EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENT ON CRACK PROPAGATION RATE IN STEEL GC-4 UNDER CORROSION FATIGUE AND STRESS CORROSION

Comparative investigations were carried out of the effect of heat treatment regimes Jor steel GC-4(40CrMnSiMoVA)on its crack propagating rates,from corrosion fatigue, (da/dN)_(CF),or stress corrosion cracking,(da/dt)_(SCC),in media with various constituents and pH values.Both(da/dN)_(CF) and(da/dt)_(SCC) accelerate with the increase of yield stress of the steel,yet the former is far less than the later.In comparison with media,the (da/dt)_(SCC) in distilled water is slightly greater than that in 3.5% NaCl solution,and the (da/dN)_(CF) in distilled water is far less than that in 3.5% NaCl solution.With the pH value increasing in 3.5% NaCl solution,the(da/dN)_(CF) lowers down and the(da/dt)_(SCC) speeds up.An explanation was also proposed with concept of the cyclic hardening and softening at crack tip,as well as the crack closure and occluded cell effect.

Dynamic Model of Thermal Fatigue Crack Propagation In 3Cr2W8V Steel

In this paper, the thermal fatigue test data in 3Cr2W8V steel are analyzed numerically. Then, on this basis a formula of thermal fatigue crack propagation rate with respect to stress intensiyt factor range is presented. Finally a dynamic equation of the control parameters for thermal fatigue crack propagationis derived according to evaluating the thermal strain relaxation property of the steel.

Thermal fatigue crack growth behavior of ZCuAlFeMn alloy strengthened by laser shock processing

The effect of laser shock processing(LSP) on the hardness, surface morphology, residual stress, and thermal fatigue properties of a ZCuAl10Fe3Mn2 alloy was investigated to improve the thermal fatigue performance and decrease the surface crack of high-temperature components. The microstructure and crack morphology were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results showed that laser shock could significantly improve the thermal fatigue performance of the alloy at a pulse energy of 4 J. Under the effect of thermal stress and alternating stress, microstructure around the specimen notch was oxidized and became porous, leading to the formation of multiple micro-cracks. The micro-cracks in the vertical direction became the main cracks, which mainly expanded with the conjoining of contiguous voids at the crack tip front. Micro-cracks in other directions grew along the grain boundaries and led to material shedding.

Influence of welding parameters on fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate in friction stir welded nugget of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy joints

Friction stir welding （FSW） was performed on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plates. Metallographic analysis, Vickers microhardness and XRD tests were conducted to determine the properties of the welded zone. FE simulation of the FSW process was implemented for the different welding conditions to extract the residual stress and stress intensity factor （SIF）. Fracture and fatigue behaviors of the welds which have the initial crack in the nugget zone and the crack orientation along the welding direction, were studied based on standard test methods. Fracture behavior of the welds was also evaluated by shearography method. The results showed that the tool rotational and traverse speeds affect the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate. FSW provides 18%-49% reductions in maximum fracture load and fracture toughness. A slight diminution in fracture toughness of the joints was observed for lower traverse speed of the tool, and at higher traverse or rotational speeds, increasing the probability of defects may contribute to low fracture toughness. Fatigue crack propagation rate of all welds was slower than that of the base metal for low values of stress intensity factor range ΔK （ΔK〈13 MPa·m^1/2）, but is much faster for high values of ΔK.

Fatigue crack growth rates of rotor steel at elevated temperatures

Low fatigue samples were obtained from the outer edges of rotor steel (30CrlMolV) which had operated under different temperatures conditions. Based on this data, the effects of temperature on fatigue crack growth rates were investigated. This paper presents a derivation of the superposition expression of two natural logarithms governing crack growth rates and also discusses the relationship between a material’s constants and temperature. These results can provide experimental and theoretical references for fatigue life design of rotor steel in steam turbines.

Monte-Carlo Simulation of Surface Crack Growth Rate for Offshore Structural Steel E36-Z35

The Monte- Carlo method is used to simulate the surface fatigue crack growth rate for offshore structural steel E36-Z35, and to determine the distributions and relevance of the parameters in the Paris equation. By this method, the time and cost of fatigue crack propagation testing can be reduced. The application of the method is demonstrated by use of four sets of fatigue crack propagation data for offshore structural steel E36-Z35. A comparison of the test data with the theoretical prediction for surface crack growth rate shows the application of the simulation method to the fatigue crack propagation tests is successful.

As-extruded AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior

The fatigue crack propagation rate of as-extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy was studied. Compact tension [C（T）] of the notch direction parallel （T-L）, vertical （L-T）, and inclined at 45o to the extrusion direction was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the crack propagation direction is parallel to the extrusion direction for T-L and L-T specimens, whereas the specimen inclined at 45o has an angular deflection of 9° to 11° toward the extrusion direction. The T-L specimen has the fastest fatigue crack propagation rate, and the L-T specimen has the slowest rate, the fatigue crack propagation rate of the specimen inclined at 45o is between the two directions. The crack tip propagates by both transgranular and intergranular fractures. Fatigue fractures consist of cleavage plane or quasi-cleavage and are brittle fractures. The fatigue striation occurs for specimens inclined at 45o and its size is 3-15 μm.

Effects of laser shock processing,solid solution and aging,and cryogenic treatments on microstructure and thermal fatigue performance of ZCuAl_(10)Fe_(3)Mn_(2)alloy

The materials used in variable temperature conditions are required to have excellent thermal fatigue performance.The effects of laser shock processing(LSP),solid solution and aging treatment(T6),and cryogenic treatment(CT)on both microstructure and thermal fatigue performance of ZCuAl_(10)Fe_(3)Mn_(2) alloys were studied.Microstructure and crack morphology were then examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The result showed that,after being subjected to the combination treatment of T6+CT+LSP,the optimal mechanical properties and thermal fatigue performance were obtained for the ZCuAl_(10)Fe_(3)Mn_(2) alloy with the tensile strength,hardness,and elongation of 720 MPa,300.16 HB,and 16%,respectively,and the thermal fatigue life could reach 7,100 cycles when the crack length was 0.1 mm.Moreover,the ZCuAl_(10)Fe_(3)Mn_(2) after combination treatment shows high resistance to oxidation,good adhesion between the matrix and grain boundaries,and dramatically reduced growth rate of crack.During thermal fatigue testing,under the combined action of thermal and alternating stresses,the microstructure around the sample notch oxidized and became loose and porous,which then converted to micro-cracks.Fatigue crack expanded along the grain boundary in the early stage.In the later stage,under the cyclic stress accumulation,the oxidized microstructure separated from the matrix,and the fatigue crack expanded in both intergranular and transgranular ways.The main crack was thick,and the path was meandering.

Different thermal fatigue behaviors between gray cast iron and vermicular graphite cast iron

The initiation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks in gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were investigated by Uddeholm method to reveal the complex thermal fatigue behaviors of cast iron.Differences of thermal fatigue behaviors of gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were observed and analyzed.It is found that the observed differences are related to the combination of graphite morphology and the oxidization of matrix.More oxidized matrix is observed in gray cast iron due to its large specific surface area.The brittle oxidized matrix facilitates the propagation of microcracks along the oxidization layer.By contrast,the radial microcracks are formed in vermicular graphite at the edge of graphite due to fewer oxidization layers.It indicates that the thermal fatigue resistance of gray cast iron is dominated by graphite content and morphology while that of vermicular graphite cast iron strongly relates to the strength of the matrix.

FATIGUE FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF LOW CARBON MARTENSITE AND MARTENSITE/BAINITE DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN STEEL 20CrMnMo

Fatigue crack propagation rate,da/dN,and threshold stress intensity range,ΔK_(th),of steel 20CrMnMo containing low carbon martensite or low carbon martensite/bainite(LCM/B) duplex structure,obtained by oil quenching and austempered at 360℃,have been measured using specimens under four-point bending.Observation was also made of the crack path and fracture morphology with relation to microstructure.The formation of LCM/B duplex structure,which caused by 20% lower bainite after short-time isothermal treatment,may re- markably increase ΔK_(th)and considerably decrease da/dN.The effect of microstructure on da/dN and ΔK_(th)was discussed with the emphasis on the crack propagation path.

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF M/B DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN A HIGH CARBON Cr-Mo-W STEEL

Determination was carried out of fatigue crack propagation rate of steel 65Cr5Mo3W2VSiTi (LM2)with various bainite contents and M/B duplex structure tempered at various tempera- tures.The threshold value of fatigue for each processing was estimated by experimental data. The mechanism for fatigue crack propagation of M/B duplex structure in steel LM2 seems to be non-continuous.The calculated fatigue crack micro-propagation rates are found to agree with the experimental data.

Compliance-based testing method for fatigue crack propagation rates of mixed-modeⅠ-Ⅱcracks

Mixed-mode I-II crack-based fatigue crack propagation(FCPⅠ-Ⅱ)usually occurs in engineering structures;however,no theoretical formula or effective compliance test methods have been established for FCPI-IIto date.For mixed-mode I-II flawed components,based on the principle of mean-value energy equivalence,we propose a theoretical method to describe the relationship between material elastic parameters,geometrical dimensions,load(or displacement),and energy.Based on the maximum circumferential stress criterion,we propose a uniform compliance model for compact tensile shear(CTS)specimens with horizontal cracks deflecting and propagating(flat-folding propagation)under different loading angles,geometries,and materials.Along with an innovative design of the fixture of CTS specimens used for FCPI-IItests,we develop a new compliancebased testing method for FCPⅠ-Ⅱ.For the 30Cr2Ni4MoV rotor steel,the FCP rates of modeⅠ,modeⅡ,and mixed-modeⅠ-Ⅱcracks were obtained via FCP tests using compact tension,Arcan,and CTS specimens,respectively.The obtained da/d N versusΔJ curves of the FCP rates are close.The loading angleαand dimensionless initial crack length a0/W demonstrated negligible effects on the FCP rates.Hence,the FCP rates of mode I crack can be used to predict the residual life of structural crack propagation.

微观组织对钛合金扩散连接层合板疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

采用扩散连接技术制备了TA2/TA2/TA2层合板。通过引入Ti55异质层制备了TA2/Ti55/TA2异质层合板。通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验,比较了两种层合板的疲劳寿命,研究了异质层对层合板疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。通过SEM和EBSD微观分析方法,揭示了异质层对层合板疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响机理。异质层合板的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命是同质层合板的1.65倍。裂纹尖端从TA2层进入TA2/Ti55界面时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低了53.1%。界面壁垒增加、疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸减小和晶粒择优取向弱化均延缓了疲劳裂纹扩展速率的增速。

不同驱动参量的金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型综述

疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N是金属材料进行损伤容限设计时用到的一项重要力学性能指标,其获得并不直接依赖于裂纹扩展的驱动参量,这为采用不同驱动参量表征da/d N提供了可能性。本文分别介绍了以裂纹尖端应力强度因子范围△K、能量释放率变化范围△G、J积分变化范围△J、张开位移变化范围△δ、塑性区变化范围△r、裂纹前缘附近应变范围△εT等为疲劳裂纹扩展驱动参量的裂纹扩展速率模型及应用,为研究疲劳裂纹扩展规律时不同驱动参量的选择提供依据。

Effects of microstructure on fatigue crack propagation behavior in a bi-modal TC11 titanium alloy fabricated via laser additive manufacturing

In this study, the crack propagation behaviors in the equiaxed and equiaxed-columnar grain regions of a heat-treated laser additive manufacturing(LAM) TC11 alloy with a special bi-modal microstructure are investigated. The results indicate that the alloy presents a special bi-modal microstructure that comprises a fork-like primary α(αp) phase surrounded by a secondary α colony(αs) in the α phase matrix after the heat treatment is completed. The samples demonstrate a fast crack growth rate with larger da/d N values through the equiaxed grain sample versus across the equiaxed-columnar grain sample at low K values(<13.8). The differences that are observed between the crack propagation behaviors(in the crack initiation stage) of the samples can be mostly attributed to the different size and morphology of the αp lamellae and αscolony within the grains in the equiaxed and columnar grain regions rather than the grain boundaries. The cracks prefer to grow along the α/β boundary with a smooth propagation route and a fast propagation rate in the equiaxed grain region, where the αpand α clusters have a large size.However, in the columnar grain region, small and randomly distributed αplamellae generate a zigzagshaped propagation path with a reduction in the da/d N value. Additionally, the change in the size of the αp lamellae in the equiaxed grains(heat affected bands, HAB) is also observed to influence the propagation behavior of the crack during the crack initiation stage.

Analysis Approach to Durability Based on Material Initial Fatigue Quality and S-N Curve

Based on probabilistic fracture mechanics approach, a new concept of material initial fatigue quality （MIFQ） is developed. Then, the relation between S-N curve and crack propagation curve is studied. From the study, a new durability analysis method is presented. In this method, S-N curve is used to determine crack growth rate under constant amplitude loading and evaluate the effects of different factors on durability and then the structural durability is analyzed. The tests and analyses indicate that this method has lower dependence on testing, and higher accuracy, reliability and generality and is convenient for application.

EFFECT OF CATHODIC PROTECTION ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF LOWALLOY STEELS IN SEAWATER

Fracture behaviour of low-alloy steels AIST4340,HY100,Welten60,AISIA537 and A131 in artificial seawater under static,cyclic loading and at cathodic protection potential has been investigated by using the techniques of fracture mechanics, electrochemistry and electronfractography.The results reveal that at hydrogen evolution potentials(cathodic pro- tection potential)the critical yield strength required for the occurrance of SCC decreases from 985 at corrosion potential(E_c)to 872 MPa.The effect of cathodic protection on crack propagation of corrosion fatigue(CF)is not simple,it is closely related to the yield strength of steels and their SCC behaviour.For the steels with high yield strength,cathodic protection promotes(da/dN)_Ⅱ evidently,and reduces △K_(th) value.The(da/dN)-△K curves dis- play a plateau at the third stage of CF for steels with medium or low yield strength.It is men- tioned that the cathodic protection potential for oceaneering constructures should be control- led at top level of the protective range.It seems reasonable that the strength of steel for oceaneeing use might be increased by 200 or 300 MPa.

某镍基粉末合金高温疲劳裂纹扩展行为与模型研究

针对涡轮盘用某镍基粉末高温合金材料,开展了高温疲劳裂纹扩展试验,分析了环境温度、载荷比、紧凑拉伸(CT)试件厚度等因素对于疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律,建立和评估了考虑影响因素的裂纹扩展速率模型。结果表明:随着温度的升高和载荷比的增大,疲劳裂纹扩展速率会显著增大,而CT试件厚度对于扩展速率的影响较小;通过观测断口截面发现,在500~700℃内,疲劳裂纹的扩展机制与温度之间没有显著关联,而在700℃下,高载荷比的条件使得裂纹扩展断面更为粗糙;提出了一种温度相关的疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型,可较好地描述不同温度下的疲劳裂纹扩展曲线;对比了Walker模型和Newman裂纹闭合模型的应用效果,发现Walker模型在描述不同载荷比下的裂纹扩展速率方面更为优秀。

波磨激励下的地铁钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹瞬态扩展行为

针对地铁曲线段钢轨波磨与滚动接触疲劳损伤共存现象,在ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件中建立了采用显式时间积分的瞬态有限元模型,分析钢轨短波波磨对其上滚动接触疲劳裂纹瞬态扩展行为的影响。以我国某地铁R450 m圆曲线段低轨损伤为例,考虑21条长度15 mm、深度3 mm、倾角30°且等间距分布的半椭圆形裂纹,波长30 mm、波深范围为0.03~0.09 mm的典型短波波磨,分析在速度67.6 km/h、摩擦因数0.5和牵引系数0.1等条件下,导向轮对通过时低轨侧瞬态滚动接触行为和裂纹群瞬态扩展行为。结果表明:裂纹群对轮轨接触产生持续周期性激励,且造成法、切向动态轮轨力波动幅值远低于典型短波波磨;处于波磨激励下动态加载时段内的裂纹,其最大裂尖动态应力强度因子较无波磨工况更大,而在减载时段内则相对更小,整个裂纹群的动态应力强度因子结果呈现出与波磨几何相对应的周期性波动;当波深增加时,最大裂尖动态应力强度因子也相应增大。在波长30 mm、波深0.09 mm的波磨激励下,裂纹群内的等效动态应力强度因子最大值较无波磨工况增加了34.4%,采用文献中报道的裂纹稳态扩展速率Paris公式发现,对应裂纹扩展速率增加了179.3%。这意味着波磨会显著加速钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹的扩展速率,增加断轨风险,现场必须对波磨区段内的钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹给予高度重视。

旋转防喷器壳体疲劳裂纹扩展研究

受井内高压和岩屑颗粒反复碰撞,旋转防喷器壳体会出现裂纹,裂纹的进一步扩展会导致壳体发生破裂。本研究基于Paris公式研究旋转防喷器壳体的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命,通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验确定Paris公式的材料常数,通过有限元模拟对CT试样进行疲劳裂纹扩展研究,分析初始裂纹尺寸、载荷大小的影响。结果显示:实验结果与有限元仿真结果能较好吻合;随着初始裂纹尺寸的增加,裂纹前缘应力强度因子逐渐增大,初始裂纹开始扩展,深度亦会随应力幅和应力比的增大而增大,而裂纹扩展寿命随着裂纹长度和载荷增大而减小,随着应力比的增大而增大。该研究为旋转防喷器安全使用提供一定的理论依据和研究方法。