Previous research using functional MRI has shown that specific brain regions associated with drug dependence and cue-elicited heroin craving are activated by environmental cues. Craving is an important trigger of hero...Previous research using functional MRI has shown that specific brain regions associated with drug dependence and cue-elicited heroin craving are activated by environmental cues. Craving is an important trigger of heroin relapse, and acupuncture may inhibit craving. In this study, we performed functional MRI in heroin addicts and control subjects. We compared differences in brain activation between the two groups during heroin cue exposure, heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point (ST36) without twirling of the needle, and heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle. Heroin cue exposure elicited significant activation in craving-related brain regions mainly in the frontal lobes and callosal gyri. Acupuncture without twirling did not significantly affect the range of brain activation induced by heroin cue exposure, but significantly changed the extent of the activation in the heroin addicts group. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle significantly decreased both the range and extent of activation induced by heroin cue exposure compared with heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture without twirling of the needle. These experimental findings indicate that presentation of heroin cues can induce activation in craving-related brain regions, which are involved in reward, learning and memory, cognition and emotion. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point can rapidly suppress the activation of specific brain regions related to craving, supporting its potential as an intervention for drug craving.展开更多
Background Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most commonly abused illicit psychostimulant drugs and MA use disorder constitutes a universal health concern across the world. Despite many intervention approaches to MA ...Background Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most commonly abused illicit psychostimulant drugs and MA use disorder constitutes a universal health concern across the world. Despite many intervention approaches to MA use disorder, the indicator of addiction severity is mainly limited to subjective craving score to drug-related cues, which is influenced by many factors such as social approval and self-masking. Aim The present study investigates whether self-reported craving for drug use in response to MA cues is a reliable indicator for addiction severity in MA users, and then tests the validity of the cue-induced attention bias test in addiction severity assessment. Methods Fifty-two male MA users completed the cueinduced craving test and attention bias task, and were required to report clinical characteristics of addiction severity. For the attention bias test, subjects were required to discriminate the letter superimposed onto MA userelated or neutral scenes. The reaction time delay during MA-use condition relative to neutral condition was used as an index of the attention bias. Results The results showed that 24 of the 52 MA users rated non-zero in cue-induced craving test, and they showed a significant attention bias to drug-related pictures. However, the other 28 users who rated zero in cue-induced craving evaluation showed a similar attention bias to drug-related cues. In addition, the attention bias to MA use-related cues was significantly and positively correlated with the clinical indexes of addiction severity, but the relationship was absent between subjective craving evaluation and the indexes of addiction severity. Conclusion These results suggest that attention bias to MA cues may be a more reliable indicator than experiential craving report, especially when subjective craving is measured in the compulsory rehabilitation centre.展开更多
Acupuncture has been shown to be effective on alcohol use disorder.However,the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.To investigate the effects of Shenmen(HT7)acupoint on brain activation induced by cue-elici...Acupuncture has been shown to be effective on alcohol use disorder.However,the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.To investigate the effects of Shenmen(HT7)acupoint on brain activation induced by cue-elicited alcohol craving,30 right-handed healthy light to moderate alcohol drinkers were recruited from the community.They were randomly assigned to undergo acupuncture either at HT7(experimental acupoint,n=15)or Jingqu(LU8,control acupoint,n=15)acupoints.This randomized controlled study was performed in Daegu Haany University and Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation,Republic of Korea.Recruitment and data collection were conducted from December 2018 to May 2019.The results showed that after acupuncture at HT7 acupoint,the activation of orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was greatly increased,while the activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was obviously reduced,and subject's craving for alcohol was reduced when he/she seeing alcohol-related video clips involving various alcohols(beer,wine,or soju)or drinking scenarios.Acupuncture at HT7 more greatly reduced subject's alcohol cravings than acupuncture at LU8 acupoint.These findings suggest that acupuncture can improve the self-control of mild to moderate social drinkers through the activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,thereby reducing the craving for alcohol.The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Daegu Haany University Korean Medicine Hospital,Republic of Korea(approval No.DHUMC-D-18026-PRO-02)on November 30,2018.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Cue-induced drug craving progressively increase after prolong abstinence in animal and human beings.A behavioral phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving is considered as a key reason for drug relapse,bu...OBJECTIVE Cue-induced drug craving progressively increase after prolong abstinence in animal and human beings.A behavioral phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving is considered as a key reason for drug relapse,but the transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to this incubation are unknown.It has been demonstrated that circular RNAs(circR NAs),act as miR NA sponges,play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and the pathogenesis of disease.The present study aims to explore the transcriptional profiles associated with incubation of morphine craving in nucleus accumbens(NAc),an important brain area previously implicated in drug seeking.METHODS The animal model of the incubation of drug craving was induced by CPP paradigms with six morphine(5 mg·kg-1) injections and 14 d drug abstinence in mice.The brain tissues of NAc were collected after the behavioral tests for circRNA-sequencing by Illumina Hiseq X sequencer.We identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) by qRT-PCR and used bioinformatics methods for further function analysis.RESULTS The progressive increase of CPP scores during the 14 d drug abstinence indicated the establishment of animal model.The data of circRNA-sequencing reported that 16 circRNAs were significantly altered after 28 d drug abstinence in NAc of morphine treated mice(FC≥2 and P<0.05).Among those circRNAs,9 were significantly up-regulated,while 7 were down-regulated.Furthermore,we subsequently tested circRNAs expression using quantitative real-time PCR,and the consistent data were obtained.The results of KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these genes were enriched for several biological processes,including RNA transport,protein ubiquitination and histone methylation,etc.CONCLUSION These findings provide a unique resource of gene expression data for future studies examining transcriptional mechanisms in NAc that mediate opioids seeking after prolonged withdrawal.展开更多
BACKGROUND Following the development of the coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic in Italy,a strict lockdown was imposed from March 9 to May 5,2020.The risks of self-medication through alcohol or psychoactive sub...BACKGROUND Following the development of the coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic in Italy,a strict lockdown was imposed from March 9 to May 5,2020.The risks of self-medication through alcohol or psychoactive substance abuse were increased,as well as the tendency to adopt pathological behaviors,such as gambling and internet addiction.AIM To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated containment measures on craving in a group of patients suffering from substance use disorder and/or gambling disorder who were in treatment in outpatient units or in residency programs as inpatients.METHODS One hundred and fifty-three patients completed a structured questionnaire evaluating craving and other behaviors using a visual analogue scale(VAS).Forty-one subjects completed a pencil and paper questionnaire during the interview.The clinician provided an online questionnaire to 112 patients who had virtual assessments due to lockdown restrictions.Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica version 8.0.Quantitative parameters are presented as the mean±SD and qualitative parameters as number and percentage per class.The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check for normality of distributions.Analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc test were employed to analyze differences among subgroup means.The associations between variables were measured using Pearson's correlation.A P value of<0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS The variation in craving between the present and the month before showed VASrelated reductions of craving in 57%,increases in 24%,and no significant change in 19%of the sample.The level of craving was significantly higher(F=4.36;P<0.05)in outpatients(n=97;mean=3.8±3.1)living in their own home during the quarantine compared with inpatients(n=56;mean=2.8±2.8)in residential programs.Craving for tetrahydrocannabinol was the greatest(4.94,P<0.001)among various preferred substances.CONCLUSION The unexpected result of this study may be explained by a perceived lack of availability of substances and gambling areas and/or decreased social pressure on a subject usually excluded and stigmatized,or the acquisition of a new social identity based on feelings of a shared common danger and fate that overshadowed the sense of exclusion and rejection in the abuser.展开更多
Objective: To estimate the relationship of Food Craving (FC) behavior with females’ Body Mass Index (BMI), and body-composition. Design, setting and participants: A cross-sectional study of 302 reproductive-age women...Objective: To estimate the relationship of Food Craving (FC) behavior with females’ Body Mass Index (BMI), and body-composition. Design, setting and participants: A cross-sectional study of 302 reproductive-age women from middle-socioeconomic class was conducted at the Health & Occupational-Environmental Laboratory. Variable Measures: A FC behavior questionnaire (FCQ) was designed and validated in 151 female subjects. This questionnaire evaluated five dimensions: FC-leisure, FC-psychological reactance, FC-depression, FC-anxiety/stress, and FC-anger. Dependent variables were Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) and the body fat mass. Interventions: A second group of 151 women completed the FCQ. Anthropometrical variables were recorded using the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry procedure. Analysis: A multiple regression-analysis using STAT- ISTICS version 7 was performed to determine the relationship of FC behavior with anthropometrical variables described. Results: We demonstrated that 98.7% of women had FC behavior. Women with higher BMI had higher scores of FC-depressions (p = 0.02) and FC-anger (p = 0.007). Food craving behavior (p < 0.0008), and food psychological-reactance (p = 0.006), were positive predictors of BMI;food psychological reactance was also a positive predictor of upper and lower-body fat mass (p = 0.005) and (p = 0.008), respectively. Conclusion and Implications: The food craving behavior is a common problem in the female population. Food psychological reactance, in addition to another affective alteration that present the population of women are predictor variables for the increase in BMI and in body-fat mass. It is important that health professionals are aware of the affective states of their patients.展开更多
Craving is a complex psychological condition characterized by impaired dietary intake, sleep disturbance, sexual dysfunction, and drug abuse. Craving may be associated with risk-taking reckless behavior to seek pleasu...Craving is a complex psychological condition characterized by impaired dietary intake, sleep disturbance, sexual dysfunction, and drug abuse. Craving may be associated with risk-taking reckless behavior to seek pleasure including cigarette smoking, binge alcohol drinking, and illicit drug abuse (e.g. cocaine, methamphetamine, methylene deoxy meth-amphetamine (MDMA), ecstasy, morphine and heroine). Craving for food, sex and drugs involves the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Thus, basic understanding of craving is exceedingly important for the better clinical management of major depression, hopelessness, and poor quality of life among young adolescents, as well as morbidity and early mortality among adults. Physical, psychological, nutritional, and medical rehabilitation may be helpful in the effective clinical management of patients with craving of any age, sex and race. Further studies on the psychology of craving will curb the number of hospital admissions as several victims of drug craving develop schizophrenia later in their life, if they remain untreated.展开更多
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in controlling under treatment addicts’ drug cravings. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The sample of this stu...The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in controlling under treatment addicts’ drug cravings. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The sample of this study included 30 under treatment male addicts whom were selected through applying random sampling method and were placed in two groups, experimental and control. After holding a preliminary session aiming at aiding the experimental group to become familiar with the procedure, 8 sessions of the mindfulness-based therapy were administered. Assessment tools were Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). After calculating mean and standard deviation, the obtained data were analyzed using covariance. The results indicated that the mindfulness therapy was significantly effective in controlling drug cravings, decreasing stress, anxiety, and depression of under treatment addicts (p < 0.05).展开更多
Introduction: Relapse in methamphetamine dependency is one of the most difficult parts to treat. Therefore treatment of craving for usage is one of the essential sections of treatment in methamphetamine dependency (ad...Introduction: Relapse in methamphetamine dependency is one of the most difficult parts to treat. Therefore treatment of craving for usage is one of the essential sections of treatment in methamphetamine dependency (addiction). This study evaluates the effect of neurofeedback therapy on craving for use. Methods: In this study 20 male patient with methamphetamine dependency who diagnosed on the basis of DSM-V were selected. None of the patients had any psychiatric and neurologic disorder except addiction of methamphetamine. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 10. The first group has taken real neurofeedback therapy sessions while the second has undergone non-real neurofeedback (sham) therapy. Then the two groups have been compared with t-test. Result: The result shows that in the first group (real neurofeedback), craving for methamphetamine use has been decreased significantly whereas in the second group (non-real or sham), the decrease was not significant. Conclusion: Neurofeedback therapy is effective in treatment of craving for methamphetamine use.展开更多
<strong>Purpose</strong>: <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To study pregnancy craving and pica in a cohort of women and com...<strong>Purpose</strong>: <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To study pregnancy craving and pica in a cohort of women and compare our findings to a historic study. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Prospective survey of women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Data were collected using the same questionnaire from a study published in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Obstetrics and Gynecology</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in 1957. All surveys were conducted by clinicians at 35 0/7-41 6/7 weeks gestational age. High risk pregnancies were excluded. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We included 547 women in the analysis. Of those, 60.8% reported food craving vs 65.7% in the 1957 cohort, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value 0.09. The most common food craving was fruit, seen in 31.1% vs 13.6%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value < 0.00001. In the group of women with craving, 64.6% reported that they craved the food item prior to becoming pregnant, 76.0% could not wait until another day to satisfy their food craving, and 41.7% reported there was something they liked as much. Only 2.9% of women in our cohort had pica vs 9.0%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value 0.00001. The cohorts differed in fruit craving, (31.1% vs 13.6%), meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts (21.0% vs 5.0%), milk, yogurt, and cheese, (17.0% vs 2.2%) and vegetable, (14.1% vs 6.9%), all with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value < 0.00001. They did not differ in the category of bread, cereal, rice, and pasta, 17.9% vs 22.3, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value 0.06. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Food craving during the third trimester of pregnancy has remained constant for almost 60 years, although the items craved have changed. Pica was less common in our modern cohort of women.</span></span>展开更多
Looking for a way to satisfy those highcalorie meal cravings? A new study finds sniffing a burger or a pizza for two minutes can stop cravings for junk food. The study says the scent of food itself can directly satisf...Looking for a way to satisfy those highcalorie meal cravings? A new study finds sniffing a burger or a pizza for two minutes can stop cravings for junk food. The study says the scent of food itself can directly satisfy your cravings because the brain doesn't realize the difference in the source of sensory pleasure.展开更多
This article reviews the previous studies on the distinction between food cravings and appetite,and how they are regulated by hor-mones and reflected in brain activity.Based on existing research,food cravings are defi...This article reviews the previous studies on the distinction between food cravings and appetite,and how they are regulated by hor-mones and reflected in brain activity.Based on existing research,food cravings are defined as individual preferences influenced by hormones and psychological factors,which differ from appetite,as they are not necessarily related to hunger or nutritional needs.The article also evaluates the neuroimaging findings about food cravings,and interventions to reduce food cravings,such as mindfulness training,alternative sweeteners,non-invasive brain stimulation techniques,cognitive-behavioral therapy,and imaginal retraining,and points out their advantages,disadvantages,and limitations.Furthermore,the article delves into the potential future directions in the field,emphasizing the need for a neuroendocrine perspective,considerations for associated psychiatric disorders,innovative clinical interventions,and emerging therapeutic frontiers in obesity management.The article outlines the neuro-endocrine basis of food cravings,including ghrelin,leptin,melanocortin,oxytocin,glucagon-like peptide-1,baclofen,and other hormones and their brain regions of action.The article argues that food cravings are an important target for obesity,and more research is needed to explore their complex characteristics and mechanisms,and how to effectively interact with their neuro-endocrine pathways.The article provides a new perspective and approach to the prevention and treatment of obesity.展开更多
Objective: To examine the effect of acupuncture on Zhubin (KI9) in reducing alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: Twenty male alcohol-dependent patients were randomly assigned to two groups, a tr...Objective: To examine the effect of acupuncture on Zhubin (KI9) in reducing alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: Twenty male alcohol-dependent patients were randomly assigned to two groups, a treatment group (10 cases, age 43.0 ± 6.8 years) and a placebo group (10 cases, age 44.5 ± 7.9 years). The treatment group was treated with real needle acupuncture on Zhubin (KI9) twice a week for 4 weeks, and the control group was treated with placebo needle acupuncture. Both groups were given acupuncture treatment using Park Sham Device (PSD). Alcohol craving was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before treatment to establish a baseline, and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of treatment. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the main and interaction effects of time and on the outcome measure (VAS). Results: There was a significant effect of time on VAS score (dr=3, F=13.3, P〈0.01). Main effect of group on VAS score was significant (df=1, F=10.9, P〈0.01) and the time × group interaction was also significant (df=3, F=4.7, P〈0.01). Conclusions: Real-needle acupuncture therapy on Zhubin (KI9) showed effectiveness in reducing alcohol craving. These results strongly suggest the usefulness of acupuncture therapy on Zhubin (KI9) in preventing a relapse in alcohol dependent patients.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,No. 2011zr001Athe Key Project for Science and Technology of Anhui Province, No. 07010302205
文摘Previous research using functional MRI has shown that specific brain regions associated with drug dependence and cue-elicited heroin craving are activated by environmental cues. Craving is an important trigger of heroin relapse, and acupuncture may inhibit craving. In this study, we performed functional MRI in heroin addicts and control subjects. We compared differences in brain activation between the two groups during heroin cue exposure, heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point (ST36) without twirling of the needle, and heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle. Heroin cue exposure elicited significant activation in craving-related brain regions mainly in the frontal lobes and callosal gyri. Acupuncture without twirling did not significantly affect the range of brain activation induced by heroin cue exposure, but significantly changed the extent of the activation in the heroin addicts group. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle significantly decreased both the range and extent of activation induced by heroin cue exposure compared with heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture without twirling of the needle. These experimental findings indicate that presentation of heroin cues can induce activation in craving-related brain regions, which are involved in reward, learning and memory, cognition and emotion. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point can rapidly suppress the activation of specific brain regions related to craving, supporting its potential as an intervention for drug craving.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 3187110331671164).
文摘Background Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most commonly abused illicit psychostimulant drugs and MA use disorder constitutes a universal health concern across the world. Despite many intervention approaches to MA use disorder, the indicator of addiction severity is mainly limited to subjective craving score to drug-related cues, which is influenced by many factors such as social approval and self-masking. Aim The present study investigates whether self-reported craving for drug use in response to MA cues is a reliable indicator for addiction severity in MA users, and then tests the validity of the cue-induced attention bias test in addiction severity assessment. Methods Fifty-two male MA users completed the cueinduced craving test and attention bias task, and were required to report clinical characteristics of addiction severity. For the attention bias test, subjects were required to discriminate the letter superimposed onto MA userelated or neutral scenes. The reaction time delay during MA-use condition relative to neutral condition was used as an index of the attention bias. Results The results showed that 24 of the 52 MA users rated non-zero in cue-induced craving test, and they showed a significant attention bias to drug-related pictures. However, the other 28 users who rated zero in cue-induced craving evaluation showed a similar attention bias to drug-related cues. In addition, the attention bias to MA use-related cues was significantly and positively correlated with the clinical indexes of addiction severity, but the relationship was absent between subjective craving evaluation and the indexes of addiction severity. Conclusion These results suggest that attention bias to MA cues may be a more reliable indicator than experiential craving report, especially when subjective craving is measured in the compulsory rehabilitation centre.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT),No.2018R1A5A2025272(to CHY and MYL)。
文摘Acupuncture has been shown to be effective on alcohol use disorder.However,the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.To investigate the effects of Shenmen(HT7)acupoint on brain activation induced by cue-elicited alcohol craving,30 right-handed healthy light to moderate alcohol drinkers were recruited from the community.They were randomly assigned to undergo acupuncture either at HT7(experimental acupoint,n=15)or Jingqu(LU8,control acupoint,n=15)acupoints.This randomized controlled study was performed in Daegu Haany University and Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation,Republic of Korea.Recruitment and data collection were conducted from December 2018 to May 2019.The results showed that after acupuncture at HT7 acupoint,the activation of orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was greatly increased,while the activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was obviously reduced,and subject's craving for alcohol was reduced when he/she seeing alcohol-related video clips involving various alcohols(beer,wine,or soju)or drinking scenarios.Acupuncture at HT7 more greatly reduced subject's alcohol cravings than acupuncture at LU8 acupoint.These findings suggest that acupuncture can improve the self-control of mild to moderate social drinkers through the activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,thereby reducing the craving for alcohol.The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Daegu Haany University Korean Medicine Hospital,Republic of Korea(approval No.DHUMC-D-18026-PRO-02)on November 30,2018.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(H2018206166)National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871524).
文摘OBJECTIVE Cue-induced drug craving progressively increase after prolong abstinence in animal and human beings.A behavioral phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving is considered as a key reason for drug relapse,but the transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to this incubation are unknown.It has been demonstrated that circular RNAs(circR NAs),act as miR NA sponges,play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and the pathogenesis of disease.The present study aims to explore the transcriptional profiles associated with incubation of morphine craving in nucleus accumbens(NAc),an important brain area previously implicated in drug seeking.METHODS The animal model of the incubation of drug craving was induced by CPP paradigms with six morphine(5 mg·kg-1) injections and 14 d drug abstinence in mice.The brain tissues of NAc were collected after the behavioral tests for circRNA-sequencing by Illumina Hiseq X sequencer.We identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) by qRT-PCR and used bioinformatics methods for further function analysis.RESULTS The progressive increase of CPP scores during the 14 d drug abstinence indicated the establishment of animal model.The data of circRNA-sequencing reported that 16 circRNAs were significantly altered after 28 d drug abstinence in NAc of morphine treated mice(FC≥2 and P<0.05).Among those circRNAs,9 were significantly up-regulated,while 7 were down-regulated.Furthermore,we subsequently tested circRNAs expression using quantitative real-time PCR,and the consistent data were obtained.The results of KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these genes were enriched for several biological processes,including RNA transport,protein ubiquitination and histone methylation,etc.CONCLUSION These findings provide a unique resource of gene expression data for future studies examining transcriptional mechanisms in NAc that mediate opioids seeking after prolonged withdrawal.
文摘BACKGROUND Following the development of the coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic in Italy,a strict lockdown was imposed from March 9 to May 5,2020.The risks of self-medication through alcohol or psychoactive substance abuse were increased,as well as the tendency to adopt pathological behaviors,such as gambling and internet addiction.AIM To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated containment measures on craving in a group of patients suffering from substance use disorder and/or gambling disorder who were in treatment in outpatient units or in residency programs as inpatients.METHODS One hundred and fifty-three patients completed a structured questionnaire evaluating craving and other behaviors using a visual analogue scale(VAS).Forty-one subjects completed a pencil and paper questionnaire during the interview.The clinician provided an online questionnaire to 112 patients who had virtual assessments due to lockdown restrictions.Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica version 8.0.Quantitative parameters are presented as the mean±SD and qualitative parameters as number and percentage per class.The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check for normality of distributions.Analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc test were employed to analyze differences among subgroup means.The associations between variables were measured using Pearson's correlation.A P value of<0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS The variation in craving between the present and the month before showed VASrelated reductions of craving in 57%,increases in 24%,and no significant change in 19%of the sample.The level of craving was significantly higher(F=4.36;P<0.05)in outpatients(n=97;mean=3.8±3.1)living in their own home during the quarantine compared with inpatients(n=56;mean=2.8±2.8)in residential programs.Craving for tetrahydrocannabinol was the greatest(4.94,P<0.001)among various preferred substances.CONCLUSION The unexpected result of this study may be explained by a perceived lack of availability of substances and gambling areas and/or decreased social pressure on a subject usually excluded and stigmatized,or the acquisition of a new social identity based on feelings of a shared common danger and fate that overshadowed the sense of exclusion and rejection in the abuser.
文摘Objective: To estimate the relationship of Food Craving (FC) behavior with females’ Body Mass Index (BMI), and body-composition. Design, setting and participants: A cross-sectional study of 302 reproductive-age women from middle-socioeconomic class was conducted at the Health & Occupational-Environmental Laboratory. Variable Measures: A FC behavior questionnaire (FCQ) was designed and validated in 151 female subjects. This questionnaire evaluated five dimensions: FC-leisure, FC-psychological reactance, FC-depression, FC-anxiety/stress, and FC-anger. Dependent variables were Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) and the body fat mass. Interventions: A second group of 151 women completed the FCQ. Anthropometrical variables were recorded using the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry procedure. Analysis: A multiple regression-analysis using STAT- ISTICS version 7 was performed to determine the relationship of FC behavior with anthropometrical variables described. Results: We demonstrated that 98.7% of women had FC behavior. Women with higher BMI had higher scores of FC-depressions (p = 0.02) and FC-anger (p = 0.007). Food craving behavior (p < 0.0008), and food psychological-reactance (p = 0.006), were positive predictors of BMI;food psychological reactance was also a positive predictor of upper and lower-body fat mass (p = 0.005) and (p = 0.008), respectively. Conclusion and Implications: The food craving behavior is a common problem in the female population. Food psychological reactance, in addition to another affective alteration that present the population of women are predictor variables for the increase in BMI and in body-fat mass. It is important that health professionals are aware of the affective states of their patients.
文摘Craving is a complex psychological condition characterized by impaired dietary intake, sleep disturbance, sexual dysfunction, and drug abuse. Craving may be associated with risk-taking reckless behavior to seek pleasure including cigarette smoking, binge alcohol drinking, and illicit drug abuse (e.g. cocaine, methamphetamine, methylene deoxy meth-amphetamine (MDMA), ecstasy, morphine and heroine). Craving for food, sex and drugs involves the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Thus, basic understanding of craving is exceedingly important for the better clinical management of major depression, hopelessness, and poor quality of life among young adolescents, as well as morbidity and early mortality among adults. Physical, psychological, nutritional, and medical rehabilitation may be helpful in the effective clinical management of patients with craving of any age, sex and race. Further studies on the psychology of craving will curb the number of hospital admissions as several victims of drug craving develop schizophrenia later in their life, if they remain untreated.
文摘The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in controlling under treatment addicts’ drug cravings. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The sample of this study included 30 under treatment male addicts whom were selected through applying random sampling method and were placed in two groups, experimental and control. After holding a preliminary session aiming at aiding the experimental group to become familiar with the procedure, 8 sessions of the mindfulness-based therapy were administered. Assessment tools were Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). After calculating mean and standard deviation, the obtained data were analyzed using covariance. The results indicated that the mindfulness therapy was significantly effective in controlling drug cravings, decreasing stress, anxiety, and depression of under treatment addicts (p < 0.05).
文摘Introduction: Relapse in methamphetamine dependency is one of the most difficult parts to treat. Therefore treatment of craving for usage is one of the essential sections of treatment in methamphetamine dependency (addiction). This study evaluates the effect of neurofeedback therapy on craving for use. Methods: In this study 20 male patient with methamphetamine dependency who diagnosed on the basis of DSM-V were selected. None of the patients had any psychiatric and neurologic disorder except addiction of methamphetamine. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 10. The first group has taken real neurofeedback therapy sessions while the second has undergone non-real neurofeedback (sham) therapy. Then the two groups have been compared with t-test. Result: The result shows that in the first group (real neurofeedback), craving for methamphetamine use has been decreased significantly whereas in the second group (non-real or sham), the decrease was not significant. Conclusion: Neurofeedback therapy is effective in treatment of craving for methamphetamine use.
文摘<strong>Purpose</strong>: <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To study pregnancy craving and pica in a cohort of women and compare our findings to a historic study. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Prospective survey of women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Data were collected using the same questionnaire from a study published in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Obstetrics and Gynecology</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in 1957. All surveys were conducted by clinicians at 35 0/7-41 6/7 weeks gestational age. High risk pregnancies were excluded. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We included 547 women in the analysis. Of those, 60.8% reported food craving vs 65.7% in the 1957 cohort, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value 0.09. The most common food craving was fruit, seen in 31.1% vs 13.6%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value < 0.00001. In the group of women with craving, 64.6% reported that they craved the food item prior to becoming pregnant, 76.0% could not wait until another day to satisfy their food craving, and 41.7% reported there was something they liked as much. Only 2.9% of women in our cohort had pica vs 9.0%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value 0.00001. The cohorts differed in fruit craving, (31.1% vs 13.6%), meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts (21.0% vs 5.0%), milk, yogurt, and cheese, (17.0% vs 2.2%) and vegetable, (14.1% vs 6.9%), all with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value < 0.00001. They did not differ in the category of bread, cereal, rice, and pasta, 17.9% vs 22.3, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value 0.06. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Food craving during the third trimester of pregnancy has remained constant for almost 60 years, although the items craved have changed. Pica was less common in our modern cohort of women.</span></span>
文摘Looking for a way to satisfy those highcalorie meal cravings? A new study finds sniffing a burger or a pizza for two minutes can stop cravings for junk food. The study says the scent of food itself can directly satisfy your cravings because the brain doesn't realize the difference in the source of sensory pleasure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82370901)Shanghai Health Commission project (no.20214098)+2 种基金Shanghai Science and Technology Committee project (no.22dz1204700)National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (no.2022YFC2407004)Shanghai Xuhui District Smart Medicine (no.XHZH202111).
文摘This article reviews the previous studies on the distinction between food cravings and appetite,and how they are regulated by hor-mones and reflected in brain activity.Based on existing research,food cravings are defined as individual preferences influenced by hormones and psychological factors,which differ from appetite,as they are not necessarily related to hunger or nutritional needs.The article also evaluates the neuroimaging findings about food cravings,and interventions to reduce food cravings,such as mindfulness training,alternative sweeteners,non-invasive brain stimulation techniques,cognitive-behavioral therapy,and imaginal retraining,and points out their advantages,disadvantages,and limitations.Furthermore,the article delves into the potential future directions in the field,emphasizing the need for a neuroendocrine perspective,considerations for associated psychiatric disorders,innovative clinical interventions,and emerging therapeutic frontiers in obesity management.The article outlines the neuro-endocrine basis of food cravings,including ghrelin,leptin,melanocortin,oxytocin,glucagon-like peptide-1,baclofen,and other hormones and their brain regions of action.The article argues that food cravings are an important target for obesity,and more research is needed to explore their complex characteristics and mechanisms,and how to effectively interact with their neuro-endocrine pathways.The article provides a new perspective and approach to the prevention and treatment of obesity.
基金Supported by Medical Research Institute Grant(No.2008-03),Pusan National University,Korea
文摘Objective: To examine the effect of acupuncture on Zhubin (KI9) in reducing alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: Twenty male alcohol-dependent patients were randomly assigned to two groups, a treatment group (10 cases, age 43.0 ± 6.8 years) and a placebo group (10 cases, age 44.5 ± 7.9 years). The treatment group was treated with real needle acupuncture on Zhubin (KI9) twice a week for 4 weeks, and the control group was treated with placebo needle acupuncture. Both groups were given acupuncture treatment using Park Sham Device (PSD). Alcohol craving was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before treatment to establish a baseline, and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of treatment. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the main and interaction effects of time and on the outcome measure (VAS). Results: There was a significant effect of time on VAS score (dr=3, F=13.3, P〈0.01). Main effect of group on VAS score was significant (df=1, F=10.9, P〈0.01) and the time × group interaction was also significant (df=3, F=4.7, P〈0.01). Conclusions: Real-needle acupuncture therapy on Zhubin (KI9) showed effectiveness in reducing alcohol craving. These results strongly suggest the usefulness of acupuncture therapy on Zhubin (KI9) in preventing a relapse in alcohol dependent patients.