On the Criminal Protection of the Right to Education of Chinese Citizens——With a Review on Article 32 of the Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ)

The Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China responds to the institutional needs of civic education,and supplements the clause of the Criminal Law on protection of citizens’right to education nuy means of Article 32.Imposing legal responsibility in the form of internal punishments,administrative punishments,and economic compensation have failed to prevent infringements on citizens’right to education.Its role as a"secondary protection law"is the conceptual obstacle that hinders the Criminal Law from effectively intervening in the field of citizens’right to education.The equivalence between the legal interests of people to the right to education and the rights protected by the existing charges in the Criminal Law is the legitimate basis for it to intervene in disputes over the right to education.Based on Article 32 of the Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China,it is suggested to further clarify the prepositional law,improve the liability provisions for the right to education,change the modest and restrained view of the Criminal Law regarding protection of the right to education,and expand the behavior types of Article 32 provided in the Amendment(Ⅺ)in due time.

Rule by Criminal Law is a Seismograph for the Protection of Human Rights

Criminal law involves crucial rights of the public,including property rights,political rights,freedom,and even life.As a result,on the one hand,any change to the rule by criminal law may have a significant impact on people’s lives;on the other hand,any change to the rule by criminal law is a highly sensitive issue.In view of these points,the rule by criminal law is often referred to as the seismograph for the protection of human rights,indicating the utmost importance of rule by criminal law

On the Criminal Law Protection of the Marine Ecological Environment

With the continuous and rapid development of the country’s economy and society,it has greatly promoted the leap of the marine economy and brought more severe challenges and tests to the protection of marine ecological environment.How to effectively measure the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment and take effective measures Measures to deepen the effects of marine ecological environmental protection have become one of the focus topics of widespread concern in the industry.Based on this,this article first introduces the protection of marine ecological interests in China’s criminal law,analyzes the necessity of adjusting the ecological environment in criminal law,and discusses the deficiencies in China’s marine legal system and combines relevant practical experience to improve the marine environment.Various angles and aspects,such as laws and regulations related to resource crimes,put forward the basic approach to strengthen the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment,and hope to help the practice of related work.

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

From "Criminal on Death Row" to "Acquittal of Charge"——A showcase of China's human rights protection in the administration of justice

In Januaury 1996, a case of murder shocked the seat of Qiaojia County in Yunnan Province. Eight years later, in February 2004, the county town was again astir with the news that the alleged murderer Sun Wangang returned home after being acquitted of the murder charge.

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

Commentary on the Newly Implemented Amendment Ⅷ to the Criminal Law Concerning Children’s Rights in China

Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of the PRC, which went into effect on hMay 1, 2011, is not only in line with the basic spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and relevant international human rights treaties, but also is related to the priority area of the Program for The Development of Chinese Children （2011- 2020）. Thus, it helps to safeguard the rights of juveniles and strengthens criminal law protection of their rights and interests. In consideration of the weak position of juveniles and the criminal law means of protecting their rights and interests,

Revised Law Highlights Progress in Protection of Women's Rights

Since its promulgation a decade ago, the Law on Protection of Women＇s Rights and Interests of the People＇s Republic of China （hereinafter referred to as theWomen＇s Protection Law for short） has played a pivotal role in protecting the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese women and in promoting gender equality in the country. Nevertheless, it has proved increasingly inadequate as political, economic, social and cultural changes have kept taking place in the country, along with changes in values and people＇s life styles and thinking. First of all, the subject of its enforcement is not explicitly specified,

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued the Technical Guide for Pollution Prevention and Control of the Pulp and Paper Industry

In order to implement the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China and improve the quality of the environment,to implement the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Implementation Plan for the Control of Pollutant Discharge Permit System(the General Office of the State Council issued[2016]No.81),to establish a sound available technology system in pollutant discharge standard basis and to promote the upgrading and reforming of pollution prevention measures and technological progress in enterprises and institutions,on January 5th,2018,the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the National Environmental Protection Standard Available Technology Guide for Pollution Prevention and Control of the Pulp and Paper Industry(HJ 2302—2018).

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued the Paper Industry Pollution Prevention and Control Technology Policy

In order to implement the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China,improve the environmental technology management system,guide pollution prevention and control,ensure human health and ecological safety,and guide the green recycling and low-carbon development of the paper industry,on August 2nd,2017,the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued Announcement No.35 2017 Paper Industry Pollution Prevention and Control Technology Policy as follows.

Specific Issues of Criminal Protection in the Field of Genetics:International and Spanish Experience

Background:Methods for combining cloning techniques with genetic engineering techniques(gene manipulation)are currently being developed in order to enhance predetermined biological or mental characteristics.Admissibility of conducting research on human embryos is justified by the fact that it will help to improve the human species and free it from serious diseases.However,two competing rights stand in the way of legality of this practice.On the one hand,the right of a human embryo to development and life.On the other hand,the right of mankind to use all scientific means to fight more effectively against diseases and to receive organs and tissues for transplantation to improve the quality of life.Some researchers believe that human life,if regarded as a moral value,cannot be absolute.Aims and Objectives:This paper examines the relevant legislation on both international and national levels and the Spanish doctrine in terms of defining acts against genetics and evaluating effectiveness to criminalize them in order to ensure the balance between medical ethics and community best interests.Materials and Methods:This study is a description paper on gene-manipulation regulation in Spain,the EU and worldwide.It is based primarily on genetic,systematic-functional and systematization methods with regard to special legal ones.Results and Conclusion:There is a wide of international,supranational and national acts that governs gene manipulation and secures society from illegal actions.Still,there are vague issues to revise either by enacting amendments or referencing to doctrine.The perfect way to ensure community interests is to elaborate both.

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

大数据时代隐私权的刑法保护模式重构

大数据促进了生活的便捷,带动了新兴行业的高速发展,但超出合理边界的数据滥用行为,也对公民的隐私安全带来了现实威胁。伴随大数据时代的纵深发展,个人隐私的保护从传统个人本位向社会本位发生转变,隐私权的法益内涵在大数据时代应当进行重新审视。随着信息保护的日渐重视,隐私权的价值应与个人信息权一样受到同等重视,刑法应当为大数据时代隐私权的保护开辟新路径,采取直接保护与间接保护并行的双轨制保护模式,重构个人信息的刑法定义,引入“弱可识别性+隐私性”标准,同时继续加强针对隐私权犯罪的积极预防,通过刑法调整来应对当前公民隐私权被侵害的现实。

市场经济秩序:经济刑法的保护法益

经济刑法的保护法益问题,是经济刑法体系建构的重大理论与实践问题。经济刑法的保护法益需要结合经济刑法产生的背景进行分析。无论是经济自由还是经济利益的法益定位,实际上都反映了以个人自由和个人利益为中心的法益一元论立场。在现代社会,个人自由和个人利益为中心的法益一元论已经式微。经济刑法保护的是集体法益,其内容并非单纯的经济自由或者经济利益,而是市场经济秩序的维护。市场经济秩序与个人的经济自由和经济利益并不对立,而是相互统一与彼此支持的。或者说,市场经济秩序是个人在经济活动中实现自由和利益必不可少的外部条件。因此,对市场经济秩序的保护内在地包含了对个人经济自由和经济利益的保护。作为集体法益的市场经济秩序,虽然在形式上具有抽象性,但其同样具有可损性,可以被具体地损害,因而能够成为经济刑法适格的保护法益。为了实现对市场经济秩序的法益保护,立法对经济犯罪的规制,关注的是犯罪过程要素,危险犯、累积犯等行为主义的设罪模式具有正当性。不过,为了防止可罚界限过度向前挪移,需要明确通过刑法对集体法益进行保护的从属性,适当限制危险犯、累积犯的处罚范围。在司法实践中,经济刑法的保护法益可以发挥穿透式实质认定的作用。在行为没有侵害市场经济秩序时,应发挥法益的出罪功能。

民营企业“损企肥私”行为入罪路径的体系化解释

《刑法修正案(十二)》通过将民营企业内部人员的相关背信行为,纳入刑事治理轨道,充盈了我国法律对企业利益和企业家利益的司法保障工具,加固了刑法对于我国市场经济秩序的体制性保护。对此,从刑法分则体系来看,市场经济秩序法益与民营企业内部经营管理秩序的二者之间,前者是后者的规范目的,后者是前者的保障途径。而从法律适用的角度来看,司法机关更应正视“自治主义”时代的来临,尝试以罪质的应罚性和罪量的需罚性判断,为发挥刑法权益保障机能的“突破口”,着力避免因“管制主义”的思维惯性,而引发“过罪化”之不良后果。

罪错未成年人保护处分程序的法治化

《刑法》《未成年人保护法》与《预防未成年人犯罪法》共同构建了对罪错未成年人的教育矫治制度,但由于缺少程序法的规制,当前的教育矫治制度并未得到有效的落实,对罪错未成年人的前端处置不力。当前在程序法中几乎没有与保护处分相关的内容,对于保护处分实施对象、实施主体和实施程序都缺乏配套规定,专门学校在实践中异化、矫治教育的社会效果不明显,不利于实现保护处分机制的效果、无法弥补一元化形事司法格局的罪错未成年人处置方向。在《刑事诉讼法》再修改的契机之下,应当将保护处分纳入罪错未成年人处置的司法体系中,在“未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序”一章中加入保护处分的相应制度,与现有的附条件不起诉制度衔接,实现预防未成年人犯罪与罪错治理的有效衔接。

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的司法误区与理论校正

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪案件数量急速增长的背后,存在司法适用的若干误区。本罪立法已包含刑法干预早期化的思想,其司法适用不宜再过度强调预防性特征,应在绝对的共犯独立性和严格的共犯从属性之间寻找第三条道路,即正犯行为相对宽松的事实性制约。本罪被帮助行为和帮助行为的罪量要求,都在司法适用中被过度放低。被帮助行为的罪量要求只有在一对多共犯参与模式中才能例外性地放宽,帮助行为的罪量认定则应牢牢把握不法关联性,审慎对待银行卡流水金额这样的泛化标准。应当对本罪主观明知进行限制解释,适当收缩推定规则的适用,防止责任主义原则的弱化。本罪的司法认定应在积极治理网络犯罪和宽严相济刑事政策之间取得平衡。

法外因素不当入侵刑法立法系统的防范研究

刑法立法应当与社会现实保持适当互动,但同时严格区分刑法立法系统与系统的外部因素,避免外部因素不当入侵刑法立法系统,也是保证刑法立法系统正常、合理运作的重要前提,否则可能引发诸多负面后果。外部因素要进入刑法立法系统,应先转译为刑法立法系统的内部语言,进而顺利经由刑法立法系统内部理论的审查才有可能。应当确立法益保护理论和比例原则为刑法立法的条件性纲要。外部因素唯有符合或能够还原为这一条件性纲要,才可能成为刑法立法规制的对象,或者成为为刑法立法提供正当性支撑的理由。

《长江保护法》实施下行刑衔接机制研究

《中华人民共和国长江保护法》(以下简称《长江保护法》)创设性提出多领域、跨区域、多部门联合执法的管理机制,并以《中华人民共和国刑法》(以下简称《刑法》)为最终司法保障,贯彻落实“最严”生态法治观。因此,行刑衔接是长江最严保护中不可避免的一大难题。实体法层面,《长江保护法》与《刑法》设置罪名之间存在部分脱节、案件性质判断标准模糊空白。程序法层面,公安机关职能交叉混用、检察机关监督力度不足。通过对以上问题的分析,提出完善配套立法、强化公安机关的职能定位、设立跨行政区域检察制度等解决对策,从而保障《长江保护法》顺利实施,实现对长江流域的最严保护。

TRIPS协议下中国奥林匹克知识产权的刑法保护

在中国承担TRIPS协议义务的背景下,考察了奥林匹克知识产权保护现状与TRIPS协议的差距。以此为基础,通过文献资料、比较考察、案例分析,论证了引入刑法保护的必要性,并针对侵犯奥林匹克知识产权犯罪对象的特殊性。