组织模体表面下射束中心轴百分深度剂量进行分析。为排除增加0.5 cm建成区域带来的影响,在组织模体表面覆盖与组织模体相同材质的覆盖物,收集相同条件下的照射结果并与上述结果进行比较。结果EGSnrc模拟的6 MV射束在水模体中的百分深度剂量与加速器实际测量值的差异<1%;与无覆盖物相比,4种不同密度的覆盖物均能增加一定的模体表浅剂量,且剂量增幅随模体深度增加逐渐降低;不同覆盖物下组织模体的剂量增幅最大处均为组织模体表面,石蜡、湿纱布、商用补偿膜Bolus及热塑膜产生的增加幅度分别为36.45%、42.42%、43.23%及54.79%,剂量增幅随覆盖物密度增大呈现递增趋势,最大剂量点处剂量分别变化-0.49%、-0.59%、-0.65%及-1.15%;在相同深度且模体表面下深度<1 cm时,不同覆盖物的深度剂量与材料密度具有显著相关性(P<0.05);与组织模体密度比较,覆盖物密度差异越大对组织模体剂量的影响越大,其中与组织模体密度差异最大的热塑膜剂量增幅为7.54%,密度差异最小的水增幅约为1%。结论不同密度的表面覆盖物均会增加组织模体表浅剂量,且剂量增幅随深度增加逐渐降低;不同覆盖物的深度剂量与覆盖物密度显著相关;不同材料覆盖物对表浅剂量的影响存在差异,覆盖物与组织模体密度差异越大对接触面表浅剂量的影响越大,但常见表皮覆盖物的相对密度差异不大,因此剂量影响主要来源于覆盖物造成的可预见建成区深度的增加。

Spatial distributions and interannual variations of snow cover over China in the last 40 years

By using the observational snow data of more than 700 weather stations,the interannual temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal snow cover in China were analyzed.The results show that northern Xinjiang,northeastern China–Inner Mongolia,and the southwestern and southern portions of Tibetan Plateau are three regions in China with high seasonal snow cover and also an interannual anomaly of snow cover.According to the trend of both the snow depth and snow cover days,there are three changing patterns for the seasonal snow cover:The first type is that both snow depth and snow cover days simultaneously increase or decrease;this includes northern Xinjiang,middle and eastern Inner Mongolia,and so on.The second is that snow depth increases but snow cover days decrease;this type mainly locates in the eastern parts of the northeastern plain of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The last type is that snow depth decreases but snow cover days increase at the same time such as that in middle parts of Tibetan Plateau.Snow cover in China appears to have been having a slow increasing trend during the last 40 years.On the decadal scale,snow depth and snow cover days slightly increased in the 1960s and then decreased in the 1970s;they again turn to increasing in the 1980s and persist into 1990s.

Comparison and analysis of snow cover data based on dif-ferent definitions of snow cover days

In order to analyze the differences between the two snow cover data, the snow cover data of 884 meteorological stations in China from 1951 to 2005 are counted. The data include days of visual snow observation, snow depth, and snow cover durations, which vary according to different definitions of snow cover days. Two series of data, as defined by ＂snow depth＂ and by ＂weather obser- vation,＂ are investigated here. Our results show that there is no apparent difference between them in east China and the Xinjiang region, but in northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau the ＂weather observation＂ data vary by more than 10 days and the ＂snow depth＂ data vary by 0.4 cm. Especially in the Tibetan Plateau, there are at least 15 more days of＂weather observation＂ snow in most areas （sometimes more than 30 days）. There is an obvious difference in the snow cover data due to bimodal snowfall data in the Tibetan Plateau, which has peak snowfalls from September to October and from .April to May. At those times the temperature is too high for snow cover fol：mation mad only a few days have trace snow cover. Also, the characteristics and changing trends of snow cover are analyzed here based on the snow cover data of nine weather stations iri the northeast region of the Tibetan Plateau, by the Mann-KendaU test. The results show significantly fewer days of snow cover and shorter snow dtwations as defined by ＂snow depth＂ compared to that as defined by ＂weather observation.＂ Mann-Kendall tests of both series of snow cover durations show an abrupt change in 1987.

An Empirical Formula to Compute Snow Cover Fraction in GCMs

There exists great uncertainty in parameterizing snow cover fraction in most general circulation models (GCMs) using various empirical formulae, which has great influence on the performance of GCMs. This work reviews the commonly used relationships between region-averaged snow depth (or snow water equivalent) and snow cover extent (or fraction) and suggests a new empirical formula to compute snow cover fraction, which only depends on the domain-averaged snow depth, for GCMs with different horizontal resolution. The new empirical formula is deduced based on the 10-yr (1978-1987) 0.5°× 0.5° weekly snow depth data of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) driven from the Nimbus-7 Satellite. Its validation to estimate snow cover for various GCM resolutions was tested using the climatology of NOAA satellite-observed snow cover.

Temporal-spatial characteristics of observed key parameters of snow cover in China during 1957-2009

Using observed snow cover dam from Chinese meteorological stations, this study indicated that annual mean snow depth, Snow Water Equivalent （SWE）, and snow density during 1957-2009 were 0.49 cm, 0.7 ram, and 0.14 g/cm3 over China as a whole, re- spectively. On average, they were all the smallest in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, and were greater in northwestern China （NW）. Spatially, the regions with greater annual mean snow depth and SWE were located in northeastern China including eastern Inner Mongolia （NE）, northern Xinjiang municipality, and a small fraction of southwestern QTP. Annual mean snow density was below 0.14 g/cm3 in most of China, and was higher in the QTP, NE, and NW. The trend analyses revealed that both annual mean snow depth and SWE presented increasing trends in NE, NW, the QTP, and China as a whole during 1957-2009. Although the trend in China as a whole was not significant, the amplitude of variation became increasingly greater in the second half of the 20th century. Spatially, the statistically significant （95%-level） positive trends for annual mean snow depth were located in western and northem NE, northwestem Xinjiang municipality, and northeastem QTP. The distribution of positive and negative trends for annu- al mean SWE were similar to that of snow depth in position, but not in range. The range with positive trends of SWE was not as large as that of snow depth, but the range with negative trends was larger.

浅埋不等跨隧道围岩压力计算方法与影响规律研究

为研究不等跨隧道围岩压力,构建不等跨隧道破坏模式,基于极限上限法推导不等跨隧道围岩压力,并进行验证对比;分析不等跨隧道围岩压力分布特征,最后就相关影响因素做参数分析。结果表明:两隧道内侧围岩压力比外侧大;小跨洞竖向围岩压力大于大跨洞相应侧的值;两洞不等跨时的围岩压力比等跨时的大。随着相对跨度增大,两隧道之间的围岩压力差异增大,且大跨洞将承受更多的围岩压力。在浅埋条件下,埋深对围岩压力的影响较大。大跨隧道围岩压力随着小跨隧道埋深增大而逐渐减小;小跨隧道围岩压力则随着埋深增大而增大。竖向平均围岩压力随着两洞净距的增大呈现先增大后减小。围岩压力随GSI、m_(i)、σ_(ci)值(Hoek-Brown准则相关参数)的增大而减小。不等跨隧道应结合其相对跨度大小、两洞埋深等条件,根据所受围岩压力不同而采取不对称支护。

大埋深厚表土坚硬覆岩条件采动应力分布规律及其影响因素研究

新庄煤矿为新建矿井,受大埋深、厚表土、坚硬覆岩等复杂地质条件影响,具有冲击地压危险,为了能够给区域性防冲开采设计提供支撑,综合采用现场勘探、数值模拟和理论分析等手段研究了一盘区煤8工作面回采过程中采动应力分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:向斜构造、埋深、表土层厚度是煤层原岩应力分布的主要影响因素,高原岩应力区埋深大,沿向斜轴部延伸并向两翼部展开;工作面回采过程煤层上覆厚硬顶板是采动应力的主要影响因素,煤层距离厚硬顶板越近则采动应力越集中,高采动应力集中区主要分布在煤层与厚硬顶板间距小于25 m的区域;随着工作面开采数量增多,超前支承应力和侧向支承应力的集中程度和集中范围快速增大,中央大巷的稳定性显著降低。

1979—2021年雅鲁藏布江流域雪深时空特征研究

雅鲁藏布江流域地处高原寒区,研究该地区的积雪时空分布对工程建设和雪灾防治有重要意义。基于1979—2021年中国雪深长时间序列数据集、中国逐月气温与降水量数据集,采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析法和皮尔森相关分析法研究雅江流域的积雪深度特性。结果表明:积雪深度在空间分布上呈现“两端高、中间低”,西部源头处与东北部边缘地区有深厚积雪覆盖;积雪主要分布于海拔4000~5200 m、坡度小于35°范围内,其中最高雪深值分布在约4850 m;1979—2021年平均雪深以0.032 cm/a的速率减少,2017年经历了43年间的最低雪深值,近几年逐渐回升到多年平均水平;年平均气温以约0.024℃/a的速度升高,其与雪深呈现显著负相关性。

Comparison between MODIS-derived Day and Night Cloud Cover and Surface Observations over the North China Plain

Satellite and human visual observation are two of the most important observation approaches for cloud cover. In this study, the total cloud cover （TCC） observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites was compared with Synop meteorological station observations over the North China Plain and its surrounding regions for 11 years during daytime and 7 years during nighttime. The Synop data were recorded eight times a day at 3-h intervals. Linear interpolation was used to interpolate the Synop data to the MODIS overpass time in order to reduce the temporal deviation between the satellite and Synop observations. Results showed that MODIS-derived TCC had good consistency with the Synop observations; the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 in winter to 0.73 in summer for Terra MODIS, and from 0.55 in winter to 0.71 in summer for Aqua MODIS. However, they also had certain differences. On average, the MODIS-derived TCC was 15.16% higher than the Synop data, and this value was higher at nighttime （15.58%-16.64%） than daytime （12.74%-14.14%）. The deviation between the MODIS and Synop TCC had large seasonal variation, being largest in winter （29.53%-31.07%） and smallest in summer （4.46%-6.07%）. Analysis indicated that cloud with low cloud-top height and small cloud optical thickness was more likely to cause observation bias. Besides, an increase in the satellite view zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, or snow cover could lead to positively biased MODIS results, and this affect differed among different cloud types.

黄河源区积雪时空变化特征

黄河源区积雪量丰富,积雪变化对黄河水文及生态影响深远。利用国家青藏高原科学数据中心逐日中国雪深长时间序列数据集,对1988—2017年黄河源区平均积雪深度、积雪天数、积雪初日、积雪终日进行了时空变化分析。结果表明:黄河源区积雪变化与海拔相关,海拔越高积雪深度、积雪天数越大,积雪初日越早、积雪终日越晚;平均积雪深度以-0.187 cm/(10 a)的速率在0.01水平呈显著减小趋势,1997年最大(2.7 cm)、2003年最小(0.3 cm);积雪天数以-9.763 d/(10 a)的速率在0.01水平呈显著减小趋势,1992年达到最大值158.8 d、2003年达到最小值62.9 d;积雪初日以1.745 d/(10 a)的速率在0.1水平呈延后趋势,最早出现日期为1992年8月12日,最晚出现日期为2003年11月16日;积雪终日以5.006 d/(10 a)的速率在0.05水平呈明显提前趋势,最早出现日期为2009年3月18日,最晚出现日期为1992年5月2日。

盾构穿越海域吹填砂层临界覆土厚度计算方法

在我国东南沿海的填海造陆区采用盾构法施工隧道时,不可避免地需要穿越海域吹填砂地层。吹填砂具有强度低渗透性高等特点,若此类地层隧道临界覆土厚度取值不合理,很可能引起工程事故或造成资源浪费。本文以厦门地铁3号线双沪站空港经济区站盾构隧道穿越海域吹填砂层工程为背景,在考虑盾构隧道开挖面稳定与盾尾管片抗浮稳定的前提下,提出了一种临界覆土厚度的修正算法。并与传统方法计算的临界覆土厚度对比,再通过数值分析模拟了地层和管片的响应规律。结果表明,当覆土厚度从5.9 m增加到9.4 m时,对地表沉降、孔隙水压力、管片水平位移和弯矩的响应规律基本一致,而隧道拱顶和仰拱处管片竖向位移的响应在覆土厚度为8 m时相反,因此管片竖向位移可作为判断临界覆土厚度取值合理性的主要指标。此方法可为类似地层的盾构施工提供理论指导。