Soil Cover in the Eastern Part of the Dried Bed of the Aral Sea

The greatest environmental disaster in Central Asiathe drying up of the Aral Seahas led to the formation of a new terrain, extending over 2.7 million hectares in Uzbekistan. This newly formed terrain is dynamically developing, with emerging soil formations replacing bottom sediments. This paper analyzes the results of a study on soil formation in the eastern part of the dried-up seabed, focusing on the influence of natural processes occurring there.

Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping for Environmental Sustainable Cleanup along NAOC Pipeline, Asemoku, Delta State, Nigeria

During emergency response to oil spills incident accurate information is required in order to reduce the risk associated with oil spill disasters. This study focuses on Environmental Sensitivity mapping for sustainable environmental clean-up and contingency planning along the 3.0 km of AGIP pipeline at Asemoku in Delta State, Nigeria. Geographic information systems (GIS) techniques were used to create an Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) map in the study area. A 2018 Google Earth Satellite imagery of the study area was downloaded, and landuse/cover classification scheme comprising of Vegetation, Farmland, Water Body, Wetland, built up area and Bare Surface was adopted. Existing categorization, ranking and classification of the inland habitat were adopted and used to create a Landuse/cover Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) map, while the buffer zones of 100 m, 200 m, 300 m and 400 m were adopted. In the ArcGIS 10.8 environment, the landuse/cover map was generated and buffer distances of 100 m, 200 m, 300 m and 400 m were created on the landuse/cover map to ascertain the features that are vulnerable and could be at risk in the event of oil spill. This study established that the Natural Vegetation areas are the most vulnerable and sensitive feature as a result of their size along the created buffer zones. Findings from this study thus provide insight into the most sensitive land-use/land-cover, in the event of a spill or emergency oil spill clean-up response.

Migration and Spatiotemporal Land Cover Change: A Case of Bosomtwe Lake Basin, Ghana

Internal migration is highly valued due to its increasingly acknowledged potential for social and economic development. However, despite its significant contribution to the development of towns and cities, it has led to the deterioration of many ecosystems globally. Lake Bosomtwe, a natural Lake in Ghana and one of the six major meteoritic lakes in the world is affected by land cover changes caused by the rising effects of migration, population expansion, and urbanization, owing to the development of tourist facilities on the lakeshore. This study investigated land cover change trajectories using a post-classification comparison approach and identified the factors influencing alteration in the Lake Bosomtwe Basin. Using Landsat imagery, an integrated approach of remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS), and statistical analysis was successfully employed to analyze the land cover change of the basin. The findings show that over the 17 years, the basin’s forest cover decreased significantly by 16.02%, indicating that population expansion significantly affects changes in land cover. Ultimately, this study will raise the awareness of stakeholders, decision-makers, policy-makers, government, and non-governmental agencies to evaluate land use development patterns, optimize land use structures, and provide a reference for the formulation of sustainable development policies to promote the sustainable development of the ecological environment.

Estimating Hydrogeological Parameters in Covered Carbonate Rocks Using a Discrete-State Compartment Model and Environmental Tritium

Nowadays, isotope environmental technique tends to be used as a reconnaissance tool , both qualitative and quantitative, to calculate the aquifer parameters particularly in carbonate rock aquifers. But, the heterogeneous flow is still problematic when Lumped parameter Models are usually used to calculate the residence times and hydraulic parameters. However, Discrete State Compartment Model can provide a powerful model to heterogeneous medium. One such study was carried on in Dazha valley, where the environmental tritium was used as a tracer for determining hydrogeological parameters based on a discrete state compartment

基于土地利用变化的江苏省碳排放时空差异与碳平衡分区

以江苏省13个设区市为例,基于碳排放(CE)和碳吸收估算方法,分析2005—2020年江苏省市域碳收支和碳补偿率的时空演变特征,随后引入环境基尼系数(EGC)从经济和生态两个角度分析空间碳平衡特征。结果表明:2005—2020年,江苏省土地利用碳排放从14210.005×10^(4)t增至23015.325×10^(4)t,碳吸收3039.383×10^(4)t波动上升至3628.703×10^(4)t,总体表现为碳源;13个设区市的碳补偿率整体呈现下降趋势,碳排放量与经济发展水平处于比较协调状态,与其人口聚集协调性较高;根据碳平衡分析,将13个设区市划分为碳汇功能区、低碳保持区、经济发展区、碳强度控制区、高碳优化区5类,并建议前两个分区充分发挥生态优势,着重推进生态产品价值变现;其余分区优先推动产业低碳转型,能源绿色化发展。

The impact of cropland conversion on environmental effect in the Loess Plateau: a pilot study based on the national experimental bases

Conversion of cropland to forestry and grassland is an important method to reduce soil erosion and improve the biophysical environment in the Loess Plateau. The feasibility, methods, and environmental effects of cropland conversion were studied based on 11 typical watersheds of national experimental bases instead of different geographic areas of the Loess Plateau. Between 1986 and 2000, cropland, sloping cropland and non-agricultural land decreased by 8%, 92.5% and 8% respectively, while forestry increased by 15.7%. The land use change not only decreased annual soil erosion by 74%, but also increased vegetation coverage by 100% and improved the soil condition and biodiversity. This can be achieved by building basic farmland, increasing capital and scientific input, and planting trees and grasses according to the natural biophysical restrictions.

Spatial Distribution of Land Cover and Vegetation Activity along Topographic Gradient in an Arid River Valley, SW China

Anthropogenic activities have become more and more important in characterizing the landscape, but their impacts are still restricted by natural environments. This paper discusses the interactions of anthropogenic activity, vegetation activity and topography through describing the spatial distribution of land cover and vegetation activity (represented by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) along topographic gradient in a mountainous area of southwestern China. Our results indicate that the existing landscape pattern is controlled by anthropogenic activities as well as topographic factors. Intensive anthropogenic activities mainly occur in areas with relatively low elevation, gentle and concave slopes, as these areas are easy and convenient to attain for human. Because of the destruction by human, some land cover types (mainly grassland and shrub) are only found in relatively harsher environments. This study also finds that topographic wetness index (W) used in other places only reflects runoff generation capacity, but not indicate the real spatial pattern of soil water content in this area. The relationships between NDVI and W, and NDVI and length slope factor (LSF) show that runoff and erosion have complex effects on vegetation activity. Greater values of W and LSF will lead to stronger capacity to produce runoff and transport sediment, and thereby increase soil water content and soil deposition, whereas beyond a certain threshold runoff and erosion are so strong that they would destruct vegetation growth. This study provides information needed to successfully restore native vegetation, improve land management, and promote sustainable development in mountainous areas, especially for developing regions.

Minimizing N2O fluxes from full-scale municipal solid waste landfill with properly selected cover soil

Municipal solid waste landfills emit nitrous oxide （N2O） gas. Assuming that the soil cover is the primary N2O source from landfills, this study tested, during a four-year project, the hypothesis that the proper use of chosen soils with fine texture minimizes N2O emissions. A full-scale sanitary landfill, a full-scale bioreactor landfill and a cell planted with Nerium indicum or Festuca arundinacea Schreb, at the Hangzhou Tianziling landfill in Hangzhou City were the test sites. The N2O emission rates from all test sites were considerably lower than those reported in the published reports. Specifically, the N2O emission rate was dependent on soil water content and nitrate concentrations in the cover soil. The effects of leachate recirculation and irrigation were minimal. Properly chosen cover soils applied to the landfills reduced N2O flux.

Land Use Change During 1960～2000 Period and itsEco-environmental Effects in the Middle and UpperReaches of the Yangtze River:a Case Study in YiliangCounty,Yunnan,China

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) is a focus of the research of global environmental changes. The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which are the most ecologically fragile mountainous area in China as well as one of the areas in China with most notable LUCC, have been on the Chinese Government's list of priority areas for ecological restoration. This paper is to reveal the trend of LUCC and the ecological degradation arising from it, and to provide a basis for the future sustainable use of land resources in the region based on a detailed analysis of Yiliang County. Based on the county's land use/cover maps in 1960, 1980 and 2000 drawn with the aid of aerial photograph interpretation, field investigation and GIS based spatial-temporal data analysis, LUCC during 1960~2000 period and the ecological degradation arising from it were analyzed. Using the Markv model, the paper brings out a forecast of what the county's LUCC would be like if the county's current land use continues, as well as the reasons and countermeasures for restoring degraded ecosystems.

寒温带落叶松林土壤细菌组成和多样性对雪盖的响应

【目的】探明雪盖下寒温带落叶松林土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的演变特征,探讨其影响因子和雪生态的响应机制。【方法】采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术和冗余分析的方法解析去除降雪(NS)、自然降雪(CK)、增倍降雪(DS)、极端降雪(ES)处理下土壤细菌的群落结构和多样性变化以及影响因素。【结果】不同厚度雪盖改变了落叶松林的土壤小环境,土壤温度(Tem)随着雪盖厚度的增加而显著升高,有机碳(OC)则显著降低,Tem、pH值、OC、全氮(TN)、速效磷(AP)在各雪盖土壤中呈现显著性差异。细菌群落比较分析表明:物种组成方面,4组雪盖环境中共检出30个细菌门,其中NS与其他3组降雪处理土壤优势菌门分别为疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia、变形菌门Proteobacteria,优势菌属均为Candidatus Udaeobacter,此外浮霉菌门Planctomycetota、Oxalobacteraceae_Norank及Arenimonas等菌群在各雪盖处理中呈现显著或极显著差异;群落多样性方面,尽管不同厚度雪盖影响了土壤细菌的结构及种群分布,但未显著改变组内细菌群落的Alpha多样性,然而在考虑不同分组间物种差异和丰度情况下,雪盖显著改变了操作分类单元(OTU)水平上细菌群落的Beta多样性。环境因子关联分析表明,pH值、OC、TN为雪盖环境中多重共线性较小且影响细菌群落结构的环境因子,其中,pH值在属水平上与细菌群落呈现显著相关,OTU水平上呈现极显著相关;OC在OTU水平上呈现显著相关。群落功能预测及组间差异分析表明,雪盖土壤细菌主要执行硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐还原、固氮、甲烷和芳香族化合物降解、纤维素水解以及光化能等生态功能,且在尿素分解、铁参与的氧化还原反应上存在组间显著差异。【结论】雪盖在不同程度上影响了寒温带落叶松林土壤细菌群落的组成及多样性,这种影响对微生物参与的寒温带森林生态系统功能及其对全球气候变化的调控具有重要的科学意义。

宜宾市土地利用变化及其生态环境效应研究

在“双碳”目标和可持续发展背景下,探讨长江首城——宜宾市自实施退耕还林、天然林自然资源保护等生态工程以来土地利用格局的变化以及生态环境的响应,为该地区的国土空间规划和生态环境治理提供重要的科学依据。基于2000年、2010年、2020年3期遥感影像数据,以宜宾市域为研究范围,从土地利用动态度、生态环境质量及生态系统服务价值等方面综合分析了宜宾市土地利用变化及其生态环境效应,结果表明:(1)自2000年以来,宜宾市土地利用变化主要表现为草地、耕地面积减少,林地面积先增后减呈波动变化,建设用地、水体面积增加。建设用地和水体动态度最大且呈正向变化。(2)20年间生态系统服务价值从333.21亿元增至347.82亿元,增长了14.61亿元。(3)2000年、2010年、2020年生态环境质量指数分别为0.4065、0.4077、0.4078,研究区生态环境质量在维持着相对平衡的同时呈现出上升态势,但在区域内部改善与恶化并存。宜宾市长江生态第一城的建设任重而道远,未来应继续扎实推进岷江、向家坝库区等地的生态修复工作,着重提升区域生态系统服务能力,切实走好宜宾的生态、低碳发展之路。

福州市中心城区植被覆盖度的时空演变及其驱动因素

以福州市中心城区为研究区域、植被覆盖度为研究对象,采用等间距法将植被覆盖度(取值范围为0~1)划分为低、中低、中、中高、高5个等级;选取11个与植被覆盖度时空动态变化密切相关的气候、地形地貌、人类活动等影响因素(地貌类型、高程、坡度、坡向、植被类型、夜间灯光、国内生产总值(GDP)密度、年降水量、年均温、人口密度、土地利用类型),以相关官网的植被覆盖度及各影响因素数据为基础,采用趋势分析法、变异系数、赫斯特(Hurst)指数、地理探测器,分析2002—2021年福州市中心城区植被覆盖度时空演变特征、量化11个影响因素对植被覆盖度空间分布的影响和不同影响因素协同作用的影响。结果表明:①植被覆盖度随时间的变化,2002—2021年福州市中心城区植被覆盖度总体呈显著降低趋势,变化率为0.0011·a^(-1)(P<0.05),其中2002—2014年显著降低(P<0.05),但2014—2021年变化趋势不显著;各等级植被覆盖度变化差异显著,中低、高的植被覆盖度面积占比分别减少了0.13%、10.67%;低、中、中高的植被覆盖度面积占比呈增加趋势,增加幅度分别为0.03%、7.26%、3.51%。②植被覆盖度在空间方面的差异,总体呈现北低南高的空间格局,空间变异系数均值为0.083,以低波动为主(占比高达67.8%),保持稳定的区域面积占比最多(占比40.9%);在未来一段时间,改善的区域面积大于退化面积,其中改善部分以未来改善为主(占总面积的43.11%)。③地理探测器的探测结果表明,2002年夜间灯光影响力最高(分异决定力为0.473),其余年份均为土地利用类型影响力最高(分异决定力均值为0.573);交互探测显示,土地利用类型与夜间灯光的协同作用,在2002—2021年对植被覆盖度空间分布的影响力均为最强,分异决定力均值达到0.659以上。④综合研究结果,福州市中心城区植被覆盖度整体良好,呈现总体下降的趋势,但在2014年出现拐点,未来存在上升趋势,植被覆盖度总体呈现北高南低的分布格局;土地利用类型、夜间灯光,是影响植被覆盖度空间分布的主导因素。

风力机叶片表面覆冰影响因素分析

我国低温高海拔地区的风能资源十分丰富,风力机在该环境下运行时会产生叶片表面覆冰现象,不仅降低风力机的发电效率,严重时会影响结构安全性能.采用Fluent与FENSAP-ICE相结合的方法对风力机叶片表面覆冰问题进行数值模拟分析,明确环境温度、来流速度、水滴等主要环境因素影响下叶片表面覆冰发展规律.结果表明,环境温度从-5℃降低到-20℃的过程中,覆冰质量随温度的降低呈线性增长,增长幅度约为0.74 kg/℃;当温度继续降低时,覆冰质量增长幅度降低为0.228 kg/℃.来流速度、空气中水含量(LWC)与水滴直径(MVD)的增加均使覆冰质量呈线性提高,覆冰质量增长幅度分别约为0.236 kg·s/m、8.529 kg·m3/g、0.512 kg/μm.降低环境温度、增大来流速度和LWC会增加叶片覆冰面积,但增大MVD会使覆冰面积减小.

粤港澳大湾区地表水体经济社会驱动要素

采用水体解译—环境库兹涅茨曲线识别—驱动关系分析的研究思路,基于Landsat影像提取粤港澳大湾区长序列地表水体动态,将环境库兹涅茨曲线应用于土地利用/覆被变化分析,辨析地表水体长期均衡与短期波动的经济社会驱动要素.结果表明:近30a大湾区城市地表水体总体上呈先升后降的非线性特征,且取决于水体与耕地、不透水面之间的转化特征,1990~2000年地表水体面积增长了1323.14km^(2),2000年以后呈波动下降;粤港澳大湾区地表水面率与单位面积GDP的EKC总体呈快速上升—快速下降—平缓回升的N型特征,体现出人为覆被对水体挤占与生态修复/水库扩容工程对水体的扩张;DARDL-UECM模型明确了模拟结果的准确性(R~2>0.7, P<0.000)和各因子的贡献率,无论短期波动阶段还是长期均衡阶段,不透水面、林地和耕地面积比重均为城市地表水体的主要驱动要素,三者累计贡献率均值为0.96和0.93.

电缆沟智能盖板一体化检测技术研究及应用

城市电网建设中,电缆沟作为输配电中必不可少的基础设施,其运行的环境状态可直接影响到电缆的运行安全,也是保障城市电网安全稳定运行的重要措施。目前的电缆沟盖板只具有打开和关闭电缆沟通道的作用,随着城市电网的建设,该功能已不满足发展需求。通过对智能监测智能终端的了解及分析,认为在电缆沟盖板上融合多功能测量的智能终端和取电功能,使其成为智能一体化终端设备具有十分重要的意义。为此,文章基于自取电及低功耗物联网技术,结合人工智能大数据分析,研究了一种基于电缆沟监测的电缆沟一体化智能盖板,其具备太阳能取电、GPS定位、沟内溢水监测、非法入侵监测及防盗追踪、电缆沟内环境气体量监测以及线缆温度监测等功能,能够实现电缆沟非法入侵和环境状态量在线监测、主动运维,提高了电缆沟运维效率,保障电缆沟内电缆的运行质量。

冬季覆盖对幼龄柑橘园土壤化学性质及酶活性的影响

为明确冬季不同覆盖模式对幼龄柑橘园土壤化学性质及酶活性的影响,于2020年11月—2021年10月在树龄3 a的柑橘园设置玉米秸秆覆盖(JGF)、白色地膜覆盖(BMF)、黑色地膜覆盖(HMF)、园艺地布覆盖(YDF)4种覆盖模式,以不覆盖为对照(CK),测定柑橘春梢期、夏梢期和秋梢期土壤pH值、有机质含量、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性变化,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,与CK相比,4种覆盖模式均有效提高了柑橘各生育时期土壤有机质、速效养分含量和土壤酶活性。土壤有机质含量除JGF模式呈先减后增趋势外,其他模式均呈逐渐下降的趋势,其中JGF模式在秋梢期较其他3个覆盖模式显著提高18.87%~30.03%。土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量在柑橘生育期均呈不断下降的趋势,土壤速效钾含量除CK不断下降外,其他覆盖模式均呈先降后增的趋势。土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性在柑橘生育期呈先降低后增加的趋势,土壤蔗糖酶活性则呈现先升高后下降的趋势,但不同覆盖模式土壤pH值和酸性磷酸酶活性的变化略有不同。冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)结果表明,不同覆盖模式柑橘园土壤化学性质因子对土壤酶活性的影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其重要性排序依次为速效钾含量>碱解氮含量>有效磷含量>pH值>有机质含量。比较4种冬季覆盖模式,其中玉米秸秆覆盖模式可显著提高土壤有机质含量,改善土壤养分条件,刺激土壤酶活性,因此可优先作为黄壤土幼龄柑橘园冬季覆盖材料使用。

基于绿色环保的全密封覆盖带并行输送机设计

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