A Probe into the Talent Training Mode of Vocational Colleges with"l+X"Certificate System based on Credit Bank

Based on credit bank,the"1+X"certificate system is a"flyover"for learners to interchange between the academic and vocational education.It is a significant innovation to promote high-quality vocational education development and enhance the influence of national vocational education.Vocational colleges can implement"1+X"certificate system via the credit bank and in turn,the popularization of the"1+X"certificate system would enrich and improve the former.China's development of the credit bank and the existing research on the"1+X"certificate system are analyzed to look for a way in the collaboration of credit bank and the T+X"certificate system.The firm collaboration as well as the connection and optimization between government,schools,and enterprises as one body form a new talent training mode with the"1+X"certificate system that integrates academy and certificates as well as involving both,schools and enterprises according to China's credit bank concept.

Certification and Conversion Mode of Learning Achievement Based on Credit Bank under the Background of Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion

Credit bank system is a very important management mode in current higher vocational education,and it is also an important means for the Ministry of Education to promote China's modern education reform.This paper combines the specific background of higher vocational enrollment expansion,expounds the practical significance of the credit bank system in the training of the expanded enrollment talents,and explores the methods and rules of the authentication and transformation of the learning achievement of the expanded enrollment students under the system.In order to achieve convergence of different types of learning results,smooth talent growth channel,a useful exploration is carried out.

Enhancing Access to Bank Credit for Small-Scale Farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya Through Public-Private Partnership Initiative

In Kenya, small-scale fanning has immense potential in poverty reduction. The growth of farming activities requires sustainable access to affordable credit to boost and sustain production. This study is initiated to investigate factors influencing access to bank credit by small-scale farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya. It is necessitated by lack of a comprehensive study documenting the effectiveness of the partnership initiative in improving access to credit for small-scale farmers. The study seeks to address the following concerns： what factors influence access to bank credit by small-scale farmers under the initiative？ Are small-scale farmers in various parts of the country accessing bank credit equally？ Through which sources do farmers get to know about credit products provided through the initiative？ Primary data was collected from 144 farmers in Kiambu and 127 farmers in Kisumu, sampled using systematic random procedure. The cross-sectional survey design was applied to guide the research process. Quantitative analysis generated cross-tabulations with chi-square and binary logistic regression. The study found that out of 144 credit applicants in Kiambu about 56.3% were successful, while in Kisumu only 37.8% were successful. Access to bank credit was significantly associated with farmers＇ gender, education level, income level, farm size, and farming experience. Besides, women were 1.3 times less likely to access bank credit than men. In terms of regional variation, a Kiambu farmer was 2.7 times more likely to obtain bank credit than a Kisumu farmer. The initiative is an innovative approach for enhancing access to bank credit; however, its potential has not been fully exploited. The study recommends the need： to inform farmers about credit products to clear misconceptions and myths associated with bank credit; develop innovative financing packages for small-scale farmers that are also gender-sensitive; and to initiate a training program targeting farmers with appropriate information.

Bank Credit and Agricultural Output in Bangladesh: An Econometric Analysis

In this study,the authors tried to identify the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output in Bangladesh.Simultaneously impact assessment of bank credit on agricultural output is also investigated.Different econometric techniques are used to determine the nature of the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output and the impact of bank credit.A total of 40 years(1981-2020)of annual time series data were collected from the Annual Reports of the Bangladesh Bank and World Bank’s world development indicators.Stationarity and cointegration tests were performed initially and then analyzed with Vector Error Correction Model,confirming a long-run relationship between bank credit and agricultural output.Additionally,univariate and multivariate OLS models are performed to identify the magnitude of bank credit’s impact on agricultural output.Both models revealed that bank credit positively and significantly affects agricultural production in Bangladesh.Based on these findings,the authors recommend additional fund allocation to the agricultural production system by the banks in Bangladesh.

“双元制”下职业教育学分银行的现实困境、发展方向与改进路径

职业教育学分银行建设是强化职业教育类型属性、推动技能型社会建设、打造国家资历框架的综合性项目,也是推动职普融通、产教融合、科教融汇的系统性工程。在职业教育与学术教育“双元制”育人范式下,职业教育学分银行还存在框架制度不完善、功能结构不健全、管理运行有滞碍、评估评价尚待改进等制约性因素,外部应用还存在机制、跨界、管理的时度效等制度性障碍。当前,必须明确学分银行未来建设发展的方向,致力打造成为教育与技术协同互动的桥梁纽带、职业教育高质量发展的统筹抓手、职业教育系统化改革的重要内容。因此,要以“双元制”范式为指引,建立学分银行的组织框架,健全学分银行的功能属性,创新学分银行管理模式,规范学分银行评价体系,真正推动职业教育学分银行赋能、提质、增效。

终身教育体系下的学分银行建设:现状、问题与对策

针对终身教育体系下学分银行在实际建设过程中面临的现状问题,提出科学的应对策略,进一步推动学分银行在我国教育事业中的成长与发展;通过建立学分银行这一模式,真正地展现出现代化教育存在的意义和价值,为学习者提供一个公正、公平、客观、透明的教育环境,提升教育工作的质量和效率,助力学习者的学习与进步。

银企信贷复杂网络下的银行业系统性风险研究——基于高碳行业视角

碳减排压力下,高碳企业向低碳转型内生的“转型风险”可能成为引发下一场系统性金融风险的“绿天鹅”事件。基于2013-2022年14个高碳行业的银企贷款数据,首先采用“银企”二分网络法,以高碳企业预期违约率作为风险传染强度指标,纵向度量“银企”的风险传导路径。研究发现银企间网络规模逐年扩大,尾部风险突出集中于化工行业,且主要由股份制商业银行承受。其次运用“银银”映射网络法,以银行间共同风险敞口作为风险传染强度指标,横向度量“银银”的风险传导路径。研究发现城市商业银行与农村商业银行日渐成为系统重要性银行,风险承担愈加凸显;国有控股大型商业银行自身输出较大银行间尾部风险,其对风险的扩散或防御至关重要。最后基于复杂网络筛选出系统重要性银行与风险传染性银行,运用动态CoVaR法度量尾部溢出的系统性风险贡献强度,全面捕捉风险从高碳企业到金融机构间“自下而上的风险测度逻辑”,从而为监管部门构建“自上而下的风险监管逻辑”提供现实依据。在“双碳”战略下,应出台专门的信贷支持政策推动重点行业实施节能减排,立足“银企”信贷网络的全局开展差异化管理和全面风险评估,在逆周期缓冲资本监管框架的挂钩变量中引入高碳行业尾部风险的新视角。

动态视角下房地产贷款对银行业系统性风险溢出研究

基于Credit Metrics模型动态度量房地产贷款信用风险,运用双重ΔCoVaR模型分析框架量化其对单家银行风险的影响,以及对银行业系统性风险的溢出,将总体溢出分解为直接溢出和间接溢出,考量房地产贷款信用风险对银行业系统性风险的传导途径。结果显示:一方面,房地产贷款信用风险近年来整体呈上升趋势,且对银行业风险溢出显著,尤其是大规模债务违约和新冠疫情的爆发加剧了溢出效应。另一方面,房地产贷款信用风险的间接溢出大于直接溢出,且高(低)系统重要性银行产生了更大的间接(直接)溢出,表明高系统重要性银行由于与其他银行的业务联系密切,其贷款信用风险更易引发银行业内的连锁反应从而间接刺激风险爆发;低系统重要性银行因为依赖少数大型客户贷款,面临信用丢失时缺乏强劲的风险缓冲能力,更可能直接对银行业的稳定造成显著破坏。

绿色信贷对商业银行风险承担的影响及其异质性研究——基于系统重要性银行和非系统重要性银行

基于大型商业银行、股份制商业银行、城市商业银行和农村商业银行等35家银行2011~2020年的面板数据,使用固定效应模型实证考察绿色信贷对商业银行风险承担的影响。研究表明:商业银行发展绿色信贷业务对其风险承担产生影响,并且绿色信贷规模的扩大能够降低银行风险;不同规模的银行受绿色信贷的影响也不一样,实证研究主要比较了系统重要性银行与非系统重要性银行。研究显示,系统重要性银行的风险承担受到绿色信贷的影响相对于非系统重要性银行更加显著。

收入分配差距与银行信用风险累积——基于企业部门杠杆的视角

改善收入分配状况、推进共同富裕是否有助于防范化解金融风险?立足于企业部门杠杆视角,构建包含家庭异质性、企业债务违约和银行破产特质的实际经济周期(RBC)模型,研究居民收入分配差距对银行信用风险的影响。理论模型预测显示,收入分配差距扩大会提高企业部门杠杆率,增加银行信用风险累积。其作用机制在于,收入分配差距扩大导致消费投资比下降,为企业部门加杠杆创造条件,但消费率和杠杆率的反向变动会造成企业实际收益率降低和违约风险上升,银行贷款信用风险敞口扩大。基于中国银行业数据的实证分析提供了上述理论推演成立的经验证据与微观基础。此外,本文还发现收入分配差距的影响存在地区性差异。上述结论隐含共同富裕目标的实现有利于守住不发生系统性风险底线,两个重大目标的内在逻辑自洽一致。

生源多样化背景下高职“学分银行”评价体系研究

职业教育的核心任务是培养高素质技术技能人才。深入剖析“学分银行”的内涵,并结合专业教学实际,明确与“学分银行”相融合的教学评价标准、评价方式,突出职业技能全过程评价,且对评价结果做出说明,尝试构建基于“学分银行”的复合型技术技能人才评价体系,以期为“学分银行”评价体系的有效实施及对技术技能人才的客观评价提供借鉴,促进高职教育高质量发展。

具有CDS的动态多层网络银行系统性风险研究

美国次贷危机表明CDS对银行系统性风险有很大影响,但CDS如何影响银行系统性风险的机理还未明。因此,构建了一个具有CDS交互作用的动态多层银行网络模型,研究两种经济环境下的CDS对银行系统的双重影响。研究结果表明:经济平稳时期,CDS有风险吸收作用,降低银行系统性风险;经济波动时期,银行因CDS释放的超额风险资产会转变为新的系统性风险;CDS的规模与银行系统性风险呈负相关关系,且规模存在临界值。

跨境资本流动与商业银行系统性风险

防范化解商业银行系统性风险是推动银行高质量发展的重要路径,也是牢牢守住不发生系统性金融风险、保障国家金融安全的重要抓手。在理论分析基础上,运用银行微观数据实证检验跨境资本流动强度对商业银行系统性风险的影响效应和影响机制。研究表明:第一,提高跨境资本流动强度显著降低了商业银行系统性风险,增强证券投资、其他投资的资本流动强度显著降低了商业银行系统性风险,而增强直接投资资本流动强度有利于降低商业银行系统性风险。第二,银行信贷规模和信贷集中度是跨境资本流动强度对商业银行系统性风险影响的重要渠道,提高跨境资本流动强度有利于增加银行信贷规模,降低银行信贷集中度,而银行信贷规模的增加和银行信贷集中度的降低有助于降低商业银行系统性风险。“跨境资本流动强度—信贷规模/信贷客户集中度—商业银行系统性风险”传导渠道有效。第三,相比大型国有银行,跨境资本流动降低商业银行系统性风险效应在中小银行中表现更明显。因此,在进一步建立健全跨境资本流动机制的基础上,应更加重视银行信贷业务,强化银行监管,同时加强同国际金融机构合作,推动商业银行高质量发展。

Does big data tax administration expand bank credit loans?

The application of big data technology to global tax management is becoming increasingly widespread.China has been implementing increasingly mature technologies for tax governance using big data systems in recent years.By collecting data through web scraping on the earliest implementation times of big data tax administration in various provinces of China,we explore the relationship between big data tax administration and corporate bank credit in emerging markets.Our results show that big data tax administration enhances firms’ability to obtain bank loans.Mechanism tests indicate that big data tax administration improves the quality of corporate information disclosure,facilitating access to bank credit loans.We find that big data tax administration improves the corporate financing environment,enhancing the efficiency of resource allocation in the credit market.

基于系统论的学分银行学分互认机制研究

学分银行学分互认机制的形成是一个系统工程。目前,我国学分银行学分互认体系存在学分银行建设和发展不平衡、学习成果互认困难、学分互认相关各方参与度不够、学分互认实践应用有限等问题。运用系统论的思想,科学分析经济、社会、科技、教育等学分互认系统外部环境,学习者、学校、行业企业、培训机构、社区(老年)学院等内部构成要素,以及学分互认体系运行。提出加强学分互认横向、纵向系统管理,提升相关方参与学分互认的积极性,完善学分互认标准等措施,优化我国学分银行学分互认体系。

农商银行个人贷款业务风险因素及防范措施

伴随着中国经济发展持续增长,我国农商银行个人贷款服务也在逐步扩大,其具有较高的收益和相对低的风险水平,且产品的种类及服务的多元化也为该项业务的发展提供了动力。然而,就整体状况而言,目前对个人贷款的管理仍处于初级阶段。本文旨在通过对农商银行个人贷款业务现状的深入分析,揭示其管理中存在的问题,并提出优化策略,以期提升个人贷款管理的效率和质量,推动银行业务的进一步发展。

基于1+X证书制度试点的宁夏学分银行建设实践

建立学分银行制度已经成为我国教育、培训制度改革的趋势,也是推进宁夏终身教育体系建设和人才培养“立交桥”搭建的重要途径。宁夏学分银行建设以助力1+X证书制度试点实践为契机,在大量研究和调查的基础上进行整体设计,探索建立宁夏学分银行的组织机构、标准体系、网络平台、区域联盟,引导宁夏学习者依托学分银行制度,实现个性化、多样化学习,促进宁夏各级各类教育沟通和衔接,协同、稳步推进宁夏特色的学分银行建设实践。

1+X证书制度下课证融通的价值意蕴、实施现状和推进策略

课证融通是深入推进1+X证书制度的重要举措,课证融通具有落实学历教育与职业技能培训双发展的法定职责、具有全面提升职业教育人才培养质量和深化职业教育产教融合等价值意蕴。职业院校在试点1+X证书制度过程中存在教育功能与X职业技能等级证书衔接不紧密、教学资源单一、教师创新教学能力不足和书证融通渠道不畅等问题。推进课证融通关键在于要实现,课程优化:围绕专业群持续、动态开发和优化课程,确保课程内容无缝对接工作实际;资源驱动:提高资源的配置效益和适配度,促进课证融通;多元育师:增强“双师双能”教师的培养力度,加快课证融通教学方式变革;成果互认:推进学分银行制度,畅通学习成果互认渠道。

数字化转型与银行系统性风险

防范化解系统性金融风险是推动我国经济高质量发展的关键举措,结合数字经济发展背景,基于2011—2020年A股上市公司数据,研究企业数字化转型对银行系统性风险的影响及其机制。研究发现,企业数字化转型会降低银行系统性风险。这种提升作用主要通过改善非信贷融资能力和还款能力、提高信息透明度、降低商业信用占用等路径实现。异质性检验发现,该提升作用在法律环境良好、数字经济发展水平高、企业高管股权激励强的企业样本中更为显著。研究结果揭示了企业数字化转型对银行系统性风险的内在影响机制,为企业实现高质量发展提供了重要的经验证据,为政府完善风险防控政策提供了理论参考。

学分银行联盟的经济效益和建设路径

在我国现行的学分银行发展实践中,各个教育体系由于类型不同、目标不同、模式不同,导致沟通不畅,条状分裂。组建学分银行联盟,成为当前推动学分银行发展最有效的方法,通过联盟的方法节约成本、促进共享、提高效率、推进合作。通过对学分银行联盟组建的必要性进行介绍,分析了学分银行联盟的经济效益,提出了学分银行联盟的建设路径。构建学分银行联盟,要遵循共同体理论,组建多种类型联盟,开发学习成果标准体系,遵循“政府主导、联盟成员支持”的思路。