Finite size specimens with cracks of icosahedral Al Pd Mn quasicrystals

Icosahedral quasicrystals are the most important and thermodynamically stable in all about 200 kinds of quasicrystals currently observed. Beyond the scope of classical elasticity, apart from a phonon displacement field, there is a phason displacement field in the elasticity of the quasicrystal, which induces an important effect on the mechanical properties of the material and makes an analytical solution difficult to obtain. In this paper, a finite element algorithm for the static elasticity of icosahedral quasicrystals is developed by transforming the elastic boundary value problem of the icosahedral quasicrystals into an equivalent variational problem. Analytical and numerical solutions for an icosahedral A1-Pd-Mn quasicrystal cuboid subjected to a uniaxial tension with different phonon-phason coupling parameters are given to verify the validity of the numerical approach. A comparison between the analytical and numerical solutions of the specimen demonstrates the accuracy and efficiency of the present algorithm. Finally, in order to reveal the fracture behavior of the icosahedral A1-Pd-Mn quasicrystal, a cracked specimen with a finite size of matter is investigated, both with and without phonon-phason coupling. Meanwhile, the geometry factors are calculated, including the stress intensity factor and the crack opening displacement for the finite-size specimen. Computational results reveal the importance of pbonon-phason coupling effect on the icosahedral A1-Pd-Mn quasicrystal. Furthermore, the finite element procedure can be used to solve more complicated boundary value problems.

Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on and Crack Opening in Normal and Relationship between Stress High Strength Concretes

Fine and coarse aggregates play an important role in the fracture of concrete. However, quantitative information available on the effect of the coarse aggregate size on the fracture properties of concrete is still limited. In the present paper, the effect of coarse aggregate size （single grade of 5～10, 10～16, 16～20 and 20～25 mm） on stress-crack opening （σ-w） relation in normal and high strength concretes （compressive strength of 40 and 80 MPa, respectively） was studied. The investigation was based on three-point bending tests implemented by fictitious crack analysis. The result shows that coarse aggregate size and cement matrix strength significantly influence the shape of σ-w curve. For a given total aggregate content, in normal strength concrete, smaller size of aggregate leads to a high tensile strength and a sharp stress drop after the peak stress. The smaller the coarse aggregate, the steeper the σ-w curve. By contrast, in high strength concrete, the effect of aggregate size on σ-w relation almost vanishes. A similar σ-w relation is obtained for the concrete except for the case of 20～25 mm coarse aggregate size. The stress drop after the peak stress is more significant for high strength concrete than that for normal strength concrete. Meanwhile, the smaller the coarse aggregate size, the higher the flexural strength. Fracture energy and characteristic length increase with increasing coarse aggregate size in both normal and high strength concretes.

CRITICAL NOTCH(CRACK)SIZE AS A CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETER EVALUATING CRYOGENIC BRITTLENESS IN LOW CARBON STEEL

The effect of notch depth on the cryogenic fracture behavior has been studied using a low car- bon steel.An analysis was made for the fracture features at T_c~*(cryogenic brittleness-char- acteristic temperature)at which the facture load reaehes a valley value.Furthermore,accord- ing to the experimental results and engineering design practice,a concept of critical notch (crack)'size for cryogenic brittleness,a_c,as well as its limit value a_c~*,was put forward and recommended to be a basic characteristic parameter for controlling the brittleness. Mathematical derivation was carried out to give the expression of a_c and a_c~*,the reliability of which was verified by the modeling tests under both static and cyclic loading conditions.

SEMI-ELLIPTIC SURFACE CRACK IN AN ELASTIC SOLID WITH FINITE SIZE UNDER IMPACT LOADING

In this paper a semi-elliptic surface crack problem in an elastic solid of finite size under impact loading is investigated. An analysis is performed by means of fracture dynamics and the finite element method, and a three-dimensional finite element program is developed to compute the dynamic stress intensity factor. The results reveal that the effects of the solid＇s boundary surface, crack surface, material inertia and stress wave interactions play significant roles in dynamic fracture.

INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE ON STRENGTH AND HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING OF DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS

The relation between grain size and strength of the duplex stainless steels and influence of grain size on properties of hydrogen induced cracking in these steels have been investigated. The Hall-Petch relation between grain size and strength of the steels is also followed.The susceptibility to hydrogen induced cracking of the steels increases with increasing grain size.

Cracks Propagation as a Function of Grain Size Variants on Nanocrystalline Materials’ Yield Stress Produced by Accumulative Roll-Bonding

Cracks are usually observed at the edge of materials deformed by accumulative roll bonding from conventional materials to nanostructure materials. The observed cracks then propagate in the materials during grain refinement. The cracks propagation affects the yield stress and the effective fracture energy of nanocrystalline materials. In this study, the impacts of crack propagation when measured as a function of grain size variants on nanocrystalline materials’ yield stress are investigated for a material deformed by accumulative roll-bonding. The study employs experimental data and theoretical concepts of severe plastic deformation and cracks processes in nanocrystalline materials. The current studies also focus on nano-cracks that will not lead to rapid materials failure during grain refinement. The study revealed that crack propagation varied as a function of grain size variants during grain refinement. The study also revealed that nano-crack increased during the deformation of nanostructured materials. The study also revealed that the effective fracture energy decreased as grain refinement took place. The study revealed that nanomaterials yield stress decreased with the increase in effective fracture energy. The current study suggests a theoretical model that shows the generation of nanomaterials cracks during grain refinement as a function of grain size variants. In the model, the cracks propagate on nanocrystalline materials due to the compressive load applied to a material. The model predicts that the generation of cracks as functions of grain size variants impacts the energy level in nanocrystalline materials.

A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH PROCESS BASED UPON A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE EXPERIMENT

After finishing 102 replicate constant amplitude crack initiation and growth tests on Ly12-CZ aluminum alloy plate, a statistical investigation of the fatigue crack initiation and growth process is conducted in this paper. According to the post-mortem fractographic examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), some qualitative observations of the spacial correlation among fatigue striations are developed to reveal the statistical nature of material intrinsic inhomogeneity during the crack growth process. From the test data, an engineering division between crack initiation and growth is defined as the upper limit of small crack. The distributions of crack initiation life N-i, growth life N, and the statistical characteristics of crack growth rate da/dN are also investigated. It is hoped that the work will provide a solid test basis for the study of probabilistic fatigue, probabilistic fracture mechanics, fatigue reliability and its engineering applications.

机械臂K因子影响因数的研究和扩展寿命计算

基于应力强度因子知识,借助Workbench软件采用子模型技术和奇异单元研究搬运机械臂的断裂强度问题。在搬运机械臂基座关节相贯线处建立椭圆形表面裂纹有限元模型,开展抓取载荷、裂纹相对尺寸对应力强度因子影响的研究并进行裂纹扩展寿命计算。分析结果表明:KⅠ、KⅢ随着抓取载荷的增加而增加,而KⅡ随着抓取载荷的增加而减小;随着裂纹短半轴和长半轴的增加,Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型应力强度因子先增大后减小且相应的应力强度因子逐渐增大,Ⅱ型应力强度因子先减小后增大;裂纹两端与中间段的裂纹扩展速率不同,呈现两端快、中间慢的特点且裂纹长半轴尺寸比短半轴尺寸对裂纹扩展速率的影响更敏感,机械臂的剩余寿命富余。

In-situ quantitative monitoring of fatigue crack using fastest time of flight diffraction method

Due to the cyclic loading and longtime exposure under extreme environment conditions, fatigue cracks often generate in the aircraft metal structures, i.e. wing skin, fuselage skin, strigners, pylons. These cracks could cause severe damages to the aircraft structures. Thus the position and size monitoring of fatigue cracks in the metal structures is very important to manufacturers as well as maintenance personnel for significantly improving the safety and reliability of aircraft. Much progress has been made for crack position monitoring in the past few years. However, the crack size monitoring is still very challenging. Fastest time of flight diffraction （FTOFD） method was developed to monitor both the position and size of a crack. FTOFD method uses an integrated sensor network to activate and receive ultrasonic waves in a structure. Diffraction waves will be generated when the ultrasonic waves pass a crack. These diffraction waves are received and analyzed to get the position and size of the crack. The experiment results show that the monitored size of the simulated crack is very close to the real size of the crack, and for frequencies of 350 and 400 kHz, the monitoring errors are both smaller than 5%.

基于疲劳裂纹特征尺寸的TC4焊接接头疲劳强度预测模型

文章旨在构建TC4焊接接头的超高周疲劳强度预测模型。在应力比为-1的情况下对TC4焊接接头展开超高周疲劳试验。结果表明,TC4焊接接头的S-N特性呈连续下降的趋势,P-S-N曲线的拟合效果很好。通过扫描电镜对断口表面裂纹形貌的观测,疲劳寿命低于1×10^(6)循环周次时,其疲劳失效形式既有表面失效也有内部失效;疲劳寿命高于1×10^(6)循环周次时,其疲劳失效形式主要为内部失效。最后,虑及失效机理,构建了基于内部缺陷尺寸、细晶粒区尺寸的TC4焊接接头疲劳强度预测模型,其预测疲劳强度误差更小,预测结果更精确。

CO_(2)相变冲击下岩石损伤演化规律研究

【目的】CO_(2)相变致裂技术具有环保、低危险、便于控制等优点,被广泛应用于矿产开采、工程施工等领域。探究CO_(2)相变致裂损伤演化规律对爆破施工参数的选取具有重要意义。【方法】针对等当量炸药损伤模型描述CO_(2)相变破岩过程的局限性,采用理想气体状态方程表述超临界CO_(2)相变过程,结合Mises准则给出相变作用下的岩石损伤半径计算模型,基于LS-DYNA软件建立相变作用下岩石损伤计算模型,分析了CO_(2)相变作用下岩石损伤演化规律,并进一步讨论了破裂压力、致裂管型号等参数对岩石损伤演化的影响。【结果】建立的相变岩石损伤半径计算模型能较好地评价岩石的损伤范围;相变冲击使岩石产生径向裂隙,CO_(2)相变气体嵌入主裂纹附近的裂缝中,裂纹尖端效应促使岩体产生更为密集的环向裂隙及细小的轴向裂隙。数值模拟结果显示,在174、250、290 MPa三种破裂压力下,85型致裂管产生的裂隙区范围分别为0.42、0.43、0.46 m;裂隙长度的增大幅度则随着管径的增大而减小,51型、85型、100型三种型号致裂管在290 MPa的破裂压力下产生的裂隙平均长度比在174 MPa下的分别提高13.2%、5.75%、1.41%;破裂压力为250 MPa时,三种致裂管所产生的裂隙区范围分别为0.42、0.43、0.47 m;在这三种破裂压力下,100型致裂管下的裂隙平均长度比51型致裂管下的分别增加14.2%、11.1%、2.4%;此外,随着破裂压力和致裂管管径两个参数的增大,相变致裂所产生的主裂隙和环向裂隙增多,岩石的裂隙平均长度增大。【结论】研究结果可为CO_(2)相变致裂施工的损伤控制、技术参数选取等提供参考。

万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

Analytical study of subcritical crack growth under mode I loading to estimate the roof durability in underground excavation

The long-term stability of the roof is particularly important in designing underground rock structures.To estimate the durability of roof strata in underground excavation,a computation scheme of subcritical crack growth is proposed in this study.By adopting the proposed method,the potential collapse location of strata is derivable in accordance with a static model,the durability of roof strata can be estimated,a dynamic time step control strategy is achieved to balance the accuracy and speed of computing,and the initial crack size of rock can be estimated.In addition to the above,a mechanical model of underground excavation with non-uniformly distributed loads and partially yielded foundation is presented as the prototypical case.A set of case studies is carried out that showcase a power correlation between applied stress and roof durability.The allowable applied tensile stress for a 100-year life cycle is about 76%of the tensile strength.By using the proposed subcritical crack growth computation scheme,the roof stability in an underground excavation can be identified not only from the spatial view but also from the temporal perspective.

大直径厚壁液压支柱管纵向开裂原因分析

针对大直径厚壁S890钢级液压支柱管热轧后发生纵向整体贯穿性开裂的情况,通过观察检测发现断口为穿晶解理脆性断口,显微组织为贝氏体,材料的强度、屈强比和残余应力偏高,韧性差。最终分析结果表明:由于管体弯曲过大,矫直时,因咬入端摆动大引起较大塑性变形,导致开裂,然后在较高的残余应力作用下,加上材料韧性低,裂纹得以持续扩展,最终引起管体全长贯穿性开裂失效。采取降低冷却速度得到部分铁素体的钢组织,降低钢管弯曲度和残余应力再矫直等具体改正措施后生产中再未发生管体开裂现象。

脉冲电流下对AL6061合金进行熔孔止裂与愈合的仿真研究

Al6061铝合金常应用于航空航天领域蒙皮制造,因其中等硬度与低强度的弱点,在承受复杂载荷时容易出现微裂纹,进而影响服役安全可靠性。脉冲电流是一种极速、非平衡的金属材料微小裂纹修复工艺,可以克服该材料不易焊接修复的短板。在既有的实验基础上建立单边预制裂纹缺口模型,采用有限元仿真手段,进行了热-电-力三场耦合数值模拟,计算不同参数下裂纹区域的电场、温度场和应力场分布。使用“生死单元”法模拟止裂熔孔的产生,并获得了不同几何、物理参数下止裂熔孔尺寸变化的规律。结果表明:焦耳热形成的止裂熔孔降低裂尖的集中应力,抑制裂纹扩展,裂纹区域高温区与基体常温区形成温度梯度相互约束产生巨大的热压应力促使裂纹宽度减小,进而直至愈合;初始熔孔尺寸与裂纹长度成正比、与板厚成反比,最佳尺寸直径为0.1 mm以内;电流值和电流加载时间均能控制熔孔生长,电流值一定时,当时间达到0.12 s形成的熔孔尺寸超出最佳止裂尺寸范围。研究成果为特定金属材料的裂纹止裂与愈合提供了机理参考和仿真方法。

超声全聚焦成像的裂纹类缺陷定量误差分析

虽然超声全聚焦成像(total focusing method,TFM)具有直观显示裂纹特征的明显优势,但通过TFM图像进行裂纹定量时不可避免地出现测量误差。该文采用模拟与实验对比的方式,分析TFM技术的裂纹定量误差。从超声波波长对缺陷深度的影响规律入手,分析和研究裂纹长度和取向的全聚焦图像测量误差原因。最后,通过模拟实验对比的方式验证裂纹定量误差。研究结果表明,裂纹上、下尖端的测量深度比实际深度均有所下沉,但两者下沉的深度基本相同,相差在0.6 mm以内,裂纹长度的测量误差范围为0~1 mm,带取向裂纹的取向测量误差基本保持在3°以内。因此,上、下尖端在深度上的测量误差对裂纹长度和取向的影响极小。经实验验证,裂纹深度、长度及取向误差的结论与模拟的结论一致。

球磨对细鳞片石墨破坏程度的影响研究

以东北某细鳞片石墨矿为研究对象,考察球磨时间、球磨质量分数和介质填充率等因素对石墨鳞片破坏程度的影响,分析磨矿产物累计产率和颗粒中石墨鳞片平均粒径,探索石墨鳞片破坏机理。结果表明,磨矿过程中,粗粒石墨颗粒最先被破坏,球磨时间越长石墨鳞片破坏程度越高,当球磨时间为30 min时破坏程度最高,达到68.17%;球磨质量分数改变对连生体中石墨颗粒粒径变化影响较大,+300μm和-300+180μm区间粒级中连生体颗粒中石墨鳞片平均粒径下降幅度分别为6.69%和12.79%;介质填充率对石墨颗粒粒径影响较小。石墨矿物颗粒表面裂纹发育特征表明,颗粒越大,表面裂纹越多,越容易被破坏,石墨单体颗粒中的穿晶裂纹和连生体中的晶内裂纹是影响石墨鳞片破坏的主要因素。

海底管道疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预报的影响因素分析

海底管道所处载荷环境复杂,疲劳破坏是主要失效形式之一。由于制造及环境因素,海底管道不可避免会出现裂纹缺陷,对于服役中的海底管道,预报其剩余疲劳寿命并对影响预报结果的因素进行研究具有实践意义。在保守估计法的前提下,采用MTS准则对海底管道裂纹扩展模式进行分析。利用有限元法及1/4节点位移法求解裂纹应力强度因子,随后基于Paris公式的da法对海底管道进行疲劳扩展寿命预报,最后对数值预报结果的影响因素进行探讨。结果表明,当裂纹尺寸增量Δa设置合理时,海底管道裂纹扩展寿命的预报值与试验值相接近,该数值方法能有效预报海底管道的疲劳剩余寿命。裂纹尺寸增量Δa对寿命预报影响很大,从预报精度和计算耗时两方面综合考虑给出了合理选择裂纹尺寸增量Δa的方法。形状比对管道疲劳扩展寿命的影响与初始裂纹尺寸有关。当裂纹尺寸扩展到一定值后继续增加,疲劳扩展寿命变化率并不大。所得结论为服役管道的安全性评估提供参考。

飞机典型结构当量初始缺陷尺寸分布模型研究

利用结构耐久性分析技术可以在保证飞机结构可靠性的同时,有效提高飞机结构的经济性。应用结构耐久性分析技术,对某型飞机飞行载荷谱作用下一种7B04-T651高强铝合金典型疲劳结构的原始疲劳质量(Initial fatigue qualit,IFQ)进行了研究。开展了3级不同应力水平下的飞行载荷谱疲劳试验研究;利用极大似然估计法处理基于三参数Weibull分布的裂纹萌生时间分布的参数估计问题,利用蒙特卡罗法对比验证了该方法的正确性,提出使用对数样本矩处理当量初始缺陷尺寸(Equivalent initial flaw size,EIFS)分布以获取通用当量初始缺陷尺寸分布模型;建立描述该典型结构的原始疲劳质量模型,验证其当量初始缺陷尺寸小于许用规定的0.125mm;最后通过对该典型结构的原始疲劳质量分析,验证了通用化方法的正确性和实用性,并且建立了结构在不同应力区、不同指定裂纹尺寸和不同可靠度下的寿命估计模型。

砂岩强度的动态尺寸效应机理研究

试验研究发现岩石强度的动态尺寸效应与静态尺寸效应相反,但岩石动态尺寸效应的内在微细观动力机理还没有澄清。本文以砂岩为例,基于岩石的翼状裂纹模型,联合求解裂纹的加载方程和运动方程,研究了在动载作用下试件尺寸对岩石强度的影响机理,即岩石强度的动态尺寸效应。结果表明:在相同动力加载率条件下,试件尺寸越大,裂纹连接所需要的时间越长;试件破坏时的施加的应力(也即动态强度)越大,试件的动态尺寸效应越显著,岩石动态强度近似以幂律关系增长;对于一定的试件尺寸范围,根据数值分析,得到岩石的临界应变率范围,在该临界应变率以下,静态的尺寸效应占主导地位,在该临界应变率以上,动态尺寸效应占主导地位,且临界应变率随试件尺寸增加而降低;试件临界尺寸随着应变率增加而降低。