Influence of subsequent curing on water sorptivity and pore structure of steam-cured concrete

Steam-cured condition is found to cause larger porosity and worse properties of concrete compared with normal curing condition. For the sake of seeking effective measurements to eliminate this bad effect of steam-cured condition on concrete, the water sorptivity and pore structure of steam-cured concretes exposed to different subsequent curing conditions were investigated after steam-curing treatment. The capillary absorption coefficient and porosity of the corresponding concretes were analyzed, and their mechanisms were also discussed. The results indicate that water sorptivity and pore structure of steam-cured concrete are greatly influenced by the curing condition used in subsequent ages. Exposure steam-cured concrete to air condition has an obviously bad effect on its properties and microstructures. Adopting subsequent curing of immersing steam-cured concrete into about 20℃ water after steam curing period can significantly decrease its capillary absorption coefficient and porosity. Steam-cured concrete with 7 d water curing has minimum capillary absorption coefficient and total porosity. Its water sorptivity is decreased by 23% compared with standard curing concrete and the porosity is 9.6% lower. Moreover, the corresponding gradient of water sorptivity and porosity of steam-cured concrete both decrease, thus mictostructure of concrete becomes more homogeneous.

Synthesis of Ionic and Non-Ionic Modified Waterborne Polyurethane Curing Agent

By using HDI and TMP as the main raw materials,polyethylene glycol 400(PEG400)is used as a non-ionic hydrophilic modifier,and sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is used as an ionic hydrophilic modifier to synthesize a dual hydrophilic modified polyurethane curing agent.Research revealed that introducing PEG400 for hydrophilic chain segments and sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate for hydrophilic ionic groups in the polyurethane curing agent component leads to a uniform distribution of hydrophilic components,significantly enhancing compatibility with the aqueous polyol component,and results in excellent film performance.The synthesis process and film were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy in the study.

Cure Behaviors and Water Up-take Evaluation of a New Waterborne Epoxy Resin

Cure behaviors and water up-take evaluation of a low cost, ecofriendly and water soluble epoxy resin prepared by reaction between epichlorohydrin and PEG400, PEG600 and PEG1000, respectively, were investigated using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and gravimetrical method, respectively. Factors affecting the cure behaviors as well as water up-take of waterborne epoxy resins, such as amount of triethylenetetramine （TETA） and triethylene diamine （TEDA）, PEG molecular weight, curing temperature, were systematically investigated. The prepared water soluble epoxy resins can be cured under room temperature with the shape of the curing curves similar to that expected for an autocatalytic reaction.

Internal Curing Using Water-releasing Material for High Strength Micro-expansive Concrete

Due to its low water content, it is difficult for expansive agent to have an effective expansive effect on high strength concrete to compensate its extensive shrinkage and form a certain expansion. To solve this problem, water-releasing material with water storage and releasing characteristics was incorporated into high strength micro-expansive concrete to provide internal curing, and expansive effect of expansive agent was improved. Migration of water from initially saturated water-releasing material to the surrounding hydrating cement paste was investigated. Based on a given efficient diffusion distance of water stored in water-releasing material, the mass and real water-cement ratio of cured cement paste were estimated. At the same time, the effect of internal curing of water-releasing material on the volume deformation of high strength micro-expansive concrete was investigated.

Effects of secondary water curing on the long-term strength and durability of concrete after steam-autoclave curing

To study the effects of secondary water( SW) curing of 20 ℃ for 7 d on concrete long-term strength and durability after steam-autoclave curing, concrete specimens were fabricated and subjected to standard,steam-autoclave or steamautoclave + SW curing. The compressive strength,accelerated carbonation depth, and Coulomb electric charges of the specimens were tested at the ages of 28,90,180,and 360 d.Furthermore,mercury intrusion porosimetry experiments on the specimens were conducted at the age of 180 d. Results indicate that compared with standard curing,steam-autoclave curing can enhance the early-age strength of concrete; however, it is detrimental to the development of later-age strength, and reduces chloride and carbonation resistance. Due to the replenishment of water into concrete,SW curing can refine the micro-pore size and decrease the ratio of harmful and more harmful pores in concrete. As a result,SW curing is effective in improving the long-term strength and durability of steamautoclaved concrete,and makes it approach that under standard curing. The improvement amplitudes of SW curing on the concrete compressive strength, chloride and carbonation resistance at 360 d can reach 20. 3%,48. 6%,and 80. 9%,respectively.

Research on non-steam-cured and non-fired fly-ash thermal insulating materials

A thermal insulating material is synthesized via a non-steam-cured and non-fired route by using fly-ash, sorel cement and hydrogen peroxide solution as raw material. Properties such as apparent density, compressive strength, bending strength, thermal conductivity, water resistance, and thermal tolerance of this matrial are studied, some influencing factors on its performance discussed. This material has an apparent density of 360 kg/m^3, a compressive strength of 1.86 MPa, a thermal conduction coefficient of 0.072 W/（m·K）, a softening coefficient of 0.55, and a thermal tolerant temperature of 300 ℃. Test results show that this material is light in weight, of high strength, and good thermal insulation. In addition, neither steam-curing nor sintering is needed in producing it. Further more, large amount of fly ash is used in this material, making it a low cost and environment-friendly building material.

Effects of curing age on compressive and tensile stress-strain behaviors of ecological high ductility cementitious composites

To obtain the design parameters of the structure made by ecological high ductility cementitious composites(Eco-HDCC),the effects of curing age on the compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships were studied.The reaction degree of fly ash,non-evaporable water content and the pH value in pore solution were calculated to reveal the mechanical property.The results indicate that as the curing age increases,the peak compressive strength,peak compressive strain and ultimate tensile strength of Eco-HDCC increase.However,the ultimate compressive strain and ultimate tensile strain of Eco-HDCC decrease with the increase in curing age.Besides,as the curing age increases,the reaction degree of fly ash and non-evaporable water content in Eco-HDCC increase,while the pH value in the pore solution of Eco-HDCC decreases.Finally,the simplified compressive and tensile stress-strain constitutive relationship models of Eco-HDCC with a curing age of 28 d were suggested for the structure design safety.

Effect of Curing Treatments on Seven Key Farmers’ Yams (<i>Dioscorea</i>spp.) in Ghana

Curing of freshly harvested yams (Dioscorea spp.) is a process for wounded yams during harvest to heal. In this work the effectiveness of straw, polypropylene and jute sack on curing of seven key farmers’ yam varieties over a duration of 7, 14 and 21 days was studied. Seven key farmers’ yam varieties identified as Pona, Lariboko, Dente, Mutwumudoo, Serwah belonging to D. rotundata, Matches and Akaba belonging to D. alata were studied under different curing treatments. The percentage weight loss of yam tubers varied among the treatments over curing period. Curing under jute sack showed all yam varieties had weight losses less than 2.0%, within 7 days of curing. Five different varieties had weight loss less than 2.0% except Dente under the straw treatment. Mutwumudoo variety showed the highest water loss (8.4%) for polypropylene sheet and 6.9% for Lariboko in the control treatment. During 7 days curing the control and polypropylene treatment did not support yam curing. After 14 days of curing of tubers, similar tends were observed as in 7 days curing. After 14 days of curing under jute sack, percentage weight loss of the tubers ranges from 2.0% - 3.7%. In the straw treatment, the percentage weight loss ranges between 1.0% - 4.7% in all other varieties except Dente (D. rotundata) (8.2%). Polypropylene sheet treatment showed the highest percentage weight loss in Mutwumudoo variety (18.4%). A similar trend was observed for the yam tubers cured for 21days as percentage weight loss of tubers under jute sacks was 2.5 – 9.8%. Curing temperature and humidity ranged between 27&degC - 40&degC and 87% - 100% rh for yam tubers under the three different treatments of polypropylene, jute and straw. However, the control treatment recorded lower humidity of 60% - 80% rh. Curing material, duration, climatic conditions and yam varieties influenced curing and Serwah variety, which is a D. rotundata is the best bet yam variety to cure under jute sack for 7, 14 and 21 days of curing.

Effect of Curing Environment on the Strength Properties of Cement and Cement Extenders

Curing of cement based products such as concrete and mortar, is very important to achieve good strength and durable products. However the curing environment plays a pivotal role in the overall quality of cement based products in terms of strength development. ASTM C192 allows moist curing either in a fog room or under water. However, these must meet ASTM C511 which controls temperature, and specifically for water curing, the concentration of calcium ions in the curing solution. Unfortunately in many parts of the world, water curing literally means curing in tap water. This is done primarily because there is a lack of knowledge or ignorance regarding the mobility and roll of calcium hydroxide in the curing process. To illustrate the differences, in this study, straight ASTM Type I/II Portland cement and that mixed with powdered waste clay bricks as a cement extender were used to prepare two different batches of mortars. The chemical properties of the powdered waste clay brick met the ASTM C618 standard specifications for Class N pozzolans. Both mortar specimens were cured under two different environment comprising of either water and lime saturated water. Mortar specimens were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of either curing conditions. Test results indicated that mortar specimens cured in lime saturated water obtained higher strength than those cured in fresh water at all ages of curing. Statistical inference drawn from ANOVA testing showed that curing conditions had significant impact on strength development of the blended and unblended cement systems. The study recommends that testing of concrete and mortar samples and other research related works be performed in lime saturated water other than fresh water.

Effects of Curing Methods on the Permeability and Mechanism of Cover Concrete

Curing methods are one of the most important factors in determining the quality and compactness of cover concrete.The effect of curing methods on the water absorption and sorptivity coefficient of cover concrete with the substitution ratio of fly ash(FA)and ground granulated blast slag(GGBS)for cement between 30 wt%and 40 wt%was studied by capillary water absorption test.The vacuum saturation test and mercury intrusion test were employed to characterize these differences in the pore structure of cover concrete under different curing methods.With further analysis of the compactness of microstructure by SEM,the mechanism of the impact of curing methods on the permeability of cover concrete was revealed.The results obtained indicate that the effect of curing methods on the water absorption,sorptivity coefficient and porosity of cover concrete shows the trend of natural curing>cover curing>water curing>standard curing.It is also shown that reasonable curing is advantageous to reduce the porosity and permeability of cover concrete.In natural curing conditions,the appearance of porosity increasing and pore structure coarsening is more critical for covering concrete with mineral admixtures than for pure cement concrete.Therefore,the permeability of cover concrete with mineral admixtures is more sensitive to the early-age curing methods.

保水剂施用量对西南紫色土水分和养分特征及烟叶品质的影响

[目的]揭示保水剂聚丙烯酸钾不同施用量对西南烟区紫色土水分、土壤孔隙状况、土壤养分特征及烟叶品质的影响,为缓解季节性干旱区植烟土壤水分缺乏及高产优质的烟草生产提供重要参考。[方法]采用随机区组设计,定量研究了不同保水剂施用量条件下的紫色土水分、养分及烟叶品质特征。[结果]保水剂添加后,土壤pH值变化范围为7.4~7.7,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、毛管含水量均呈先增大后减小变化规律,当保水剂施用量为150 kg/hm^(2)时,土壤容重达到最低值,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和含水量、毛管含水量均达到最大值。土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC值)呈现出波动式变化。土壤有机碳、全钾和速效钾含量随着保水剂施用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量呈逐渐增加趋势。土壤容重呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。烟叶氯含量、总氮含量变化为上部叶<中部叶<下部叶。随着保水剂施用浓度的增加,烟叶氯含量呈波动变化。中上部烟叶含钾量高于下部烟叶含钾量且随保水剂施用浓度的增加略有增加。烟碱含量变化为上部叶>中部叶>下部叶,且烟碱含量与保水剂施用浓度相关性较弱。烟叶还原糖和总糖的变化趋势较为一致。不同部位的烟叶钾氯比表现为上部叶>中部叶>下部叶,且最随着保水剂施用浓度的增加,烟叶钾氯比呈波动态变化。不同叶位烟碱/总氮比和糖碱比均表现为上部叶<中部叶<下部叶,且随着保水剂浓度的增大,均表现为递增趋势。植烟土壤全氮含量与不同叶位的烟叶氯含量、上部叶含钾量、还原糖含量之间均呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05)。不同叶位烟叶氯含量、还原糖含量、上部烟叶钾含量、下部烟叶烟碱含量均与土壤有机碳间存在显著正相关关系(p<0.05)。[结论]保水剂为150 kg/hm^(2)对于西南紫色土的改良效果最佳,研究可为植烟土壤抗旱性能增强及烟叶品质的提升提供科学依据。

外加水溶性糖对卷烟烟气成分释放量的影响

[目的]系统考察外加水溶性糖对卷烟烟气常规成分和七害成分释放量的影响,[方法]以内源水溶性糖含量较高(C2F-DF2020,总糖30.84%)、较低(B3F-DH2020,总糖7.37%)的2种烤烟烟叶为参试对象,选用葡萄糖、蔗糖2种糖料,进行加糖量梯度试验(加糖量0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%),测定24个卷烟小样的烟气常规成分;在小样试验的基础上,以内源水溶性糖含量中等的(B2F-XG2018,总糖16.61%)烟叶为对象,进行中样试验(葡萄糖添加量0%、1%、3%、5%),测定4个卷烟中样的烟气常规成分和七害成分。[结果]小样试验结果显示,无论烟叶内源水溶性糖含量是高还是低,也无论外加糖源是葡萄糖还是蔗糖,烟气焦油量都不会随加糖量的增加而升高;中样试验结果显示,随着加糖量的增加,烟气焦油量不会随之升高,七害成分中含氮化合物如烟草特有NNK、HCN、氨等释放量呈下降趋势,卷烟危害性指数呈下降趋势。[结论]外加水溶性糖不会导致烟气焦油量和卷烟危害性指数升高。

控水促根和延迟移栽对烤烟产量和品质的影响

为明确控水促根和稀播培育可延迟移栽的长叶龄壮根苗对烤烟产量和品质的影响,以云烟87为材料,设计控水促根方式和苗龄两个因素,分析不同处理烤烟的经济性状、物理特性、化学成分、感官质量差异,综合评价不同处理产质量综合效果;采用η2值评价控水促根和稀播培育长叶龄烟苗及其互作的贡献率。结果表明:扩大育苗盘孔径、基质中添加微生物菌剂、育苗后期湿润水分管理可培育长苗龄烟苗,有利于提高烤烟产量、产值和经济性状指数,改善烟叶物理特性,提升烟叶化学成分可用性,提高烟叶感官质量和烟叶产质量综合效果指数。控水促根、稀播培育长叶龄烟草及其互作对烤烟经济性状的贡献率分别为18.15%、63.38%、18.46%,对烟叶物理特性的贡献率分别为24.39%、35.74%、39.87%,对烟叶化学成分的贡献率分别为27.48%、37.47%、35.05%,对烟叶感官质量的贡献率分别为22.04%、66.21%、11.74%。因此,采用控水促根和稀播培育可延迟移栽的长苗龄壮根苗,有利于促进南方多雨稻作烟区的烤烟早生快发,提高稻茬烤烟产量和品质,具有推广价值。

某锂矿低温熟化—水浸提锂和提纯高纯石英新工艺

皖南低品位热液蚀变型锂矿Li_(2)O含量0.21%,属于新类型锂矿资源,主要矿物成分有长石、石英、白云母、绿泥石,锂主要以晶格形式赋存于锂绿泥石中。新工艺采用-1 mm原矿筛分,+0.425 mm粒级进入磨矿,制备-0.425+0.074 mm合格粒级。脱泥后合格粒级产品经磁选得云母精矿,非磁性物浮选得到长石精矿和石英精矿,长石精矿和云母精矿分别进行提锂,石英精矿进行酸处理提纯得高纯石英。将原矿筛出的-0.074 mm细泥、再磨产生的-0.074 mm细泥、合格粒级搅拌擦洗产生的-0.074 mm细泥,合并为总泥进行后续提锂。试验结果表明:总泥、云母、长石分别采用低温熟化—水浸工艺提锂,累计得Li_(2)O浸出率88.78%,酸浸后石英精矿含SiO_(2)99.942%,Fe 4.38 mg/kg,达到高纯石英低端产品要求,提锂后的长石和云母浸渣产率54.48%,可用于建筑材料。浸出前后样品的XRD和SEM分析表明,硫酸低温熟化破坏了锂绿泥石晶格结构,H+代替锂绿泥石中Li+,将锂释放出来。新工艺降低了磨矿成本,锂浸出率高,兼顾云母、石英、长石的回收,减少了尾矿排放,提高了低品位热液蚀变型锂矿的综合利用水平。

水泥基材料无机/有机复合内养护剂的研究进展

无机/有机复合吸水材料具有一定的亲水基团和三维网络结构,吸水性、保水性和释水性优异,是水泥基材料重要的内养护剂之一。通过在水泥基材料中引入无机/有机复合吸水材料,利用其吸-释水特性可自动调节水泥基材料内部相对湿度,促进水化反应,减少水泥基材料自收缩和早期开裂等现象,提高力学性能和耐久性。概述了无机/有机复合内养护剂(CICA)的制备方法、结构特征以及吸-释水行为;综述了CICA对水泥基材料水化进程、微观结构、宏观性能和耐久性的影响;展望了CICA在混凝土应用的发展前景,为CICA在水泥基内养护中的应用提供一定理论指导和技术参考。

后续养护方式缓解蒸汽养护混凝土性能缺陷的试验研究

为研究后续养护缓解蒸汽养护造成的永久损伤,以蒸汽养护混凝土为例,设计了4种后续养护方式,测试不同后续养护方法对混凝土抗压强度、吸附系数、氯离子扩散系数和透气性等性能参数的影响。结果表明,后续养护方式对混凝土试件28 d强度增长贡献率由大到小为标准养护、饱和石灰水养护、水养护和空气养护;混凝土毛细吸附性、氯离子扩散性和透气性曲线均呈近似“L”形,即随养护时间增加而降低,且前期(龄期3 d前)下降显著,后期趋于平缓;蒸汽养护混凝土预制构件均应及时进行适当加湿养护,但不建议长时间浸泡于水环境中养护。

碱激发矿粉胶凝材料固化高含盐量浓缩液污泥试验研究

采用浸没式燃烧工艺处理生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生的浓缩液污泥副产物具有高易溶盐含量的特征。分别采用硫铝酸盐水泥和碱激发矿粉胶凝材料固化浓缩液污泥,对固化试样进行一系列无侧限抗压强度(UCS)试验、水稳定性试验和微观观测试验,分析硫铝酸盐水泥和碱激发矿粉胶凝材料对浓缩液污泥的固化效果和固化机理。研究结果表明:40%水泥掺量的固化试样的28 d无侧限抗压强度为1.95 MPa,浸水28 d后降低至零。30%矿粉掺量的固化试样的28 d无侧限抗压强度为14.8 MPa,浸水28 d后,仍达3.6 MPa,远大于垃圾填埋场的填埋强度要求。碱激发矿粉反应生成的三维网状胶凝材料和钙矾石晶体可对浓缩液污泥颗粒实现有效的包裹和胶结,是碱激发矿粉胶凝材料固化浓缩液污泥的微观固化机制。

膨胀珍珠岩调控固化淤泥物理-力学性能的方法

疏浚淤泥含水率高导致干化和固化成本过高。充分利用膨胀珍珠岩(expanded perlite,简称EP)的多孔吸水性,局部分离淤泥中的自由水,使其变为不均匀分布,营造泥-水分离的固化环境。试验发现,掺入EP可以有效提高固化淤泥的无侧限抗压强度(unconfined compressive strength,简称UCS),但其掺入方式影响固化强度的增长速率和孔隙分布特征。焖料方式最有利于提升固化效果,即把EP先掺入到淤泥中,混合24 h后再加水泥固化;养护28 d时,焖料试样的强度是直接固化试样(EP掺入后直接加水泥固化)强度的1.56倍,是仅掺入水泥固化试样强度的2.15倍,说明EP营造的局部泥-水分离环境可有效提高固化淤泥的强度。同时,水化热试验结果表明,EP促进了水泥水化作用。EP-淤泥固化土的孔隙分布曲线和表观形貌照片显示,虽然掺入EP引入了气孔,但也为水化产物提供了生长空间,使得淤泥和EP界面形成嵌入式胶结,共同构成固化土骨架。EP调控淤泥含水率属于物理方法,方便快捷,并且EP是高硅轻骨料,与淤泥相容性好,兼具环境友好性。