Crack Width Comparison between ACI 318, Eurocode 2 and GB 50010 for Flexural RC Members

Comparative research on different countries’ structural design codes holds great importance and can gain valuable insights: Awareness of Design Levels, Identifying Code Deficiencies and Optimizing Designs. The crack width of concrete structure is an important design aspect of the civil design. The four highly recognized and widely used crack width theories are systematically summarized. Based on the mentioned theories and project practices, American code ACI system, Eurocode 2 1992-1 and Chinese code GB 50010 have different crack width control requirement and calculation methods. The crack width control method based on ACI system code has evolved from the Z-factor method to the steel bar spacing control method which is simple and easy to be adopted for engineering. Meanwhile, the ACI 224.1R also gives a direct crack width calculation method consistent with the steel bar spacing control method. The Eurocode 2 and GB 50010 based on the bond-slip & no-slip theory consider much more affecting factors than ACI for predicting crack width. Taking the crack width calculation of Tunnel 5 intake as an example, the crack widths of the structure are calculated according to ACI system code, Eurocode 2 and GB 50010 respectively, the results show that the crack width results in various codes are not much different. The EN 1992-1 and GB 50010 results are almost the same which are less than the ACI 224.1Rresults.

Crack elongation and its width of large depth reinforced concrete beams

In order to meet the requirement of structural inspection,the crack spacing and crack width at various heights in the tensile zone of six large depth reinforced concrete beams were measured under several loading levels of serviceability state.The effects of the depth of normal section beams on the crack spacing and crack width were analyzed,and the modified model is proposed for calculating the average crack spacing by thinking about the depth of normal section,the reinforcement arrangement and the effective reinforcement ratio.The relationships of crack widths at any position in the tensile zone and at the reinforcement level on the side surface of beam were studied.By theoretical and statistical analysis,a method is proposed to calculate the ratios of crack widths between any position and the reinforcement level on the side surface of large depth reinforced concrete beams.

2022年青海门源M_(S)6.9地震地表破裂带宽度调查与启示

地震地表破裂带是地震破裂在地表的直接表现,其宽度是活断层"避让带"和工程抗震设防重要的指示参数.无人机等测量手段的发展为获取地表破裂带的高分辨率影像数据、精细测量破裂带宽度、分析破裂带宽度空间分布特征以及限定合理的活断层"避让带"提供了有利条件.2022年门源M_(S)6.9地震在青藏高原东北缘冷龙岭与托莱山断裂阶区部位产生了显著的左旋走滑型地表破裂带.基于震后获取的高精度无人机正射影像和数字高程模型,文中在门源地震地表破裂带全段精细解译的基础上,沿走向间隔100 m测量了251个宽度数据,R1破裂带最大宽度为209.78±14 m,平均宽度为42 m,R2破裂带最大宽度为115.31±15.72 m,平均宽度为26.14 m.宽度沿走向具有差异性,这主要受控于同震变形强度、破裂带几何结构以及地表第四系松散层发育状况;具体表现为同震位移量大、阶区等复杂几何结构以及穿过第四系松散层区段的破裂带比同震位移量小、平直段以及基岩区段的破裂带要宽.通过对去除离散值后的破裂带宽度数据统计分析,计算出95.4%和68.2%置信区间的有效宽度分别是70或50 m.在工程抗震设防中,若走滑型活断层评估的最大潜在震级与此次门源地震震级相近(~M 7.0),根据建(构)筑物类别,建议确定"避让带"宽度时参考本文获得的破裂带有效宽度(70或50 m).对于单一走滑型错动面发育地段,按建(构)筑物类别向两侧各扩展35或25 m即可;而对于活断层斜列阶区、平行断层围限区、走向弯曲区和双陡倾角错动面发育地段,在这些复杂几何结构分布范围的基础上需要各向两侧扩展35或25 m.本文研究结果可为建(构)筑物选址避让走滑型断层提供参考依据.

基于改进Faster R-CNN和正交投影的无砟轨道板裂缝精细化测量

裂缝的检测和宽度识别是无砟轨道板养护维修作业的重要依据。为此,提出一种基于改进Faster R-CNN和正交投影的裂缝宽度测量方法,并基于虚拟模型合成数据,充分训练深度网络,实现对复杂背景下无砟轨道板表面裂缝的精准检测,以提高裂缝几何特征量化的可靠性。首先,基于二维CAD图纸建立参数化的无砟轨道结构三维BIM模型,并通过UE5物理引擎实现真实裂缝特征与虚拟轨道模型的随机融合和真实巡检场景渲染;然后,通过配置虚拟摄像机输出,模拟真实巡检场景下的虚拟裂缝图像,充分训练改进后的Faster R-CNN网络,并在轨道巡检车采集到的原始图像上进行测试;最后,采用正交投影法逐像素地计算检测结果中裂缝的宽度,并与人工取点测量结果进行对比分析。结果表明:改进后的Faster R-CNN网络对于裂缝检测的平均精度提高约10%;网络性能随训练数据的虚实图像比例而变化,于4∶1时达到饱和,平均精度达95.12%;使用融合裂缝数据集训练出的网络模型能够在保持高精准率的同时,达到更高的召回率,有效减少了裂缝的错检、漏检;与人工测量相比,正交投影法测得的裂缝最小宽度与最大宽度分别增大了3.64%和22.40%,测量结果更加稳定且接近真实值,具有更高的可靠性。

Prognostic significance of red blood cell distribution width in gastrointestinal disorders

The red blood cell distribution width(RDW) is a routinely measured and automatically reported blood parameter,which reflects the degree of anisocytosis. Recently,the baseline RDW was found to have clinical significance for assessing clinical outcome and severity of various pathological conditions including cardiovascular diseases,sepsis,cancers,leukemia,renal dysfunction and respiratory diseases. A myriad of factors,most of which ill-defined,have an impact on the red cell population dynamics(i.e.,production,maturation and turnover). A delay in the red blood cell clearance in pathological conditions represents one of the leading determinants of increased anisocytosis. Further study of RDW may reveal new insight into inflammation mechanisms. In this review,we specifically discuss the current literature about the association of RDW in various disease conditions involving the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems. We also present some of the related measurements for their value in predicting clinical outcomes in such conditions. According to our data,RDW was found to be a valuable prognostic index in gastrointestinal disorders along with additional inflammatory biomarkers(i.e.,C reactive protein,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,and platelet count) and current disease severity indices used in clinical practice.

Non-steady State Chloride Migration and Binding in Cracked Self-compacting Concrete

We adopted a notch method to study the influence of crack width （macro level） on chloride transport and binding of cracked concrete under a non-steady state migration test. The results show that migration coefficient of cracked concrete increases with increasing crack width up to a critical value （0.43 mm）, for the whole concrete or the area close to crack; the increase of migration coefficient could be independent from crack parameter when a critical crack width is reached. For chloride binding, Langmuir isotherms of cracked concrete samples exhibit the similar decreasing trend as crack width increases from 0.27 to 1.96 mm. The increased current value could be responsible for the trend based on the hypothesis of electric force.

Analytical Modeling for Corrosion-Induced Cover Cracking of Corrosive Reinforced Concrete Structures

An analytical model for predicting the corrosion-induced cracking of concrete cover of reinforced concrete(RC) structures was developed.The effects of influence factors such as practical initial defects,corrosion rate,strength and elastic modulus of concrete on the corrosion-induced cracking of concrete cover were investigated.It was found that the size of practical initial defects was the most effective factor.Therefore,improving the compactness of concrete is an effective way to improve the durability of RC structures.It was also demonstrated that the accelerated corrosion tests may be unfavorable in the study of the relationship between cracking time and crack width.

R/S ratio in lead Ⅱ, and the prognostic significance of red cell distribution width in acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND In spite of developing medical technologies to discover the etiopathogenesis of diseases and developments in the treatment of coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes(ACS) continue to be the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. New cardiac biomarkers and techniques are needed to help provide rapid diagnosis in order to evaluate risk in coronary artery patients.AIM To evaluate the effects of R to S ratio(RSR) in the electrocardiograph of patients with ACS, from the point of the arising complication after myocardial infarction(MI), to three-vessel disease(TVD) and mortality.METHODS The data of 1,296 patients with ACS, who presented to the emergency department of our hospital with chest pain between January 2014 and December2018 and were admitted to the cardiology clinic, were retrospectively included in this cross-sectional cohort study. Patients with an RSR value less than I were assigned to group Ⅰ, while those with an RSR value greater than Ⅰ were assigned to group Ⅱ.RESULTS In our study, 466(35.9%) of the 1,296 patients, 357(38.3%) in group 1 and 109(29.9%) in group 2, were female, with a mean age of 61.56 ± 9.42. ST-elevation MI 573(44.2%), unstable angina(UA) 502(38.7%) and non ST-elevation MI 220(17%)were more prevalent in group Ⅰ. Acute anterior MI 263(20.3) in group Ⅰ, and acute inferior MI 184(14.2) in group Ⅱ was higher. Ischemic heart failure was the most common complication. In group Ⅱ, the red cell distribution width(RDW) was 15.42 ± 1.82, the gensini score was 48.39 ± 36.44, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 41.17 ± 10.41, the TVD was 111(8.5), and the mortality rate was 72(5.6), which was significantly higher than group Ⅰ RDW; in MI with ST and nonST-elevation, in TVD, mortality and complications were high and low in UA. In single and multivariate regression analyses, the variables were associated with ACS risk.CONCLUSION RSR levels may be an auxiliary predictive value in ACS in terms of complications developing after MI, TVD, and mortality.

INTERACTION OF ELECTRIC CHARGES IN A PIEZOELECTRIC WITH RIGID EXTERNAL CRACKS

Using Stroh＇s formalism the simple explicit expressions of Green＇s functions for a 2D piezoelectric body with two semi-infinite fixed conductor cracks subjected to a generalized line force were given. The Coulomb force acting on the free line charge aroused by the piezoelectricity and the distributed boundary polarization charges was discussed at first. Interactions between two singularities with free charge （s） located in a region with external cracks were studied, too. The numerical results show that the Coulomb force for two or more singularities with one free charge at least will have much influence on the electromechanical fields in piezoelectric media when these singularities move closely with each other and therefore cannot be overlooked again. The solutions obtained are valid not only for plane and anti-plane problems but also for coupled problems between in-plane and out-of-plane deformations.

Influence of S Contents on the Hydrogen Blistering and Hydrogen Induced Cracking of A350LF2 Steel

In the present work, the effects of chemical compositions on the hydrogen blistering and hydrogen induced cracking of A350LF2 steel with different S contents were studied. Four types of A350LF2 steels were evaluated by immersing samples in H2S-saturated NACE solution. The hydrogen blistering, crack length rate(CLR), crack thickness rate(CTR) and crack sensitivity rate(CSR) were evaluated. The results show that there are many hydrogen blisters on the sample surface with S content of 0.021%, a few on the sample surface with S content of 0.019% and 0.012% and no one on the surface with S content of 0.002%. There were 12, 2 and 1 strips of cracks of longer than 0.3 mm on the evaluated cross sections with S content of 0.021%, 0.019% and 0.012%, respectively. There was no any crack in the sample with 0.002% S. The corrosion rate was also evaluated. The S content has no obvious influence on the corrosion rate.

Dynamic anti-plane analysis for two symmetrically interfacial cracks near circular cavity in piezoelectric bi-materials

The present paper is exposed theoretically to the influence on the dynamic stress intensity factor （DSIF） in the piezoelectric bi-materials model with two symmet- rically permeable interracial cracks near the edges of a circular cavity, subjected to the dynamic incident anti-plane shearing wave （SH-wave）. An available theoretical method to dynamic analysis in the related research field is provided. The formulations are based on Green＇s function method. The DSIFs at the inner and outer tips of the left crack are obtained by solving the boundary value problems with the conjunction and crack- simulation technique. The numerical results are obtained by the FORTRAN language program and plotted to show the influence of the variations of the physical parameters, the structural geometry, and the wave frequencies of incident wave on the dimensionless DSIFs. Comparisons with previous work and between the inner and outer tips are con- cluded.

Modeling of Fatigue Crack Growth Closure Considering the Integrative Effect of Cyclic Stress Ratio,Specimen Thickness and Poisson's Ratio

Key components of large structures in aeronautics industry are required to be made light and have long enough fatigue lives.It is of vital importance to estimate the fatigue life of these structures accurately.Since the FCG process is affected by various factors,no universal model exists due to the complexity of the mechanisms.Most of the existing models are obtained by fitting the experimental data and could hardly describe the integrative effect of most existing factors simultaneously.In order to account for the integrative effect of specimen parameters,material property and loading conditions on FCG process,a new model named integrative influence factor model（IIF） is proposed based on the plasticity-induced crack closure theory.Accordingly to the predictions of crack opening ratio（γ） and effective stress intensity factor range ratio（U） with different material under various loading conditions,predictions of γ and U by the IIF model are completely identical to the theoretical results from the plane stress state to the plane strain state when Poisson＇s ratio equals 1/3.When Poisson＇s ratio equals 0.3,predictions of γ and U by the IIF model are larger than the predictions by the existing model,and more close to the theoretical results.In addition,it describes the influence of R ratios on γ and U effectively in the whole region from-1.0 to 1.0.Moreover,several sets of test data of FCG rates in 5 kinds of aluminum alloys with various specimen thicknesses under different loading conditions are used to validate the IIF model,most of the test data are situated on the predicted curves or between the two curves that represent the specimen with different thicknesses under the same stress ratio.Some of the test data slightly departure from the predictions by the IIF model due to the surface roughness and errors in measurement.Besides,based on the analysis of the physical rule of crack opening ratios,a relative thickness of specimen is defined to describe the influence of material property,specimen thickness and so forth on FCG characteristics conveniently.In conclusion,the relative thickness of specimen simplifies the expression of FCG characteristic and provides a general parameter to analyze the fatigue characteristics of different materials with various thicknesses under different loading conditions.The IIF model describes the integrative effect of existing influence factors explicitly and quantitatively,and provides a helpful tool for fatigue property estimation of practical component and experiment design.

Structure-function relationship comparison between retinal nerve fibre layer and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width in glaucoma

AIM：To evaluate and compare structural optical coherence tomography（OCT）-based parameters,such as Bruch’s membrane opening-minimum rim width（BMO-MRW）,and retinal nerve fiber layer（RNFL）thickness in glaucoma patients with visual field（VF）defects,and to correlate both to mean deviation（MD）values of obtained standard achromatic perimetry（SAP）examinations.METHODS：Patients with glaucoma and glaucomatous VF defects were enrolled in this prospective study and compared to age-matched healthy individuals.All study participants underwent a full ophthalmic examination and VF testing with SAP.Peripapillary RNFL thickness and BMO-MRW were acquired with SD-OCT.Correlation analyses between obtained global functional and global as well as sectorial structural parameters were calculated.RESULTS：A consecutive series of 30 glaucomatous right eyes of 30 patients were included and compared to 36healthy right eyes of 36 individuals in the control group.Global MD of values correlated significantly with global RNFL（Pearson corr.coeff：0.632,P=0.001）and global BMO-MRW（Pearson corr.coeff：0.746,P〈0.001）values in the glaucoma group.Global MD and sectorial RNFL or BMO-MRW values correlated less significantly.In the control group,MD values did not correlate with RNFL or BMO-MRW measurements.A subgroup analysis of myopic patients（〉4 diopters）within the glaucoma group（n=6）revealed a tendency for higher correlations between MD and BMO-MRW than MD and RNFL measurements.CONCLUSION：In a clinical setting,RNFL thickness and BMO-MRW correlate similarly with global VF sensitivity in glaucoma patients with BMO-MRW showing higher correlations in myopic glaucoma patients.

基于180s劲度模量的低温开裂指数预测

提出了一种通过材料性能测试,预测5~10年状况下沥青路面实际开裂的方法。依托开裂指数同沥青材料低温性能的关系,利用CAM模型(一种数学模型)拟合得到了5类常用沥青的180 s劲度模量值,预测并提出了PAV(压力老化)状态下各类沥青的开裂指数。通过数据分析,验证了该种模拟方式预测的准确性。借助长吉高速实地芯样开裂情况调研,验证CI值(低温开裂指数)对沥青路面实际开裂水平的预测效果。结果表明,CAM模型下得到的沥青梁180 s模量计算方法简单,数据置信度高,预测得到的SBS改性沥青开裂指数与路面实际开裂水平一致,证明了利用沥青材料性能预测路面实际抗裂能力这一方法的可行性。依据规范提法,给出了五类北方常用沥青的CI值参考区间。

Spline Fictitious Boundary Element Alternating Method for Edge Crack Problems with Mixed Boundary Conditions

The alternating method based on the fundamental solutions of the infinite domain containing a crack,namely Muskhelishvili’s solutions,divides the complex structure with a crack into a simple model without crack which can be solved by traditional numerical methods and an infinite domain with a crack which can be solved by Muskhelishvili’s solutions.However,this alternating method cannot be directly applied to the edge crack problems since partial crack surface of Muskhelishvili’s solutions is located outside the computational domain.In this paper,an improved alternating method,the spline fictitious boundary element alternating method(SFBEAM),based on infinite domain with the combination of spline fictitious boundary element method(SFBEM)and Muskhelishvili’s solutions is proposed to solve the edge crack problems.Since the SFBEM and Muskhelishvili’s solutions are obtained in the framework of infinite domain,no special treatment is needed for solving the problem of edge cracks.Different mixed boundary conditions edge crack problems with varies of computational parameters are given to certify the high precision,efficiency and applicability of the proposed method compared with other alternating methods and extend finite element method.

Stress analysis near the tips of a transverse crack in an elastic semi-strip

The plane elastic problem for a semi-strip with a transverse crack is inves- tigated. The initial problem is reduced to a one-dimensional continuous problem by use of an integral transformation method with a generalized scheme. The one-dimensional problem is first formulated as a vector boundary problem, and then reduced to a system of three singular integral equations （SIEs）. The system is solved by use of an orthogonal polynomial method and a special generalized method. The contribution of this work is the consideration of kernel fixed singularities in solving the system. The crack length and its location relative to the semi-strip＇s lateral sides are investigated to simplify the problem＇s statement. This simplification reduces the initial problem to a system of two SIEs.

Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width and visual field loss in glaucoma:a broken stick analysis

AIM：To determine the Bruch＇s membrane opening-minimum rim width（BMO-MRW） tipping point where corresponding visual field（VF） damages become detectable.METHODS：A total of 85 normal subjects and 83 glaucoma patients（one eye per participant） were recruited for the study.All of the patients had VF examinations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to measure the BMO-MRW.Total deviation values for 52 VF points were allocated to the corresponding sector according to the Garway-Heath distribution map.To evaluate the relationship between VF loss and BMOMRW measurements,a ＂broken-stick＂ statistical model was used.The tipping point where the VF values started to sharply decrease as a function of BMO-MRW measurements was estimated and the slopes above and below this tipping point were compared.RESULTS：A 25.9% global BMO-MRW loss from normative value was required for the VF loss to be detectable.Sectorally,substantial BMO-MRW thinning in inferotemporal sector（33.1%） and relatively less BMO-MRW thinning in the superotemporal sector（8.9%） were necessary for the detection of the VF loss.Beyond the tipping point,the slopes were close to zero throughout all of the sectors and the VF loss was unrelated to the BMO-MRW loss.The VF loss was related to the BMO-MRW loss below the tipping point.The difference between the two slopes was statistically significant（P≤0.002）.CONCLUSION：Substantial BMO-MRW loss appears to be necessary for VF loss to be detectable in patients with open angle glaucoma with standard achromatic perimetry.

A GENERAL CONSTITUTIVE RELATION FOR FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS OF METAL STRUCTURES

Crack growth rate curves are the fundamental material property for metal structures under fatigue loading. Although there are many crack growth rate curves available in the literature, few of them showed the capability to explain various special phenomena observed in tests. A modified constitutive relation recently proposed by McEvily and his co-workers showed very promising capability. This modified constitutive relation is further generalized by (1) introducing an unstable fracture condition; (2) defining a virtual strength to replace the yield stress; and (3) defining an overload and underload parameter. The performances of this general constitutive relation for fatigue crack growth is extensively studied and it is found that this general constitutive relation is able to explain various phenomena observed with particular strong capability on load sequence effect.

Shrinkage and Cracking Sensitivity of Cement Mortar Containing Fly Ash, Granulated Blast-furnace Slag and Silica Fume

A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate drying shrinkage and cracking sensitivity subjected to restrained shrinkage of mortar containing fly ash (FA), granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) and silica fume (SF). Six mortar mixtures including control Portland cement (PC) and FA, GBFS and SF mortar mixtures were prepared. FA replaced the cement on mass basis at the replacement ratios of 20% and 35%, GBFS replaced the cement at the replacement ratios of 40%, SF replaced the cement at the replacement ratios of 8% and the blended mixtures with 20% FA, 20% GBFS and 8% SF. Water-cementitious materials ratio and sand-cementitious materials ratio were 0.4 and 2.0 for all mixtures, respectively. The mixtures were cured at 65% relative humidity and 20℃. The drying shrinkage value, initial cracking time and cracking width of the mortar samples were measured. The results show that all the mortar mixture containing FA exhibited the decrease of drying shrinkage. Moreover, initial cracking time was markedly delayed, and the crack width of the initial crack was reduced. However, the incorporations of various ratios of GBFS and SF led to an increase of drying shrinkage, initial cracking time and cracking width as compared to control mixture.

超级13Cr不锈钢在高CO_(2)/H_(2)S分压比环境中的腐蚀行为

采用高温高压反应釜进行浸泡腐蚀试验,分析了超级13Cr不锈钢在低H_(2)S分压、高CO_(2)分压环境中的腐蚀行为;采用单轴拉伸及三点弯曲试验,分析了该钢的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明:在低H_(2)S分压、高CO_(2)分压环境中,温度对该钢腐蚀速率及腐蚀形貌的影响最显著;随着温度的上升,钢表面钝化膜逐渐转变为腐蚀产物膜,腐蚀速率呈先上升后缓慢下降的趋势;在高温下,CO_(2)分压对该钢腐蚀速率的影响较为明显,呈先上升后下降的趋势;在高CO_(2)/H_(2)S分压比条件下,H_(2)S分压对该钢腐蚀速率的影响不显著,该钢在24℃下的SSCC敏感性高,在60℃和220℃下SCC敏感性低。