Legislative Protection for Women's Rights and Interests after the Founding of the People's Republic of China

The process of legislative protection for women’s rights and interests of the new China can be divided into two phases: The first phase is from the establishment of the People’s Republic of China to the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up to the outside

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

From "Criminal on Death Row" to "Acquittal of Charge"——A showcase of China's human rights protection in the administration of justice

In Januaury 1996, a case of murder shocked the seat of Qiaojia County in Yunnan Province. Eight years later, in February 2004, the county town was again astir with the news that the alleged murderer Sun Wangang returned home after being acquitted of the murder charge.

Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests in Macao

1. Introduction With China＇s reform and opening up, great achievements have been witnessed by all of us in the protection of human rights, the basic pursuit of which is gen- der equality. Remarkable achievements have also been accomplished in the pro- tection of women＇s rights and interests. It has been 12 years since Macao＇s mann to its motherland. Over these years, Macao, under the framework of the ＂Basic Law＂ has successfully practiced the great concept of ＂one country, two systems,

China Keen to Protect Women’s Rights, Interests——An interview with Zhao Shaohua, vice-chairwoman of the All-China Women’s Federation

EDITOR＇S NOTE： Slated for September 2008, the Tenth National Congress of the Chinese Women will review the achievements the country has made over the past five years in promoting women＇s rights and interests and formulate the targets for the protection endeavor over the next five years. The five years since the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Women have witnessed a constant improvement in the status of the Chinese women and in their human rights conditions. Following is a transcript of an interview given our staff reporters by Zhao Shaohua, vice-chairperson of the All-China Women＇s Federation （ACWF） and member of the ACWF Secretariat, on how women＇s rights and interests are protected in China.

Creating an Institutional Environment for Protecting the Rights and Interests of China’s Dispatched Labor

Employment is fundamental in improving the livelihood of the people and social security is the source ofhuman happiness. This is how the international community protects and improves basic human rights. It is also the policy China has adopted to achieve sustainable economic and social development. Furthermore, it is clear evidence of China＇s respect and protection of human rights.

Broad-based Network for Protecting the Rights and Interests of Women and Children——A story about the Women's Federation of Qinhuangdao City

The room is in utter chaos, with chairs piling up in a comer and the cable TV not connected to the power source. But one thing is put in place： a slogan on the wall ＂Creating an outstanding WFQ team for the benefit of all women and children.＂

A Judicial Empirical Study on the Principle of “the Best Interests of the Child”——From the Principles of National Conventions to the Building of Adjudication Norms

“The best interests of the child”is an essential principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Due to the abstractness and ambiguity of this principle,its application is inevitably subject to the judge’s personality.Through empirical analysis,we can find that the judicial documents invoking the principle of“the best interests of the child”by Chinese courts show a significant increase in the number of disputes,types of disputes,and pronounced regional characteristics.The application of this principle by the courts is highly consistent with the judicial interpretative documents issued by the Supreme People’s Court.The invocation of this principle plays the role of interpreting the provisions of the law,the value basis for discretion,and the value orientation for shaping new rules in adjudication.At the same time,it is plagued by a lack of guidelines for the application of principles,invocations that serve the will of judges,and imperfect thinking in weighing the various factors involved.The application of this principle should be improved by setting normative standards for the principle of“the best interests of the child”,increasing case guidance for invoking the principle,and enhancing the professionalism of judges.

Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women

ContentsChapter Ⅰ General ProvisionsChapter Ⅱ Political RightsChaptet Ⅲ Rights and Interests Relating to Culture and EducationChapter Ⅳ Rights and Interests Relating to WorkChapter Ⅴ Rights and Interests Relating to PropertyChapter Ⅵ Rights Relating to the PersonChapter Ⅶ Rights and Interests Relating to Marriage and FamilyChapter Ⅷ Legal ResponsibilityChaptet Ⅸ Supplementary

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

高校“非升即走”制度下教师权益保障困境及破解路径

随着“非升即走”成为我国高等学校教师聘任的主流制度,高校教师的权益保障问题在人事制度改革和相关立法中的重要性和紧迫性日益凸显。结合理论研究和司法实践来看,我国高校教师面临的权益保障困境主要表现为“学术青椒”的尴尬:在“非升即走”聘用合同签订前,高校教师的法律身份模糊;在签订合同时,高校教师的主体性尤其是平等参与权缺失;在履行合同中,高校教师权利救济渠道不畅。这些问题的主要原因在于“学术锦标赛”的异化:高校人事管理的相关法律内容模糊、高校办学自主权边界不清和“非升即走”制度的价值偏离。破解“非升即走”制度下高校教师权益保障的现实困境的关键在于学术生态的优化:国家层面应明确“非升即走”聘用合同是“具有行政要素的劳动合同”的法律属性,重构高校教师“兼具公权与私权性质的特殊劳动者”的法律身份,完善高校教师聘任的相关法律体系;高校层面应重塑“非升即走”的制度价值,充分发挥制度的激励和促进作用,完善“非升即走”制度内容及配套措施,健全教师权益保障机制。

未成年人适用认罪认罚从宽制度:根基、困惑与走向——兼评《未成年人保护法》的相关规定

随着时代的发展,宽严相济刑事政策在立法演变中被认罪认罚从宽制度具象化。作为该政策适用的主要对象,未成年人适用认罪认罚从宽制度具有价值共识、理念共鸣和现实共振的正当性根据。由于未成年人在刑事立法上的特殊身份、地位和处遇,增加了其认罪认罚时认罪“真意”受损,认罚“认同”失灵和从宽“幅度”失衡等风险。因此,司法实践中应当严格按照最有利于未成年人原则、双向保护原则和个别化处遇原则的要求,全面保护未成年被追诉人和被害人的权利,准确把握实体从宽和程序从简,从而更好地贯彻宽严相济刑事司法政策,推动未成年人认罪认罚“从宽”处遇个别化、规范化和专业化。

个人信息保护体系中“非法使用”行为的入罪化

《刑法》第253条之一“侵犯公民个人信息罪”中并未包括“非法使用”公民个人信息行为,司法实践中,对于“非法使用”行为的规制,也大多通过侵犯公民个人信息罪对“非法获取”“提供”“出售”等源头行为的非难而得以实现。但是,并非所有的“非法使用”行为都可以被包含,例如“合法获取,非法使用”行为。当然,对“非法使用”公民个人信息行为入罪化的提出,应当结合当前的个人信息保护体系,建立在完善的前置法规范之上。随着《民法典》《个人信息保护法》的相继通过,个人信息保护体系得以进一步完善,已然形成相对完备的前置法基础,为“非法使用”公民个人信息行为的入罪化提供了充分的违法性认定根据,同时也符合当前时代的应然要求。在此基础上,围绕“公民个人信息权益”以及其衍生法益,对“非法使用”行为予以类型化区分,“非法使用”公民个人信息行为的入罪化得以提出。

SA8000标准与《中华人民共和国劳动法》比较分析

SA8000作为一个以保护劳工权益为内容的社会责任管理体系,从童工、强迫性劳动、健康与安全、 自由结社与集体谈判、平等就业、惩罚性措施、工作时间、工资薪酬、管理系统等九个方面给予企业规范性要 求。而《中华人民共和国劳动法》作为中国市场经济条件下保护劳动者权益的法律,对此也有明确规定。中国企 业应当按照《中华人民共和国劳动法》指引,完善企业劳动制度,才能应对SA8000标准的推行。

认罪认罚制度下被害人权益困境与纾解

认罪认罚从宽制度是司法体制改革的重要内容之一,突出案件繁简分流、优化司法资源配置、提高诉讼效率与诉讼经济的衔接。制度的焦点集中在被追诉人“认罪”、“认罚”、“从宽”的适用上,而忽略了另一诉讼主体被害人的权益,虽现行立法给被害人留有一定的权利空间,但在总体上尚不足以彰显被害人诉讼主体的地位。司法改革推行认罪认罚从宽制度,不仅要实现国家与犯罪嫌疑人或被追诉人之间的和谐,同样要追求被害人与被追诉人之间的和谐。

保障国际船员得到公平对待的具体措施研究

船员得到公平对待与否,不仅关乎其自身及其亲属的权益,更关乎着世界航运业的有序发展。然而在世界航运市场的持续低迷的大环境下,船员难以得到公平对待的现状愈演愈烈。据此,本文通过对真实案例以及船员遗弃事件数据库等进行研究,分析船员在船员遗弃、船员在事故调查和涉刑调查等遭受不公平对待的原因并提出具体措施、建议。

犯罪被害人权利保护的理论与实践

在以“罪犯本位”的价值追求影响下 ,犯罪人的人权得到了前所未有的改善 ,而处于刑事诉讼另一极的被害人的权利却没有受到同等程度的关注与尊重 ,以至于使他们逐渐成为“被刑事司法遗忘的人” ,整个司法制度完全失去了平衡。二战后 ,随着国际人权保障运动的广泛开展和被害人学研究的蓬勃兴起 ,加强被害人的权利保障成为世界各国刑事司法改革的重要目标 ,目前很多国家建立了十分完善的被害人权利保障制度 ,而我国尽管超常规地赋予了被害人当事人地位 ,但由于缺乏必要的程序和与之相配套的保障机制 ,被害人“告状难”的问题依然没有得到有效的解决 ;加之我国没有建立起国家补偿制度和诉讼外的社会援助制度 ,因而 ,除极少数被害人能通过刑事附带民事诉讼得到部分损害赔偿外 ,绝大多数被害人的物质损失和精神损失难以得到应有的赔偿。这对确保包括我国刑事司法在内的法治秩序的信赖以及维护社会稳定都将产生重大不良影响。所以 ,改革我国的刑事诉讼制度 ,切实建立起被告人赔偿、国家补偿和社会援助有机结合的被害人权利保护体系势在必行。

论消费者倾斜性保护的逻辑

消费者保护被普遍认可,但消费者保护立法的倾斜性原则却遭到质疑。倾斜性保护原则的成立有其历史必然性,是基于大工业、大行业时代提出的,旨在纠正社会经济生活中客观存在的实质不公平现象;有其社会基础,即由于在消费活动中消费者与经营者存在信息不对称、消费者明显的弱势地位,需要立法进行倾斜性权利配置,以维护正常的社会经济秩序。从一些先行工业化国家的立法来看,倾斜性保护的系列立法并没有损害企业的整体利益,更不会扭曲、破坏市场机制;我国的消费者保护立法实践也表明,倾斜性保护原则体现了现代社会公平价值和传统文化中的人本思想、彰显了消费者的消费尊严。

试论我国刑事诉讼被害人的权利保障问题

被害人与被告人的权利保障长期处于失衡状态 ,即对后者的重视程度远远大于前者。我国现行刑事诉讼法虽赋予被害人以当事人的诉讼地位和较广泛的诉讼权利 ,但在立法上还存有缺憾即仍不及被告人。要依法保障被害人的人权 ,在认识保障其权利必要性的同时 。