Relationship between spatio-temporal evolution of soil pH and geological environment/surface cover in the eastern Nenjiang River Basin of Northeast China during the past 30 years

To illuminate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and geochemical driving mechanism of soil pH in the Nenjiang River Basin,the National Multi-objective Regional Geochemical Survey data of topsoil,the Second National Soil Survey data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)were analyzed.The areas of neutral and alkaline soil decreased by 21100 km^(2)and 30500 km^(2),respectively,while that of strongly alkaline,extremely alkaline,and strongly acidic soil increased by 19600 km^(2),18200 km^(2),and 15500 km^(2),respectively,during the past 30 years.NDVI decreased with the increase of soil pH when soil pH>8.0,and it was reversed when soil pH<5.0.There were significant differences in soil pH with various surface cover types,which showed an ascending order:Arbor<reed<maize<rice<high and medium-covered meadow<low-covered meadow<Puccinellia.The weathering products of minerals rich in K_(2)O,Na_(2)O,CaO,and MgO entered into the low plain and were enriched in different parts by water transportation and lake deposition,while Fe and Al remained in the low hilly areas,which was the geochemical driving mechanism.The results of this study will provide scientific basis for making scientific and rational decisions on soil acidification and salinization.

Effects of Straw Covering and Different Types of Potassium Fertilizer on Salinity Accumulation in Surface Layer of Tobacco-planted Paddy Soil

[Objective] This study aimed to investigation the effects of straw covering and different types of potassium fertilizer on salinity accumulation in surface layer of tobacco-planted paddy soil in southern China. [Method] Tobacco variety ‘Yunyan87’ was used as the experimental material to investigate the effects of salinity accumulation in surface layer of tobacco-planted paddy soil on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco using different types of potassium fertilizer and mulching cultivation methods. [Result] The results showed that K＋ , Ca2＋ , SO42and NO3-were the major salt ions in topsoil at different growth stages of flue-cured tobacco, Na ＋ and Mg2＋ contents were also relatively high at vigorous growth stage, indicating that these salt ions were easily accumulated in surface layer of soil; to be specific, the absolute increase of salt ion concentration showed a decreasing order of K＋ SO42- NO3-Ca2＋ Mg2＋ Na＋ Cl-, while the relative increase of salt ion concentration showed a decreasing order of Ca2＋ K＋ Na＋ NO3-SO42-Mg2＋ Cl-. At 60 d posttransplanting, total salt content in topsoil reached the minimum of 359.1 mg/kg in Treatment 2, total salt content in topsoil reached the maximum of 536.1 mg/kg in Treatment 5 （CK）, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. At 90 d post-transplanting, no significant difference was observed in total salt content among various treatments. At harvesting period, total salt content in topsoil reached the maximum of 3 278.4 mg/kg in Treatment 1, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. Topsoil pH showed no significant differences among various treatments at three different periods, ranging from 5.39 to 5.59. Straw covering could effectively reduce salt content in topsoil, accelerate vigorous growth of tobacco, shorten vigorous growth period and increase plant height, leaf number and lead area; at vigorous growth stage, root vitality and root volume of tobacco were improved, but the yield and output value were relatively low. Major agronomic traits and yield of tobacco showed no significant difference among various treatments. Output value of tobacco reached the maximum of 24 196.8 yuan/hm2 in Treatment 3, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. [Conclusion] Appropriate types and proportions of potassium fertilizer and straw covering can effectively reduce the total salt content in tobacco-planted paddy soil and increase the effective supply amount of K＋ , Ca2＋ , SO42-and NO3-, thereby promoting and improving the root vitality of tobacco, which is conducive to the growth and development of tobacco and will eventually enhance the yield, quality and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco.

Understanding the Soil Temperature Variability at Different Depths:Effects of Surface Air Temperature,Snow Cover,and the Soil Memory

The soil temperature(ST)is closely related to the surface air temperature(AT),but their coupling may be affected by other factors.In this study,significant effects of the AT on the underlying ST were found,and the time taken to propagate downward to 320 cm can be up to 10 months.Besides the AT,the ST is also affected by memory effects-namely,its prior thermal conditions.At deeper depth(i.e.,320 cm),the effects of the AT from a particular season may be exceeded by the soil memory effects from the last season.At shallower layers(i.e.,<80 cm),the effects of the AT may be blocked by the snow cover,resulting in a poorly synchronous correlation between the AT and the ST.In northeastern China,this snow cover blockage mainly occurs in winter and then vanishes in the subsequent spring.Due to the thermal insulation effect of the snow cover,the winter ST at layers above 80 cm in northeastern China were found to continue to increase even during the recent global warming hiatus period.These findings may be instructive for better understanding ST variations,as well as land−atmosphere interactions.

Simulation of temperature distribution in double-row potato ridges mulched with plastic film covered with soil

In Northwest China,potatoes are cultivated on double-rows of each ridge which is mulched with plastic film,and the film is covered with some of soil.While effective in retaining soil moisture,this technique can render the potato seedlings prone to be burned if they are not released from the plastic film in time.In this study,the model of convective heat transfer of potato ridge under solar radiation and atmospheric radiation is established by the Fluent software.The processes of the heat transfer of potato ridge was simulated for a certain day,and the temperature distribution in the potato ridge was monitored over time.The temperature distribution of soil in the growth layer of potato plants was analyzed under different thickness and widths of the covering soil on the film.The results showed that with the increase of covering soil thickness and width,the time for soil at different depth to reach the peak-temperature was delayed,and the daily temperature change of soil where the different depths layer of potato plants growth was reduced.At that time,a binary regression equation of offset temperature was constructed by using the Response Surface Method.The best parameter combination for covering soil on the plastic film is a thickness of 50 mm and a width of 280 mm in the cold and arid areas of Northwest China.However,the offset temperature(PT)first decreased and then almost remained unchanged with the increase of covering soil thickness.Considering the operational efficiency and power consumption of soil covering devices in the field,the unchanged width of the covering soil is 200 mm.The field experiments have shown that a 50 mm thick of soil covering is beneficial for the growth of potato plants and a 200 mm width of soil covering is beneficial for the growth of potato plants.The height of potato plants was 21 cm,and the natural emergence rate of potatoes was 95.8%on June 9,2024.The environment of soil covered could provide theoretical support for the mechanized planting of potatoes.

Optimization of mechanized soil covering path based on the agronomic mode of full-film double-ditch with double-width filming

In order to further improve the working performance and efficiency of mechanized tillage operation of a full-film double-ditch seedbed,under the working conditions of different parameters of the spiral push-type soil covering device with double-width filming,the dynamic soil covering characteristics and soil covering uniformity of the device were analyzed,the collaborative and interactive coupling mechanism of the horizontal pushing process of the mulching soil and horizontally two-way spiral soil transmission device were revealed,and the main reasons for the influence of different soil covering belts on the change of soil particle number distribution were analyzed.Based on the full-film double-ditch mode with double-width filming,the mechanized soil covering path was optimized.In order to further reduce the disturbance on mulching soil by two-way spiral pushing,a kind of parallel shunt type soil covering device with double-width filming was designed,then a discrete element method was adopted to make simulation analysis and optimize the parallel shunt type soil covering device with double-width filming.Field verification tests showed that after the operation of the full-film double-ditch combined machine with double-width filming and soil covering installed with the parallel shunt type soil covering device,the qualified rate of the film edge soil covering width was 96.1%,an increase of 1.6%compared to that before optimization;the qualified rate of soil covering width at the center of the big ridge was 93.5%,an increase of 1.9%compared to that before optimization;the qualified rate of the soil covering thickness was 97.7%,an increase of 0.2%compared to that before optimization.The test indicators reached the requirements of relevant national and industrial standards,showing that the test results met the design requirements,and the working conditions of verification tests were consistent with the simulation results.

Triangle Method for Estimating Soil Surface Wetness from Satellite Imagery in Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Soil surface wetness is indispensable land surface parameter in agriculture, hydrology and environmental engineering. This paper explores the relationship between surface radiant temperature and fractional vegetation cover derived from satellite imagery to estimate soil surface wetness (triangle method) in Allahabad district. The pixel distributions create triangular shapes because the range of surface radiant temperature decreases as the amount of vegetation cover increases and sufficient number of pixels exists. A very weak correlation is found between the simulated soil surface wetness and ground measured soil moisture at deeper soil layers (R2 < 0.15) on all the dates under investigation. This is because the drying rates at the surface discontinue to be linearly correlated to that at lower levels (depths). The standing water pixels distort the shape of the triangle especially at lower left edge of the triangle. This distortion is removable. The spatial and temporal inhomogeneity of soil surface wetness is examined.

秸秆深埋配施硫酸铝对西辽河平原地区苏打盐碱土水盐运移的影响

为探索秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂配施交互作用对苏打盐碱地水盐运移的影响,在通辽市科尔沁左翼中旗开展覆膜滴灌下不同硫酸铝用量与秸秆深埋的田间试验,以甜菜为指示作物,常规处理为对照(CK),在有无秸秆深埋(A、B)的条件下分别设置4水平硫酸铝添加量(30、60、90、120 g/m^(2)),揭示硫酸铝用量、秸秆深埋与土壤含水率、盐分的相关关系,提出覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下适宜的硫酸铝用量。结果显示,未添加秸秆处理中B3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(23.8%),比CK高8.2%,且平均含盐量最低(1.69 g/kg),比CK低12.6%;添加秸秆处理中A3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(26.6%),比B3处理高2.8%,平均含盐量也最低(1.57 g/kg),比B3处理低19%,且平均积盐率最低,比B3处理降低7.6%;A3处理在10~20和20~30 cm处土壤含水率均显著高于B3处理(P<0.05),在0~10和20~30 cm处土壤含盐量较B3处理显著降低(P<0.05);A3处理0~30 cm各土层均有脱盐趋势,达到显著水平(P<0.05),平均脱盐率11.5%;硫酸铝和秸秆深埋交互作用与土壤含水率呈极显著正相关(0.808),与土壤含盐量呈显著负相关(-0.564)。秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂综合作用可有效降低土壤pH值0.53~0.94,缓解土壤碱化度20.5%~21.9%。覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下硫酸铝用量在72~104 g/m^(2)为适宜当地的推荐用量。研究结果可为西辽河平原地区盐碱土壤改良提供理论依据。

覆膜种植措施对垄作农地土壤优先流空间异质性的影响

为进一步针对垄作田间农业生产制定高效的需水用肥策略提供科学支撑,将野外染色示踪试验和室内土柱水分入渗实验相结合,利用图像形态学解析、模拟入渗分析、熵权分析和灰色系统理论分析等方法,对垄作覆膜和垄作(对照)种植措施下的农地土壤优先流空间异质性特征进行分析,阐明覆膜种植措施下的垄作农地土壤优先流空间分布及其运动变化规律,揭示覆膜种植措施影响下的优先流与垄作田间土壤水分运动过程的作用关系。结果表明:在相同外部供水条件下,垄作覆膜种植农地的水分集中分布在0~10 cm土壤表层,随着土壤深度的增加分布范围逐渐缩小,其土壤染色复杂程度随着土壤深度的增加先增大后减少。而垄作种植农地在10~30 cm土壤深度范围内的水分分布出现显著的指状优先流分化现象。同时,垄作覆膜农地土壤达到饱和状态的时间是垄作农地的1.36倍,其单位时间内的平均土柱水流出流量(质量流率为0.20 g/s)显著(P<0.05)小于垄作农地(质量流率为0.35 g/s),土壤优先流程度相较更高,土壤属性中饱和导水率对优先流程度影响最大。垄作覆膜种植措施相较垄作在一定程度上能够进一步降低农地土壤空间内优先流的发生及其分布,减少水分向土壤深层渗漏,起到一定程度的蓄水保墒作用。

基于刚柔流耦合的水稻覆膜插秧机破膜装置设计

针对现有水稻覆膜插秧机无破膜装置或破膜装置结构不合理导致伤根率高等问题,设计了一种水稻覆膜插秧机破膜装置,以有限元方法建立了破膜插秧作业的刚柔流耦合模型。分析了各试验因素对评价指标的影响,并进行了多目标优化;获得了破膜装置最优结构和工作参数组合,并通过台架试验进行验证。研究可为水稻覆膜插秧机破膜装置结构优化和水田覆膜复杂作业环境下的可视化互作分析提供理论依据和技术支持。

跨越式膜上对行覆土装置设计与覆土性能研究

针对西北寒旱区马铃薯全膜覆盖种行覆土栽培农艺要求,研制一种跨越式膜上对行覆土装置。解析跨越式提土装置和侧向对行覆土装置作业机理,确定了各个部件的核心作业参数。运用离散单元法(DEM)进行了对行覆土仿真试验,结合Box-Behnken试验设计原理,采用三因素三水平响应曲面法,建立了覆土宽度和覆土厚度的回归模型,优化得到跨越式膜上对行覆土装置的最优作业参数组合为螺旋输土器转速135 r·min^(-1),覆土器开口长度100 mm,覆土器离地高度为233 mm。田间试验表明,设计的跨越式对行覆土装置满足马铃薯种植农艺要求,马铃薯幼苗自然出苗率达到92.5%,同时烧苗率为7%。

青海湖流域不同下垫面类型对地表温度的生物物理影响

本研究选取青海湖流域亚高山灌丛和温性草原两个不同土地覆盖类型的站点,利用湍流通量数据和自动气象站数据对比生长季和非生长季两个站点的微气象要素和地表能量平衡收支,评估土地利用/土地覆盖变化(Land Use/Land Cover Changes,LULCC)对地表温度的生物物理影响。亚高山灌丛相比温性草原具有更低的地表温度、气温和土壤温度,在生长季两个站点的地表温度、气温和土壤温度的差异更为明显,而非生长季相对湿度的差异更为明显。根据直接分解温度理论(Direct Decomposed Temperature Metric,DTM),分析不同下垫面对地表温度的生物物理影响。结果表明:白天灌丛相比草原的冷却作用主要贡献因素是短波辐射、地表土壤热通量和感热通量项,其中短波辐射在灌丛的冷却中起到正反馈作用,而后两者起到负反馈作用。夜间灌丛的冷却作用主要贡献因素是地表土壤热通量项。在相同气候和天气背景下,不同下垫面确实会对地表温度有明显的生物物理反馈作用。

垄上破膜覆土一体机设计与仿真

针对贵州省铜仁市植烟区膜后打孔投苗移栽方式存在的烟苗根部覆土不足、苗株周围易长草问题,设计了一款适合于铜仁市植烟区烟叶生产的乘坐式垄上破膜覆土一体机。该机由增程式发电机、铅酸电池组、行走装置、取土运土装置、破膜覆土装置、控制面板、机架及驾驶位等组成。利用Solidworks软件建立了双曲柄多连杆鸭嘴破膜覆土机构虚拟样机模型,经模型简化导入ADAMS中进行仿真分析,得到其运动轨迹和X、Y方向位移与时间变化曲线。结果表明,设计的双曲柄多连杆鸭嘴破膜覆土机构满足55 cm定株距破膜和作业效率0.067 hm^(2)/h的要求,验证了其结构选择和参数设计的合理性。该机能够代替人工膜上覆土作业、降低作业成本、提高覆土效率,具有推广使用价值。

Exploring the factors influencing the hydrological response of soil after low and high-severity fires with post-fire mulching in Mediterranean forests

Despite ample literature,the influence of the individual soil properties and covers on the hydrological response of burned soils of forests has not clearly identified.A clear understanding of the surface runoff and erosion rates altered by wildfires and prescribed fires is beneficial to identify the most suitable post-fire treatment This study has carried out a combined analysis of the hydrological response of soil and its driving factors in burned forests of Central-Eastern Spain.The pine stands of these forests were subjected to both prescribed fire and wildfire,and,in the latter case,to post-fire treatment with mulching.Moreover,simple multi-regression models are proposed to predict runoff and erosion in the experi-mental conditions.In the case of the prescribed burning,the fire had a limited impact on runoff and erosion compared to the unburned areas,due to the limited changes in soil parameters.In contrast,the wildfire increased many-fold the runoff and erosion rates,but the mulching reduced the hydrological response of the burned soils,particularly for the first two-three rainfalls after the fire.The increase in runoff and erosion after the wildfire was associated to the removal of the vegetation cover,soil water repellency,and ash left by fire;the changes in water infiltration played a minor role on runoff and erosion.The multi-regression models developed for the prescribed fire were accurate to predict the post-fire runoff coefficients.However,these models were less reliable for predictions of the mean erosion rates.The predictions of erosion after wildfire and mulching were excellent,while those of runoff were not satisfactory(except for the mean values).These results are useful to better understand the relations among the hydrological effects of fire on one side and the main soil properties and covers on the other side.Moreover,the proposed prediction models are useful to support the planning activities of forest managers and hydrologists towards a more effective conservation of forest soils.

Organic carbon losses by eroded sediments from sloping vegetable fields in South China

Soil Organic Carbon （SOC） is the most important component of soil. Though small, it determines soil fertility and prevents soil losses. In this study, we examined relationships between the Particle-Size Distribution （PSD） of the eroded sediment and SOC loss, and evaluated the effects of plant coverage ratios （0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 90%）, slope lengths （2 m, 4 m）, fertilizer treatments （unfertilized control （CK）, compound N-P-K fertilizer （CF）, and organic fertilizer （OF）） on SOC loss and the SOC enrichment ratio （ERsoc） in the eroded sediments. The experimental results showed that longer slope length and lower surface cover ratios produced larger surface runoff and the eroded sediments, resulting in larger SOC losses. The average SOC loss was greatest in the OF treatment and SOC loss was mainly associated with the eroded sediment. Surface runoff, which causes soil erosion, is a selective transportation process, hence there were more clay- sized particles （〈2 μm） and silt-sized particles （2-50μm） in the eroded sediments than in the original soils. SOC was enriched in the eroded sediments relative to in the original soil when ERsoc 〉 1. ERsoc was positively correlated with ERclay （〈2 pro） （R^2 = o.68） and ERie at （2-20 μm） （R2 = 0.63）, and from all the size particle categories of the original soil or the eroded sediments, more than 95% of SOC was concentrated in small-sized partieles （〈50 μm）. The distribution of SOC in different-sized particles of the original soil and the eroded sediment is primarily associated with clay-sized part-ides and fine silt-sized particles, thus we eonelude that as the eroded sediment partieles became finer, more SOC was absorbed, resulting in more severe SOC loss.

黄土覆盖区采动地表裂缝对土壤水分扰动影响的模拟试验研究

[目的]探究黄土覆盖区煤矿开采沉陷变形造成的地表裂缝对土壤水分变化的扰动效应,为采煤沉陷区土壤水分变化规律研究提供数据支撑。[方法]以典型黄土覆盖区的采煤沉陷区为模型,使用自主研制的开采沉陷地表裂缝模拟装置进行物理模拟试验,并在裂缝周围布设水分传感器,分析地表裂缝引起的土壤水分变化特征。利用Hydrus软件构建水文模型,结合物理模拟试验结果对数值计算模型进行优化。采用控制变量法,利用优化后的模型计算在不同裂缝形状、地形以及初始含水量条件下裂缝周围土壤含水量与非变形区土壤含水量差值。[结果]裂缝宽度主要影响土壤水分散失量的最大值,而裂缝深度主要影响散失量最大值出现的位置;裂缝对上坡方向和下坡方向影响规律存在差异,且坡度越大,差异越明显;土壤初始含水量越小,裂缝对土壤水分扰动程度越小;当初始含水量低于20%时,地表裂缝对土壤水分的影响范围不超过15 cm。[结论]在相同边界条件下,土壤水分模拟试验结果与物理试验数据变化规律呈现一致性,利用优化后的数值计算模型可以定量地分析黄土覆盖区土壤水分对采动地表裂缝的响应特征。

河西绿洲灌区玉米产量对长期秸秆带状覆膜还田方式的响应

【目的】秸秆还田方式影响着其对作物的增产效果,为此,我们探讨了河西绿洲灌区不同秸秆带状覆膜还田对玉米产量的影响。【方法】田间定位试验于2011—2020年在河西绿洲灌区进行。试验设7个秸秆还田方式处理,分别是:玉米秸秆不还田(CK)、半量整株带状翻压还田(1/2WB)、半量整株带状覆盖还田(1/2WM)、半量粉碎带状翻压还田(1/2CB)、全量粉碎带状翻压还田(CB)、半量粉碎带状覆盖还田(1/2CM)、全量粉碎带状覆盖还田(CM),所有秸秆还田处理均在玉米行间还田,其上覆盖薄膜。在玉米主要生育期测定倒二叶SPAD值,成熟期调查玉米植株生长指标、产量及产量构成因素,并计算秸秆还田对产量的累积贡献率。【结果】两个秸秆全量还田处理(CB、CM)均显著提高了玉米穗粒数、百粒重、株高、茎粗、穗粗、穗长、有效穗长和收获指数,降低了玉米秃顶长度,增加了玉米籽粒产量(P<0.05),CB处理还显著增加了玉米穗数(P<0.05)。在试验第1年(2011年),6个秸秆还田处理的玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期和抽雄期的叶片SPAD值与CK均无显著差异;与CK相比,2020年CB和1/2CB处理显著提高了玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期和吐丝期的叶片SPAD值(P<0.05)。秸秆带状覆膜还田对玉米产量具有明显的累积效应,从2011到2020年,CB处理对玉米累积产量的增产贡献率最高(为9.33%~14.15%),1/2CB处理次之,为7.17%~12.25%,之后是CM处理,为9.19%~10.14%。【结论】玉米秸秆带状还田能够显著提高玉米整个生育期的光合效率,协调玉米营养生长和生殖生长的关系,最终显著提高籽粒产量。长期连续玉米秸秆还田对玉米产量具有明显的累积效应,且增产优势逐年增加。秸秆粉碎翻压还田的效果优于整株覆盖还田,全量秸秆粉碎翻压还田效果优于半量秸秆粉碎翻压还田。

果园行间绿肥粉碎旋耕一体机的设计与试验

随着果园绿肥种植面积的不断扩大,果园绿肥在还田利用中存在的作业效率低、翻压效果不佳等问题越来越明显。针对这一问题,设计了一种可实现“茎秆先落,土壤后落,茎秆在下,土壤在上”的提高绿肥作物还田效果的覆土装置及果园绿肥粉碎旋耕一体作业的样机。样机主要由悬挂装置、粉碎装置、旋耕翻压装置及覆土装置等部分组成。对样机机架进行了有限元分析,结果表明选材合理,满足使用要求。样机田间试验表明:当拖拉机前进速度为1.2m/s、粉碎甩刀刀辊转速为800r/min、旋耕深度为100mm时,绿肥作物粉碎长度合格率平均值为90.1%、抛撒不均匀率平均值为7.98%、覆盖率平均值为93.68%,满足设计要求,且能耗相对较低,满足果园绿肥还田利用需求。

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响

为探明秸秆带状覆盖对西北半干旱雨养农业区冬小麦土壤温度和产量的影响,以露地不覆盖为对照(CK),设置秸秆带状覆盖4行(SM1)、秸秆带状覆盖5行(SM2)、黑膜覆盖(PM1)和白膜覆盖(PM2)共5个处理,利用大田试验研究了不同覆盖处理冬小麦土壤温度及产量相关指标的异同。结果表明,与CK相比,秸秆覆盖处理(SM1、SM2)显著降低了冬小麦全生育期0~25 cm土层温度,返青期和灌浆期降温幅度最大,平均降温2.0℃;越冬期降温幅度最小,平均降温0.1℃;上层土壤(0~10 cm)的降温幅度大于下层土壤(15~25 cm),SM1降温效应大于SM2。地膜覆盖在不同生育时期存在增温和降温的双重效应,成熟期增温幅度最大,较CK增加2.4℃;灌浆期5 cm土层降温幅度最大,降低1.8℃;无论增温还是降温,PM1效应均高于PM2。覆盖处理一天中,表层土壤温度以中午14:00变化最大,晚19:00次之,早7:00变化最小,且中午14:00均表现为降温效应;秸秆覆盖降温效应(4.9℃)大于地膜覆盖(0.8℃)。覆盖降低土壤有效积温,地膜覆盖有效积温显著高于秸秆覆盖。秸秆覆盖平均增产9.6%,SM2增产率高于SM1;地膜覆盖显著增产(20.8%),PM2增产率高于PM1。产量三要素中,穗粒数受温度影响最大,与各生育时期0~25 cm土层土壤温度、阶段土壤有效积温均呈显著或极显著正相关。综合考虑土壤温度、土壤有效积温、产量、千粒重和穗数等,SM2处理更有利于旱地冬小麦产量的形成。

微垄和地膜覆土对旱地胡麻生长发育及籽粒产量形成的影响

为探讨不同起垄方式和地膜覆土对胡麻生长发育及籽粒产量形成的影响,分别于2016和2017年胡麻生长季,以传统露地条播为对照(CK),研究了全膜微垄覆土穴播、全膜微垄不覆土穴播、全膜平作覆土穴播和全膜平作不覆土穴播4种种植方式对胡麻出苗率、株高、茎粗、干物质积累量、生长速率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:微垄方式改善了胡麻生长发育状况,出苗率显著高于CK,干物质积累量在苗期至现蕾期以微垄不覆土处理最高,盛花期至成熟期以微垄覆土处理最高,分别较CK平均高出39.3%~69.8%和36.0%~53.7%。微垄覆土模式下籽粒产量较CK显著提高26.8%。关联度分析可知,影响胡麻籽粒产量的主导因素为蒴果数和果粒数。相关分析结果显示,胡麻籽粒产量与产量构成因子、干物质积累量均呈显著正相关关系。表明微垄覆土与不覆土穴播方式均能够显著提高胡麻出苗率,促进干物质积累,增加胡麻单株蒴果数和果粒数,提高籽粒产量,是半干旱旱作农业区胡麻适宜的种植模式。

长期秸秆和地膜覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤碳组分的影响

地表覆盖秸秆和地膜是我国西北旱作农田土壤固碳的重要田间管理措施,但其对土壤碳组分的长期影响尚不明确。基于田间定位试验,设生育期高量秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^(-2),HSM)、生育期低量秸秆覆盖(4 500 kg·hm^(-2),LSM)、夏闲期秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^(-2),FSM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)共5个处理,研究了秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖12 a和13 a后旱作冬小麦农田土壤总有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、潜在矿化碳(PCM)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量的变化规律。2 a平均结果表明:与CK相比,HSM和LSM处理均显著提高了0~10 cm土层各碳组分含量以及10~20 cm土层SOC、POC、MBC含量,同时还显著提高了0~20 cm土层POC和MBC占SOC的比例;而FSM和PM处理对各土层土壤碳组分含量及其占SOC的比例均无显著影响。土壤碳组分含量相互之间均存在极显著正相关关系。综上可知,长期生育期秸秆覆盖能有效提高旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤有机碳及其组分含量,且提高覆盖量有助于促进土壤碳固存。