Effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory activities of bioactive peptides generated in sausages fermented with Staphylococcus simulans QB7

Dry-fermented sausages are a good source of bioactive peptides,whose stability against gastrointestinal(GI)digestion determines their bioaccessibility.This study focused on evaluating the effect of peptide extracts from sausages fermented with Staphylococcus simulans QB7 during in vitro simulated GI digestion,including peptide profiles and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.Peptides present in sausages were degraded during digestion,with molecular weight reduced from>12 kDa to<1.5 kDa.Besides,the content of amino acids increased from 381.15 to 527.07 mg/g,especially tyrosine being found only after GI digestion.The anti-inflammatory activities were increased after GI digestion,however,the changes in antioxidant activities were the opposite.A total number of 255,252 and 386 peptide sequences were identified in undigested,peptic-digested and GI-digested samples,respectively.PeptideRanker,BIOPEP-UWM and admetSAR were used to further predict the functional properties and intestinal absorption of the identified peptide sequences from GI digestion.Finally,18 peptides were discovered to possess either antioxidant or anti-inflammatory capacities.

Effect of inoculating mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus on bacterial communities and volatile flavor in fermented sausages

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of the inoculation of mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus(labeled L-S)on microbial community and flavor in fermented sausages during the ripening process.Culture-dependent(colony count)and culture-independent(high-throughput sequencing)methods were employed to evaluate bacterial communities.Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and the results were analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA).The identified bacteria with high relative abundance included Lactobacillus and Pediococcus,and the relative abundances of Leuconostoc and Weissella in fermented sausages were remarkably decreased at the end of the ripening process.At the end of ripening,2-nonenal,tetradecanal,ethylstearate and terpinyl acetate played substantial roles in the flavor development of the L-S fermented sausages.Sensory evaluation showed a high score in the L-S fermented sausages.Sausages can be inoculated with L-S starter culture to improve the safety and flavor of meat products.

Effect of proteolytic starter culture isolated from Chinese Dong fermented pork(Nanx Wudl)on microbiological,biochemical and organoleptic attributes in dry fermented sausages

The effect of a proteolytic starter culture isolated from Nanx Wudl,on microbiological,biochemical and organoleptic attributes of dry fermented sausages was investigated during processing.Based on preliminary screening,the combination of Staphylococcus xylosus SX16 and Lactobacillus plantarum CMRC6,showing excellent proteolytic activity in vitro,was selected as the multi-strain starter(starter LS).For comparison,the single-strain starter culture of L.plantarum CMRC6(starter LB)and non-inoculated control were also tested.During fermentation,lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci dominated the microbiota and suppressed the Enterobacteriaceae growth in LS-inoculated sausages.The addition of LS starter accelerated acidification and proteolysis during ripening,improving the contents of total free amino acids and several essential free amino acids(Phe,Ile and Leu).Volatile compounds analysis revealed that LS-fermented sausage showed the highest abundance of 3-methyl-1-butanol,probably due to the inoculated S.xylosus.The inoculation of LS starter improved the sensory properties of sausages,especially the flavor attribute.Therefore,S.xylosus SX16 and L.plantarum CMRC6 are promising candidates for inclusion as multi-strain starters in the manufacture of gourmet fermented dry sausage.

Functional Vegetable-Based Sausages for Consumption by Children

The dislike food preferences that children registered regarding vegetables and fish compromise the exposure to those iodine sources and may contribute to cause a nutritional deficiency in this micronutrient, causing serious damage of the brain and the central nervous system. Functional foods are becoming well-established in the market, focused on by an adult consumer more interested in healthy eating habits but without the motivation to optimize natural food preparation or to promote a wide variety of food in their diet. This article presents evidence of a new functional product concept, 100% vegetable, fermented soya based and salted by a red algae, that was approved by 900 parents who chose the sensorial features: distinctive aroma (57.9%), soft texture (38.4%), sausage shape (21%) and attractive color (77.9%). Three different varieties were developed: carrot (50% w/w), sugar-beet (50% w/w) and tomato (40% w/w) mini sausages, with tofu (20% w/w) and 0.8 % (w/w) of seaweed, reflecting trends that the younger consumer demands. The sensorial tests performed, after quality control assays, received very satisfactory acceptance by the potential buyer.

Effect of a compound starter cultures inoculation on bacterial profile and biogenic amine accumulation in Chinese Sichuan sausages

Effects of a starter culture composed of Lactobacillus sakei,Pediococcus pentosaceus,Staphylococcus xylosus and S.carnosus at the ratios(m/m)of 1:1:1:1 on bacterial profile and biogenic amine accumulation in Chinese Sichuan sausages were demonstrated.In starter culture-inoculated sausages,Lactobacillus spp.,Pediococcus spp.and Staphylococcus spp.were predominant bacterial genus and their relative abundances ranged from 70.14%to 25.98%,57.66%to 14.08%,and 15.71%to 13.40%during fermentation,respectively.Accordingly,Lactobacillus spp.and Weissella spp.were predominant bacterial genus and their relative abundances ranged from 63.14%to 24.70%and 49.40%to 11.96%during spontaneous fermentation,respectively.Furthermore,the abundances of undesirable microorganisms such as Yersinia spp.,Enterobacter spp.,Acietobacter spp.and Psychrobacter spp.were lower than that of the control.The levels of histamine,putrescine,tyramine and cadaverine in Chinese Sichuan sausages with starter cultures inoculation were significantly lower(P<0.05)than that of the control,and were decreased by 83.09%,69.38%,51.87%and 57.20%,respectively,at the end of the ripening.These results revealed that the starter cultures inoculation was a better alternative for microbial quality improvement and biogenic amine reduction of Chinese Sichuan sausages with good sensory attributes.

Physicochemical, Biochemical and Instrumental Attributes and Consumer Acceptability of Dry-Fermented Sausages Elaborated with Combined Partial Substitutions of Sodium Chloride and Pork Backfat

We performed 6 fabrications of dry-fermented sausages to investigate, at laboratory scale, the effects of combined partial substitutions of sodium chloride by potassium chloride and pork backfat by sunflower oil on key physical-chemical and biochemical parameters, instrumental colour and texture measurements, and the consumer acceptability of the end-products. Regarding the physical-chemical parameters, statistical analysis of results showed that final product weight loss was impacted by fat content and use of sunflower oil;final mean water activity value was only affected by salt level;and animal fat content impacted pH values, only at the end of drying. Regarding the biochemical parameters investigated, we statistically found a marked impact of partial substitution of NaCl by KCl on the proteolysis evolution, of fat level and sodium content on the end-product lipolysis, and finally, a significant effect of animal fat level and incorporation of sunflower oil on both protein and lipid oxidations. However, the new product formulations combining salt and fat substitutions lead to globally acceptable water loss and water activity values and similar rates of proteolysis, lipolysis and lipid oxidation, but less protein oxidation. From a practical point of view, the results clearly showed that sodium and animal fat contents in dryfermented sausages can be drastically reduced with no too marked adverse effect on colour, final textural properties or consumer acceptability. On the basis of these laboratory results, new healthier dry-fermented products can be manufactured by an industrial company in the near future.

An Analysis of the Consumption of Sausages in Scotland Using Supermarket Data

This paper addresses consumers’ choices by examining: current food choices made by different socio-economic groups;price barriers to diet improvement;and ways in which marketing may affect product choice. The study seeks: first, to analyze the differences in consumption of sausages of different nutritional composition among different socio-demo- graphic and lifestage groups;and second, using the example of sausages, to measure whether it is possible to improve diet quality without affecting household expenditure. Sausages represent a relatively high proportion of red and processed meat purchases in Scotland, contributing significantly to the fat and sodium in the Scottish diet. The data used consisted of two-years of weekly information from a top-4, UK supermarket. The results suggest that it is possible to purchase the same amount of a lower saturated fat or lower sodium sausage for the same price as a higher saturated fat or sodium sausage. However, it would cost more for some of the groups to replace a sausage that was both higher in saturated fat and higher in sodium with a lower saturated fat, lower sodium version in the household’s food basket.

Comparative prevalence of pathogenic and spoilage microbes in chicken sausages from Egypt and Greece

This study investigated the spread of foodborne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Es-cherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella in chicken sausage samples collected from retail markets in Greece and Egypt during 2006 and from Egypt through 2010. Other microbiological parameters;total viable count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pseudomonads (PS), staphylococci (STAPH), Brochothrix thermosphacta (BT), Enterobacteriaceae (EN), Escherichia coli (EC), yeasts and moulds (Y&M) were also counted. Egyptian chicken sausage samples were found to harbor L. mono- cytogenes, Staph. aureus and E. coli O157:H7;with frequencies equivalent to 24%, 60% and 26% of the total samples during 2006 and 37.87%, 64.44% and 41.11% of the total samples during 2010, respectively, while Greek samples were entirely free of theses pathogens. Enrichment techniques indicated the absence of Salmonella from both Greek and Egyptian samples. The obtained results may mobilize food producers and handlers in developing countries to take the due measures reducing food-borne pathogen risks and spoilage flora alongside the poultry chain.

Inactivation of Yersinia enterocolitica in Fermented Sausages during Fermentation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the storage conditions as a way to increase the safety of fermented sausage, with the specific objectives to investigate the effect of storage time, pH value, water activity and microbiological status （Lactobacillus spp and Enterobacteriaceae） on the levels of Yersinia enterocolitica in fermented sausages. For this experiment, meat was divided into four equal portions of 10 kg each. The first portion was control group （C1 group） without addition of Y. enterocolitica and starter culture. The second portion （CII group） was inoculated starter, the third portion （EI group） was inoculated with I1. enterocolitica and the fourth portion （Eli group） was inoculated Y.. enterocolitica and starter culture. Sampling was performed by randomly selecting two links of each sausage preparation at the 0, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 15th, 25th and 35th day of drying. Results show that Y. enterocolitica and Enterobacteriaceae were not detected after 25 d of storage. The results indicate that practice utilizing starter culture is satisfactory to reduction of pathogen if present. Thus, inclusion with starter cultures in a maturation period may increase the safety of fermented sausages.

A Lyophilized Water Extract of Melissa officinalis L. as an Effective Natural Antioxidant during the Storage of Dry Fermented Sausages High in a-Linolenic Acid and DHA

A pre-emulsified mixture of linseed and algae oils （15/10） and stabilized with 686 ppm of a lyophilized water extract of Melissa officinalis, was successfully applied in dry fermented sausages to increase the ω-3 PUFA content. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stability of this modified formulation during the storage and to compare it to that of a traditional formulation. Traditional and modified products were stored during 90 days at 4 °C in aerobic conditions. Fatty acid profiles, TBARS and volatile compounds derived from oxidation were analyzed at 0, 30 and 90 days of storage. The fatty acid profiles did not significantly change along the storage period. The stabilizing effect of the natural antioxidants ofM. officinalis could contribute to detect no losses of to-3 PUFA in Modified （30 days： 2.13 g/100 g of product, 90 days： 2.33 g/100 g of product）, whereas in Control products a slightly significant reduction was detected （30 days： 0.34 g/100 g of product, 90 days： 0.29 g/! 00 g of product）. After 90 days, the increases of TBARS and hexanal content were much higher in Control than in Modified （Control： 1.41 mg MDA/kg ＆ 17,915 ng dodecane/kg of dry matter; Modified： 0.48 mg MDA/kg ＆ 2,496 ng dodecane/kg of dry matter）. In conclusion, the lyophilized water extract of M. officinalis protected high ωo-3 PUFA of dry fermented sausages from oxidation along the storage time, guaranteeing the nutritional improvements achieved with the modified formulation.

Optimization Research into Addition Method and Proportion Formula of Rabbit Meat Sausages Fermentation Agent

[Objective] Sausage making using fermentation agents including Staphylococcus xylosus(C18), Lactobacillus plantarum(L26), and Debaryomyces Hansenula(Y163). [Method] With adoption of preliminary experiments and single factor experiment, we measured production pH, and in combination with sensory analysis, we managed to evaluate the fermentation agents, addition method, and addition proportion formula. [Conclusion] At total inoculation of 1×107 cfu/g, and with processing method of simultaneous addition, the optimal addition proportion is L:C:Y =1:2:1.

植物乳杆菌和模仿葡萄球菌复配对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的影响

本研究以植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)CD101和模仿葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus simulans)NJ201作为复配发酵剂制作发酵羊肉香肠,以不接菌自然发酵香肠为空白对照。通过测定两组pH值、色差、质构等理化指标,游离氨基酸、挥发性风味物质的种类与含量,测定从香肠中提取的多肽对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)阳离子自由基、羟自由基的清除能力,探究复配发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的改善作用。结果表明,植物乳杆菌CD101和模仿葡萄球菌NJ201复配发酵能够迅速降低羊肉香肠在发酵期间的pH值,提高香肠的安全性;提高羊肉香肠的亮度与色泽、硬度和咀嚼性,改善其品质;增加游离氨基酸总量、挥发性风味物质种类,提升羊肉香肠的风味;显著提高羊肉香肠多肽对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基以及羟自由基的清除率,提升香肠多肽抗氧化活性。综上,接种发酵能对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽的抗氧化能力均有明显改善。本研究能够为发酵肉制品的工业化生产提供理论依据。

肉葡萄球菌发酵牛肉香肠的制作工艺优化

【目的】探究肉葡萄球菌制作发酵牛肉香肠的优化工艺,旨在改善产品风味、提高营养价值。【方法】通过不同肉葡萄球菌接种量、加盐量和发酵温度下发酵牛肉香肠的微生物生长量、pH值和感官评分,综合评价了发酵条件对发酵牛肉香肠的影响。结合单因素试验的结果,以香肠的感官评分为响应值,设计三因素三水平响应面试验。【结果】最终确定制作发酵牛肉香肠最佳的工艺参数为肉葡萄球菌接种量7.2 lg CFU·g^(-1),发酵温度29℃,加盐量2.1%,最终得到的感官评分平均值为78.23,接近验证试验结果。【结论】验证试验说明三因素三水平响应面模型能够较好地用于优化发酵牛肉香肠的制作工艺,并且在此工艺参数下制作的发酵牛肉香肠感官品质良好,肉质紧实度和色泽鲜艳度与自然发酵无显著差异,最终既保证了产品的鲜美口感,又使产品的品质得到保障。

杀菌强度对高温肉糜火腿肠蛋白质变化及结构的影响

为研究杀菌强度(温度和时间组合)对高温肉糜火腿肠蛋白质变化及结构的影响,以火腿肠的水溶性氮、非蛋白氮含量、蛋白降解指数、羰基含量、巯基含量、荧光强度、蛋白质二级结构、微观结构及水分分布为指标进行检测分析。结果表明:杀菌温度越高,蛋白降解程度越大,122℃以上高温处理的肉糜火腿肠水溶性氮、非蛋白氮含量和蛋白降解指数显著大于其余组(P<0.05);同时随着杀菌温度的增高,羰基含量显著增大(P<0.05),巯基含量显著降低(P<0.05),荧光强度降低;杀菌温度越高,蛋白质二级结构发生破坏越严重,肌肉纤维结构完整性越差;水分向自由水转化,保水性变差;122℃以上高温短时杀菌对火腿肠蛋白质变化及结构的影响更为明显。

金针菇玉米胡萝卜复合香肠的配方及蒸煮损失率研究

以猪肉和鱼肉为主要研究原料,添加大豆分离蛋白、玉米淀粉、金针菇、玉米粒和胡萝卜等辅料,经腌制、混合、灌制、烘烤和蒸煮等工艺制作金针菇玉米胡萝卜复合香肠。以感官评分和蒸煮损失率为指标,利用单因素实验研究各因素对复合香肠品质的影响,再利用响应面实验进行优化,确定复合香肠的最优配方。实验结果表明:各因素的添加量分别为鱼肉泥50.24%、大豆分离蛋白3.17%、玉米淀粉8.38%、金针菇8%、胡萝卜泥5%和玉米粒8%,在此条件下制成的复合香肠形态完整,口感良好,具有金针菇、玉米和胡萝卜的独特风味,营养丰富,更能满足大众需求。

乳化脂对牛肉乳化肠品质的影响

为探究使用乳化脂制作低脂乳化牛肉香肠的可行性,以乳化脂替代牛肉香肠中的脂肪,探究不同乳化脂替代比例对牛肉香肠的影响。结果表明:随着乳化脂替代量的增加(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%),牛肉乳化肠的蒸煮损失率略有上升,水分含量显著增加(P<0.05);蛋白质含量呈降低趋势,脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),灰分含量无较大差异;色泽方面,亮度值逐渐增加;质构方面,硬度和咀嚼性均显著降低(P<0.05);肉糜流变特性测定结果显示,肉糜初始黏度呈降低趋势;扫描电子显微镜结果显示,随着乳化脂替代量的增加,内部孔隙逐渐减小;感官评价结果显示,各乳化脂替代量组各项感官评价指标评分均不存在显著差异。综合分析可知,乳化脂添加入牛肉乳化肠可显著降低乳化肠的脂肪含量,提高乳化肠嫩度,保持牛肉乳化肠整体可接受度。

乳酸菌对添加马铃薯全粉的低盐干发酵香肠性能的影响

传统的干香肠因其独特的品质特点而在中国备受推崇,但其含盐量很高。因此,本研究旨在评估乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria,LAB)对添加马铃薯全粉的低盐干发酵香肠质量特征的影响,该乳酸菌包括干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei,LC)、发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum,LF)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,LP)。结果表明,与其他香肠相比,LP香肠显示出更高的剪切力值(P<0.05),同时LC、LP和LF香肠组的L*值高于对照香肠组(P<0.05)。干香肠中共检测到54种挥发性化合物,主要包括5种醛、14种醇、8种酮、7种有机酸和20种酯类化合物。干酪乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌可以作为潜在的发酵剂,以生产具有改善质地、颜色和风味的低盐干发酵香肠。

发酵鲢鱼鱼糜香肠加工工艺优化及品质分析

以混合菌种(清酒乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌)作为发酵剂,以感官评分和pH为指标,采用正交实验优化发酵鲢鱼鱼糜香肠的加工工艺,并对产品进行指标测定。结果表明,当发酵剂接种量为3%,在30℃下发酵18 h时,所得产品香味浓郁,组织紧密,色泽均匀,口感良好,无异味。与未发酵香肠对比,在此条件下制得的发酵香肠的pH显著降低,氨基酸态氮含量升高,产品的色泽和质地得到明显改善,风味物质增加,尤其是芳香化合物和醇类化合物。该研究为发酵鱼糜制品的深入研究提供了一定的理论基础,为工业化生产提供了参考。

乳酸菌和酵母菌复配发酵对羊肉香肠食用品质的影响

为了提高羊肉香肠的食用品质,降低产品的膻味,该研究采用乳酸菌和酵母菌复配发酵,探究菌株的协同作用对羊肉香肠食用品质的影响以及对最终成品膻味的脱除效果。该研究将前期从羊肉香肠中筛选得到的戊糖片球菌L7和近平滑假丝酵母Y22以2∶1的比例复配发酵生产羊肉香肠,以不接种和单菌接种为对照组,分析了羊肉香肠的基本理化指标、感官品质、游离脂肪酸、挥发性物质和生物胺含量。实验结果显示,复配接种组羊肉香肠的感官评分总分为88.5分,显著高于不接种组的69.5分(P<0.05)。羊肉香肠成品中,复配接种组的挥发性物质种类更多,共检出91种。相比3个对照组,复配接种组羊肉香肠的膻味最弱,与羊肉膻味相关的肉豆蔻酸相较于不接种组降低了6.54%、棕榈酸降低了10.45%、硬脂酸降低了40.61%、油酸降低了17.55%。该研究表明,乳酸菌和酵母菌复配接种发酵能够降低羊肉香肠的膻味,提高羊肉香肠的可接受度,提升羊肉香肠的食用品质。

微生物发酵剂对川味牦牛肉香肠品质的影响

为研究微生物发酵剂对川味牦牛肉香肠品质的影响,分别接种弯曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus curvatus)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)及其复配菌(1∶1)为实验组,自然发酵为空白组,测定川味牦牛肉香肠的理化及微生物指标、颜色参数、质构、挥发性香气及感官品质。结果表明,复配菌组川味牦牛肉香肠品质最优,其pH值为5.12;颜色参数L^(*)值为58.52、a^(*)值为19.93、b^(*)值为15.06;硬度值、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性、咀嚼性分别为85.833 N、0.700 Ratio、3.903 mm、59.110 N、299.287 mJ;亚硝酸盐含量、丙二醛含量最低,分别为2.50 mg/kg、0.52 nmol/mg;菌落总数最高为10.17 lg(CFU/g);感官评分为72.7分。电子鼻分析结果表明,实验组与空白组挥发性香气物质差异主要体现为醇、胺类含量的差异;综上,弯曲乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌复配接种能够更好改善川味牦牛肉香肠的品质指标。