Design of Roof Cover Structures by Help of Numerical Models Defined in Formian

Numerical models defined by means of a suitably assumed set of parameters make it possible to select the optimal structural solution for the given or assumed conditions. The paper presents examples of applications of numerical models defined in the programming language Formian during the shaping processes of various types of spatial structural systems designed for roof covers. These types of numerical models can be relatively easily adapted to the requirements, which can be frequently changed during the investment process, what makes possible a considerable reducing of costs and time of design of the space structures having even the very complex shapes. The advantageous features of application of numerical models defined in Formian are presented in models determined for selected forms of the roof covers designed also by means of a simple type of a space frame. In the paper, there are some presented visualizations made on bases of these models defining mainly for structural systems developed recently by the author for certain types of the dome covers. The proposed structural systems are built by means of the successive spatial hoops or they are created as unique forms of the geodesic dome structures.

Prediction of the Residual Strength for Durability Failure of Concrete Structure in Acidic Environments

According to the results of accelerated tests of acidification corrosion depth and compressive strength of concretes subjected to sulfuric acid environments,the acidification depth laws of concretes were predicted based on the grey system theory.Thus,the remaining compressive strength was calculated when the acidification depth reached the protection layer thickness of concrete structures,which indicates that the limit state of durability failure can be defined based on strength degradation,and the calculation process was illustrated by an example.The calculated results show that the remaining compressive strength values in the durability failure limit state for the concrete structures exposed to p H=2 and 3 sulfuric acid water environments and wet-dry cyclic sulfuric acid environment with p H=2 are 74%,72%,and 80% of initialstrength,respectively.The method provides references for the durability evaluation of concrete structure design under the acidic environments.

New Development of Port Structures Design and Construction

Some new innovative constructions and technologies for improvement of port structures are worked out and discussed. The aims of innovations are to increase structures＇ reliability, to decrease cost of construction and maintenance, to simplify technology and cost of building. For these purposes either some main bearing elements or structures in whole are modified or improved. In particular different improved waterfront constructions as well as retaining walls and coastal protection （gravity, piled, sheet piling, etc.） for use in various soil conditions are outlined. One of them incorporates trapezoidal blocks forming columns, each block in the column contacts the others either with smaller or larger bases. Another design incorporates blocks that are constructed with holes ran through the centres of gravity of the blocks. Rigid cylinder element running through the holes of several adjacent blocks allows them to be joined forming large size units, The structure consisting of wedge form retaining wall is original but simple to construct, Some new designs based on perfection of sheet-piling walls （sheet piles with curvilinear cross-section having a form of semi-rings） are proposed for different applications. Proposals on modernization of some traditional structures and technologies are discussed.

Early Forage Biomass and Sward Structures of Native Warm-Season Grasses Established at Different Seedling Densities

Effects of transplanted seedling density and species on sward structure of native warm-season grass (NWSG) stands were compared in a randomized complete block design. About 6-week-old NWSG (big bluestem (BB, Andropogon gerardii Vitman), eastern gamagrass (GG, Tripsacum dactyloides L.), indiangrass [IG, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and switchgrass (SG, Panicum virgatum) seedlings were transplanted in 45-cm wide rows on clean-tilled seedbeds. Within-row spacing was 30, 25, or, 20 cm giving 10, 12, and 15 plants m-2 as low, medium, and high seedling density, respectively. During establishment, the stands were allowed uninterrupted first year growth without fertilizers or irrigation but when necessary, tall-growing broadleaf weeds were mechanically removed. In the following spring, all dead standing biomass was mowed down to allow emerging tillers access to sunlight. During the second year after planting, early-spring basal diameters, row-length intercepted by the NWSG crowns, mid-summer sward heights, and percentage bare ground were determined. From the second June after planting, and for two consecutive years, plots were harvested twice year-1 to assess forage biomass. Data showed that, unlike species, seedling density had no effect on the assessed parameters. Cumulative forage biomass, in kg DM ha-1, was the least for GG (4901) at low and the most (18,245) for SG at high seedling density during the second year. Corresponding values for the third year were 4500 and 7799 kg DM ha-1. Basal diameters ranged from 18 cm (BB) to 24 cm (IG) while percent row intercepts were from 6 (GG) to 46 (IG) with sward heights measuring 41 cm (IG) to 54 cm (GG). In each stand, percent ground cover by the NWSGs, and at every seedling density, averaged 60.5. Transplanting at ≥10 plant m-2 resulted in harvest-ready stands by the second year of establishment. And while close spacing favored the NWSGs against weeds, data showed that an initial plant density of >10 plants m-2 may not result in increased forage production worthy the additional establishment cost. Data on response to fertility management and forage quality attributes are necessary for more reliable practical recommendations.

The Prolongation Structures for the System of the Reaction-Diffusion Type

Equations of the reaction-diffusion type are very well known and have been extensively studied in many research areas. In this paper, the prolongation structures for the system of the reaction-diffusion type are investigated from theory of coverings. The realizations and the classifications of the one-dimensional coverings of the system are researched. And the corresponding conservation law of the one-dimensional Abelian coverings is concluded, which is closely connected with the symmetry of the system by Noether theorem.

Hydrocarbon-Generating Model of the Area Covered With Volcanic Rock

The distribution of Oil & gas fields shows their close relationship with the most active tectonic regions. This is not a coincidence but having a scientific reasons. The crustal active regions, refer to the places where the active natural earthquake, volcanic activities, underground water happened, and the areas of the leaking Off of natural gas to the surface of the crust. The magma of volcanic activities brings the organic "kitchen range body" hydrocarbon - generating model and inorganic genetic hydrocarbon to the regions covered by volcanic rock. Underground water brings a catalytic hydrocarbon generating model for organic matter, and the leaking - off of H2 and CO2 contributes a synthetic hydrocarbon - generating model. Volcanic activities bring the assemblage of Source, Reservoir and Seal formed by the sediments and magma the sedimentary basins, and the hydrocarbon - generating system with a "water - volcano" binary structure is formed. All these conditions are favorable and excellent for the formation of oil & gas fields. The distribution of AInerican oil & gas fields have very close relationship with the mines of Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo, W and V, deposits of Zn, Cu, V, Pb, Al and Hg, and the deposits of fluorite, sulfur, potassium salt, phosphate and halite, and the distribution of sulfate - chloride of river water. The reason why few oil & gas fields discovered in the regions covered by volcanic rock in western America maybe because of the view of "inconsistency between petroleum and volcano". Further more, It’s very difficult to carry out a geophysical exploration in such kinds of regions. This paper examined a few hydrocarbon - generating models (systems) mentioned above and came up with some flesh ideas on the exploration in the areas covered with volcanic rocks.

Characteristics and drivers of the soil multifunctionality under different land use and land cover types in the drylands of China

The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×106 km2 and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.

The MuItilayer Fabric Structures for Conveyer Belts

The fabric structures for both the base structures and thecover of multilayer conveyer belts are introduced in thispaper.It is also of general significances to use these fab-rics in composite materials.

Flow structure and shear stress in the presence of both ice cover on water surface and leafless vegetation in channel bed

This study aimed to investigate the previously unexplored effects of ice cover and submerged vegetation on flow structure.Experiments were undertaken under both open channel and ice-covered flow conditions.The bed material consisted of three non-uniform sands.The findings revealed that when vegetation patches were present on the bed and an ice cover was present,the velocity profiles exhibited a distinctive pattern with two peak values.Turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)also exhibited two peaks,one above the vegetation bending height and another at the sheath section,with a decreasing trend towards the ice cover.Furthermore,quadrant analysis showed that when the flow surface is covered by an ice cover,the contributions of inward and outward events increased compared with those observed in an open channel flow.In most cases,these contributions surpassed the sweep and ejection events.The findings enhance our understanding of vegetation’s response to diverse surface conditions and have practical implications for river management and environmental engineering.

COVERING PROPERTIES ON H-SPACES AND APPLICATIONS

Several theorems on closed (resp. open) covering properties of H-spaces are obtained which improve and generalize the corresponding results of Sperner, Klee, Alexandroff-Pasynkoff, Berge, Ghouila-Houri, Danzer-Grunbaum-Klee, Ky Fan, Shih-Tan, Horvath and Lassonde. As application an almost fixed point theorem for lower semi-continuous map in l.c.-spaces and a generalization of Tychonoffs fixed point theorem are proved in l.c.-spaces which improve those results of Ky Fan and Horvath.

Structural Systems Composed of Concentric Hoops and Designed for Lightweight Domes of Large Spans

The paper presents a selected group of tension-strut structural systems designed for the construction of lightweight dome covers of large spans, which can be comparatively easy to assembly and have rises of which can be relatively small. This will allow significant decrease costs of erection and maintenance of objects covered by these roof structures. The proposed systems have been obtained from the results of suitable transformations of a chosen type of double-layer space frame and an appropriate arrangement of tetrahedron modules in the space of each of the newly designed type of the structural system. All these systems are built by means of concentric hoops having their own integral spatial stiffness obtained after an appropriate pre-stressing. Particular hoops can be mounted on the ground level and then one by one will be hoisted to the designed positions where they will be connected by means of special sets of the tension members. Due to these structural features, the assembly process of each system should be relatively simple, fast and not expensive. The whole tension-strut structure has to be connected to the compression perimeter ring and suitably pre-stressed. There are presented visualizations of the proposed systems prepared on the basis of the appropriate numerical models especially defined for each particular structure.

Copper Mineralization in the Lower Cambrian Cover of Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti Atlas, Morocco): Tectonic-Mineralizations Relationships

The Moroccan Anti-Atlas is a vast geological region composed of a Precambrian basement covered by a late-Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary sequences. More than 200 copper occurrences are listed in these sequences. The copper mineralization of the Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti-Atlas) is observed into the lower Limestones of the lower Cambrian (Adoudou formation), just above the volcanic formations of the Jbel Boho between Bou Azzer El Graara and Zenaga inliers. The region is by an E-W shortening resulting in an overlapping structure with vergence associated with folds. Generally, the mineralization is hosted along the principal fault of Jbel N’Zourk and sometimes in the anticlines hinges. The petrographic study showed that the mineralization can be observed in several aspects, either in the fractures and veins, in small karsts or rarely disseminated in calcite and dolomite minerals. These observations host new arguments who contribute to a later reconcentration of the copper mineralization of Jbel N’Zourk, trapped on faulted and folded structures attributed to Variscan deformation.

Application of the probability-based covering algorithm model in text classification

The probability-based covering algorithm(PBCA) is a new algorithm based on probability distribution. It decides, by voting, the class of the tested samples on the border of the coverage area, based on the probability of training samples. When using the original covering algorithm(CA), many tested samples that are located on the border of the coverage cannot be classified by the spherical neighborhood gained. The network structure of PBCA is a mixed structure composed of both a feed-forward network and a feedback network. By using this method of adding some heterogeneous samples and enlarging the coverage radius,it is possible to decrease the number of rejected samples and improve the rate of recognition accuracy. Relevant computer experiments indicate that the algorithm improves the study precision and achieves reasonably good results in text classification.

Exploring the Effects of Land-Cover Configuration, Body Size and Trophic Diversity on the Avifauna Richness of Prince Edward Island, Canada

We explored the effects of land-cover configuration, body size and trophic diversity in determining avian species richness on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Data on avian species richness were obtained from the Maritime Breeding Bird Atlas data. Prince Edward Island was divided into 97 sampling cells of 10 × 10 km. Land-cover metrics were calculated using a forest inventory database, Fragstats and ArcView version 8.1. The relationships between avian species richness and explanatory variables were explored using correlation analysis, mixed forward-backward stepwise analysis, generalized linear models and Akaike’s information criterion. Models predicted between 27% and 63% of the variability in species richness, attributing substantial explanatory power to both the average body size and the range of body size spanned by the avian community. The body-size frequency distribution showed that avian communities were dominated by species weighing between 50 and 80 g. Habitat metrics associated with forests were more important to the avifauna than those related to agriculture. Avian species richness also decreased with both the fragmentation and isolation of wetlands. The total area covered by the human infrastructure land-cover and its subdivision were also important. Clearly, body size plays a key role in determining the diversity of birds on Prince Edward Island. In particular, species weighing 50 - 80 g appear to have sufficient resources to be successful on Prince Edward Island’s landscapes. Our findings also highlighted the importance of controlling the expansion of human infrastructure and both the fragmentation and reduction in size of wetlands to maintain avian species richness patterns.

汽车激光雷达盖板的双色注塑模具设计

根据某车型激光雷达盖板的双色结构及形状,采用动模型芯旋转式结构的模具方案,设计了一套一出二的热流道双色注塑模具。利用Moldflow软件进行了双色成型分析,双色注塑第一次注射成型透明的PMMA材料的产品,第二次注射成型黑色ASA材料的产品。为实现该双色产品的结构成型,在定模处设计了2组不同结构的型腔,在动模处设计了2组左右对称的型芯,并且,在型芯侧设计了双斜导柱抽芯机构,冷却系统设计为“直通式+隔水片”的随形循环水路;顶出系统设计为2组独立的液压油缸,在产品顶出取件中,第一次注射成型的PMMA产品不顶出,第二次注射成型的ASA材料的产品采用“直顶+斜顶”的组合机构将双色产品推出,最终通过机械手完成产品的取件。实践生产证明了该双色模具结构合理、运行稳定、成型的双色塑件表面无缺陷。

复合材料薄膜盖结构与功能一体化设计

目的解决传统硬质泡沫塑料易碎盖存在的承压能力不足、冲破性能不稳定、不能有效防潮控湿、电磁兼容性差等缺陷。方法以某型导弹武器系统发射筒密封盖为主要应用对象开展薄膜盖设计,主要包括总体结构设计、零部件设计、功能设计及仿真验证。结果薄膜盖经密封、承压、冲破、电磁兼容等性能考核,均满足装备贮存使用要求,冲破盖体所受的最大峰值冲击力可稳定保持在1200~1600 N。结论建立了薄膜盖结构与功能一体化设计方法,可满足在研型号对新型密封盖的设计需求,并为新型号弹箭发射筒大尺寸密封盖的顺利研制提供技术储备。

高速列车转向架底部包覆板气动减阻效果研究

转向架的复杂机械结构及非流线化外形对高速列车气动性能产生不利影响,优化列车转向架底部流场结构,降低转向架的气动阻力占比,是进一步降低高速列车气动阻力的重要手段。为此,参考现有高速列车转向架结构设计2种转向架底部包覆板,并建立3种转向架包覆方案:方案一为带倾角包覆板+全包围裙板;方案二为平直包覆板+全包围裙板;方案三作为对照组未安装底部包覆板。基于k−ω方程湍流模型,探究不同包覆方案下高速列车气动阻力变化规律,对比分析3种方案对转向架及整车气动阻力、转向架舱内压力分布以及列车底部流动特性的影响,并通过全尺寸转向架风洞试验验证数值仿真的可靠性。研究结果表明:转向架包覆板有效减弱了气流对转向架零部件以及转向架舱后端板的冲击,使得转向架舱内压力分布更均匀,进而降低了转向架气动阻力;方案一和方案二分别使头车阻力系数降低17.3%和22.2%,整车阻力系数降低11.6%和12.9%;与方案二相比,方案一中包覆板两端的倾角能够引导气流进入转向架舱内部,加速舱内的流动循环,有利于牵引电机、轴盘等转向架零部件与外部空气的换热。研究结果可为进一步优化转向架包覆板设计方案、降低列车气动阻力提供参考。

不均匀积雪致大跨网架结构局部损伤分析

网架结构管球连接处局部损伤是此类结构的重要安全隐患。在风致雪漂移引起的不均匀积雪荷载作用下,局部损伤会加剧,最终导致结构局部破坏。因此很有必要分析不均匀积雪荷载作用下带伤服役网架结构局部损伤劣化情况。采用CFD数值模拟技术,以一正放四角锥网架结构为研究背景,分析了在90°风向角、12 m/s风速下,持续降雪24 h中网架结构屋面不均匀积雪分布的变化情况,并建立可表征网架结构管球连接处存在裂纹损伤的多尺度模型,分析了网架结构节点存在不同裂纹尺寸局部损伤时,不均匀积雪致网架结构局部损伤劣化程度。结果表明:网架结构风致积雪不均匀程度非常显著,而且当网架结构管球连接处存在局部裂纹损伤时,在降雪中后期,有管球连接损伤的节点大多都出现了不同程度的裂纹扩展,节点为最不利分布的穿透型裂纹时,裂纹扩展最大为15.64 mm。说明在持续特大降雪这种极端荷载作用下,带伤服役网架结构局部损伤将进一步加剧,危及结构使用安全。

回油盖隧道式二次抽芯机构注塑模设计

为解决塑件局部区域复杂特征的脱模困难问题,在注塑模具设计时首先采用局部特征分区域办法将局部难脱模特征集中分离出来,而后依据脱模方向的分布情况再进行同向集成分类,针对各集成后的脱模方向设计单次或多次抽芯机构,即脱模方向集成分类脱模设计法,从而有效地解决塑件脱模方向众多而导致的塑件整件或局部区域脱模设计困难问题。基于上述设计原理,结合润滑盒回油盖塑件的脱模设计困难问题,创新设计了一种隧道式二次抽芯机构。在该机构中,利用一根斜导柱驱动主成型块内的隧道滑块转向驱动主成型块内的另一成型活动块先完成第一次抽芯,此过程中主滑块与主成型块分离,而主成型块维持不动;然后该斜导柱再继续驱动主滑块带动主成型块完成第二次抽芯来实现塑件局部区域的脱模。结合机构运动力学分析,在该机构的结构设计中,主滑块与主成型块的闭合锁紧由楔紧块两侧不同斜角的斜面进行锁紧,其斜角分别为23°和25°,相应地,主滑块的斜导柱斜角取20°,用此参数设计的两次抽芯机构顺利地克服了塑件局部区域脱模机构设计困难难题,应用于塑件模具上,较好地实现了塑件的自动化注塑生产。塑件的模具结构为一种单点点浇口三板模具,一模一腔布局。

深水FPSO吸力锚建造工艺

以某深水浮式生产储卸油装置(FPSO)的吸力锚建造为例,对吸力锚的钢制筒体、顶盖结构、内部切泥板、铸造吊耳及锚链等主要结构预制安装流程与吸力锚整体装船工艺进行阐述。研究结果表明:深水FPSO吸力锚在建造过程中通过制定合理的施工顺序、严格控制组对尺寸公差和焊接参数等措施,对整个项目的质量管控和工效提升至关重要,也为后期同类大型管状结构物的建造提供了有益的参考。