Liquid vortexes and flows induced by femtosecond laser ablation in liquid governing formation of circular and crisscross LIPSS

Orientations of laser induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)are usually considered to be governed by the laser polarization state.In this work,we unveil that fluid dynamics induced by femtosecond(fs)laser ablation in liquid(fs-LAL)can easily break this polarization restriction to produce irregular circular-LIPSS(CLIPPS)and crisscross-LIPSS(CCLIPSS).Fs laser ablation of silicon in water shows formation of diverse LIPSS depending on ablation conditions.At a high power of 700 mW(repetition rate of 100 kHz,pulse duration of 457 fs and wavelength of 1045 nm),single/twin CLIPSS are produced at the bottom of macropores of several microns in diameter due to the formation of strong liquid vortexes and occurrence of the vortex shedding effect.Theoretical simulations validate our speculation about the formation of liquid vortex with an ultrahigh static pressure,which can induce the microstructure trenches and cracks at the sidewalls for fs-LAL of Si and tungsten(W)in water,respectively.At a low power of 50 mW,weak liquid vortexes are produced,which only give birth to curved LIPSS in the valleys of grooves.Consequently,it is deduced that liquid vortex plays a crucial role in the formation of macropores.Mountain-like microstructures induce complex fluid dynamics which can cause the formation of CCLIPSS on them.It is believed that liquid vortexes and fluid dynamics presented in this work open up new possibilities to diversify the morphologies of LIPSS formed by fs-LAL.

Shielding Effect and Emission Criterion of a Screw Dislocation Near an Interfacial Crisscross Crack

Shielding effect and emission criterion of a screw dislocation near an interracial crisscross crack are dealt within this paper. Utilizing the conformal mapping technique, the closed-form solutions are derived for complex potentialsand stress fields due to a screw dislocation located near the interracial crisscross crack. The stress intensity factor onthe crack tips and the critical stress intensity factor for dislocation emission are also calculated. The influence of theorientation of the dislocation and the morphology of the crisscross crack as well as the material elastic dissimilarity onthe shielding effect and the emission criterion is discussed in detail. The results show that positive screw dislocations canreduce the stress intensity factor of the interracial crisscross crack tip (shielding effect). The shielding effect increases withthe increase of the shear modulus of the lower half-plane, but it decreases with the increase of the dislocation azimuthangle and the distance between the dislocation and the crack tip. The critical loads at infinity for dislocation emissionincreases with the increase of emission angle and the vertical length of the crisscross crack, and the most probable anglefor screw dislocation emission is zero. The present solutions contain previous results as special cases.

Influence of Vegetation on Runoff and Sediment in Wind-water Erosion Crisscross Region in the Upper Yellow River of China

All characteristics of vegetation,runoff and sediment from 1960 to 2010 in the Xiliu Gully Watershed,which is a representative watershed in wind-water erosion crisscross region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River of China,have been analyzed in this study.Based on the remote sensing image data,and used multi-spectral interpretation method,the characteristics of vegetation variation in the Xiliu Gully Watershed have been analyzed.And the rules of precipitation,runoff and sediment's changes have been illuminated by using mathematical statistics method.What′s more,the influence mechanism of vegetation on runoff and sediment has been discussed by using the data obtained from artificial rainfall simulation test.The results showed that the main vegetation type was given priority to low coverage,and the area of the low vegetation coverage type was reducing year by year.On the country,the area of the high vegetation coverage type was gradually increasing.In a word,vegetation conditions had got better improved since 2000 when the watershed management project started.The average annual precipitation of the river basin also got slightly increase in 2000–2010.The average annual runoff reduced by 37.5%,and the average annual sediment reduced by 73.9% in the same period.The results of artificial rainfall simulation tests showed that the improvement of vegetation coverage could increase not only soil infiltration but also vegetation evapotranspiration,and then made the rainfall-induced runoff production decrease.Vegetation root system could increases the resistance ability of soil to erosion,and vegetation aboveground part could reduce raindrop kinetic energy and splash soil erosion.Therefore,with the increase of vegetation coverage,the rainfall-induced sediment could decrease.

Relationship Between Watershed Landscape Pattern Change and Runoff-Sediment in Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region

This paper selected the typical wind-water erosion crisscross region Xiliugou watershed for research to reveal the impact of the landscape pattern change of the underlying surface in wind-water erosion crisscross region where soil erosion is most serious on rainfall and runoff as well as erosion and sediment.Based on the Landsat TM image data and measured data of runoff-sediment in that watershed,the paper analyzed the characteristics of watershed landscape pattern change and runoff-sediment and explored the relationship between landscape index and runoff-sediment yield by means of GIS and Fragstats.The results were included as follows.(1)Grassland was the dominant landscape.In terms of the number of patches and area change rate,from 1985 to 2010,cultivated land,forest land and construction land were most stable,followed by unused land.Unused land,grassland and cultivated land experienced the most dramatic conversion and maximally affected by human activities.(2)The inter-annual difference between annual runoff and annual sediment load was significant.Compared with the annual sediment load,the trend of decreasing runoff was more obvious.The correlation coefficient of runoff-sediment was 0.67,representing a significant correlation.(3)There was a significant correlation between the landscape index and runoff-sediment.The runoff was negatively correlated with the largest patch index,patch cohesion index,aggregation index and contagion index,but positively correlated with landscape morphology index and landscape division index.And the sediment was negatively correlated with the contagion index,aggregation index and plaque cohesion index,but positively correlated with other landscape indexes.The results indicate that with the increase of the largest patch index,patch cohesion index and aggregation index,the rainfall infiltration capacity increase obviously and the soil erosion reduce significantly.Therefore,increasing the largest patch index,patch cohesion and aggregation index of the watershed landscape can enhance the function of water storage and soil conservation as well as ecological optimization in the windwater erosion crisscross region.The results can provide theoretical support for the ecological environment construction and comprehensive utilization of water and soil resources.

基于POA-GWO-CSO 算法的新能源电力系统精准切负荷控制多目标优化方法

为解决新能源电力系统因功率缺额引发系统频率、电压偏移等一系列安全问题,文章提出了一种基于POA-GWO-CSO算法的电力系统精准切负荷控制多目标优化方法。首先,从电力系统的安全性和经济性两个方面综合考虑电力系统稳定运行和分布式电源出力特性等各项约束条件,提出一种基于负荷分类的精准切负荷控制多目标优化模型;然后,为了增强传统鹈鹕优化算法(POA)全局与局部搜索能力之间的协调关系,克服优化算法在处理复杂问题时出现收敛过早、寻优范围不够、求解精度不高等问题,引入非线性惯性权重因子、灰狼优化算法(GWO)中狼群领导者策略以及纵横交叉法(CSO),对鹈鹕新的个体的位置进行更新;最后,基于改进后的IEEE33节点进行实证分析。分析结果表明,利用改进的POA-GWO算法对紧急切负荷模型进行求解,实现了系统经济性及稳定性的协调控制。

基于成本感知的边缘服务器部署方法

针对移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing,MEC)中边缘服务器(edge server,ES)供应商的成本预算问题,建立一种以最小化时延和部署成本为目标的数学模型。通过归一化方法将其转化为单目标优化问题,提出一种基于交叉算法的鲸鱼优化算法的边缘服务器部署方法;采用精英反向学习策略构造新种群,提高种群的多样性和全局收敛速度;采用改进的非线性收敛因子平衡算法的整体开发能力和局部探索能力;利用纵横交叉策略提高算法跳出局部最优的能力。使用上海电信基站的真实数据集进行仿真,其结果表明,与其它4种算法相比,该算法在时延和部署成本方面的表现均优于其它算法,系统成本下降了42.1%。

Spatial distribution of surface rock fragment on hillslopes in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau

The cover and size distributions of surface rock fragment in hillslopes were investigated by using digital photographing and treating technique in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the maximal cover of rock fragment was pre-sented at mid-position in steep hillslope. Rock fragment presented a general decreasing-trend along the hillslope in gentle hillslope. Rock fragment cover was positively related to gradient, rock fragment size decreased generally along the hillslope, and the size reduced with the gradient. The mean size of rock fragment was at a range of 6―20 mm in the steep hillslope, rock fragment size > 50 mm was rarely presented. The covers of rock fragment at different positions were markedly related to the quantities of rock fragment < 40 mm. The area of rock fragment of 2―50 mm accounted for 60% or more of the total area, dominating the distribution of rock fragment in the hillslopes.

1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水时空变化研究及驱动因素分析

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区作为中国北方典型的生态脆弱区,因其独特地形和气候条件,极端降雨事件对其环境和生态系统的影响更加突出。选取水蚀风蚀交错区28个气象站点,结合RClimDex模型计算11个极端降水指数,采用线性相关分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和小波交叉法,分析了1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水事件时空分布特征,探讨了极端降水事件的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1970—2020年水蚀风蚀交错区持续干燥日数(CDD)呈下降趋势,其余10个指数呈上升趋势,反映出近50a研究区极端降水事件的频率、量级和强度不断增加。交错区年降水量增加和极端降水事件增加具有密切关系,且极端降水事件增加主要是由中雨日数(R10)和大雨日数(R20)引起。(2)1970—2020年极端降水事件在全区整体为增加趋势,交错区中部和西南部极端降水事件显著发生,陕西段极端降水量和强度呈显著增加趋势且极端化程度更显著。(3)湿日总降水量(PRCPTOT)、暴雨日数(R25)、5d最大降水量(R5d)3个极端降水指数,与影响因子厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、东亚夏季风(EASM)和太阳黑子(SN)具有不同的功率,与SN的交叉小波变换功率最大,说明影响因子中SN和极端降水指数的相关性最高,SN对极端降水事件的影响最大。

基于纵横交叉算法的新型电力系统惯量延迟优化控制策略

以同步发电机为主导的电力系统正在演变为以虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)为主导的新型电力系统,电力系统的动态特性发生了重大变化。现阶段,绝大多数文献的研究场景是在无穷大电源的基础下,分析单机或多机并网系统的动态特性,对全部虚拟同步机为主导的电力系统动态特性研究较少。因此,先建立了全部虚拟同步机为主导的三机九节点系统的模型,通过微分方程仿真得到系统的动态特性曲线。然后,利用纵横交叉算法(crisscross optimization,CSO),延迟优化新型电力系统惯量,并与无优化控制系统作对比,在系统发生扰动后,优化后的系统振荡幅值变小,调节时间变小。最后,通过仿真验证了上述结论的正确性。

基于多元模态分解与多目标算法优化的深度集成学习模型的超短期风电功率预测

针对风电功率预测问题,提出了一种基于多元变分模态分解(multivariate variational mode decomposition,MVMD)、多目标纵横交叉优化(multi-objective crisscross optimization,MOCSO)算法和Blending集成学习的超短期风电功率预测。在数据处理阶段,为了保持各序列间的同步相关性以及分解后得到本征模态函数(intrinsic mode functions,IMF)分量个数和分量频率相匹配,使用MVMD对多通道原始数据进行同步分解。针对单一机器学习模型导致预测的全面性不足,且存在精度和鲁棒性低的问题,提出基于MOCSO算法动态加权的Blending集成学习模型。通过对递归神经网络、卷积神经网络、长短期记忆网络的预测结果进行动态加权集成,并通过MOCSO优化调整权重,以提高模型的预测准确性与稳定性。实验结果表明,所提预测模型不仅有效,且显著优于其他预测模型。

双种群纵横交叉正弦余弦算法

针对基本正弦余弦算法在求解复杂优化问题时求解精度偏低,收敛速度慢及不能跳出局部最优等问题,提出了一种双种群纵横交叉正弦余弦算法。在初始化种群阶段引入Logistic混沌映射,使初始种群均匀分布;非线性调整转换参数并改进正弦余弦位置更新公式,以平衡算法全局搜索和局部开发的能力,加快算法的求解速度;采用双种群和择优选择策略,实现正弦余弦种群和纵横交叉种群优势互补、协同进化,提高算法跳出局部最优解的能力和算法收敛速度。采用23个基准测试函数对改进算法进行仿真实验,并与其它智能优化算法进行比较分析,结果表明改进算法有更好的优化性能。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区不同生物结皮类型对土壤有机碳及其转化的影响

[目的]黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区是典型的脆弱生态系统,该区域生物结皮广泛分布,生物结皮在土壤有机碳积累与转化发挥着关键作用,然而,生物结皮演替及微生物对土壤有机碳转化相关酶类的影响规律尚不明确。[方法]研究土壤有机碳-微生物-碳转化相关酶在生物结皮不同演替类型的变化规律,并运用SEM模型分析了三者之间的相互关系。[结果](1)生物结皮演替显著增加土壤有机碳含量和碳转化相关酶活性,且它们在结皮层(0-2 cm)中的含量均显著高于裸沙和2—5 cm土层(p<0.05);(2)结皮层细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在藓结皮中最高,其中放线菌、真菌数量在生物结皮演替呈显著增加趋势,结皮层中的细菌和真菌数量显著高于2—5 cm土层,但2—5 cm土层放线菌数量高于结皮层(藓结皮除外);(3)SEM模型表明,土壤有机碳、碳转化相关酶活性和微生物数量之间均呈现显著相关性。[结论]生物结皮的演替对土壤有机碳的积累为碳转化相关酶类和微生物提供丰富基质,促进微生物和酶活性提高,微生物对碳转化相关酶类起着重要的驱动作用,对维持生物结皮的碳平衡发挥着关键作用。

基于纵横交叉算法的储能系统自适应控制策略

大量储能设备通过虚拟同步机(VSG)并入电网时,传统固定惯量和阻尼控制策略中,控制参数选取不当会造成调节时间长或超调量大,且无法充分发挥VSG控制灵活的优势。为此,提出了基于纵横交叉(CSO)算法的储能系统自适应控制策略,首先,建立了储能系统VSG系统,将储能VSG系统频率的误差与电压总谐波畸变率之和的最小值作为CSO的目标函数,并引入电池的荷电状态(SOE)约束求解最佳惯量以及阻尼,该算法收敛速度更快且有效地规避了参数局部解。在此基础上,设计一种改进的惯量阻尼自适应控制策略,有效地改善了VSG的动态性能。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink搭建仿真模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。

山东各地区输电线路基础型式选择分析

依据输电线路不同基础类型特性,采用全过程机械化施工方式,综合考虑山东地区地形地质,通过对不同地形(平原、丘陵、山地等)基础型式的选用进行技术经济对比,给出基础型式建议。对于平原地区,无水条件下,基础作用力在小于500kN和大于800kN时,推荐开挖基础;基础作用力在500~800kN时,推荐灌注桩基础;在基础作用力大于800kN,基础尺寸超过5.5m×5.5m(长×宽),埋深超过3.5m,考虑减少环水保破坏时,推荐灌注桩基础。在0m水地区,灌注桩基础更加符合环水保要求,推荐使用灌注桩基础。对于丘陵、山地地区,基础作用力小于260kN的普通土地区和软质岩地区土层覆盖大于5.0m时,推荐挖孔基础;基础作用力大于300kN的普通土地区和软质岩地区土层覆盖小于5.0m时,推荐岩石锚杆基础和挖孔基础。对于存在岩石地区,推荐开挖基础。对于山地硬质岩地区,根据岩性不同,推荐岩石锚杆基础、微型桩基础和挖孔基础。对于河网泥沼地区,推荐灌注桩基础。

Multi-Strategy Boosted Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm for Feature Selection

To solve the problem of slow convergence and easy to get into the local optimum of the spider monkey optimization algorithm,this paper presents a new algorithm based on multi-strategy(ISMO).First,the initial population is generated by a refracted opposition-based learning strategy to enhance diversity and ergodicity.Second,this paper introduces a non-linear adaptive dynamic weight factor to improve convergence efficiency.Then,using the crisscross strategy,using the horizontal crossover to enhance the global search and vertical crossover to keep the diversity of the population to avoid being trapped in the local optimum.At last,we adopt a Gauss-Cauchy mutation strategy to improve the stability of the algorithm by mutation of the optimal individuals.Therefore,the application of ISMO is validated by ten benchmark functions and feature selection.It is proved that the proposed method can resolve the problem of feature selection.

融合黄金正弦算法和纵横交叉策略的秃鹰搜索算法

针对传统秃鹰搜索算法(BES)存在容易陷入局部最优、收敛速度慢等缺点,提出一种融合黄金正弦算法(Gold-SA)和纵横交叉策略的秃鹰搜索算法(GSCBES)。首先,在传统BES的搜索阶段设置基于惯性权重的位置更新公式;然后,在捕食猎物阶段引入Gold-SA;最后,引入纵横交叉策略对全局最优和种群进行修正。对11个Benchmark函数和CEC2014函数进行仿真实验并使用Wilcoxon秩和检验的方式评估所提算法的寻优能力,结果表明,所提算法收敛更快;同时,使用所提算法对反向传播(BP)神经网络模型的权值和阈值进行赋值,并将优化的BP神经网络模型用于空气质量的预测中,平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)值均小于BP神经网络模型以及基于粒子群优化(PSO)的BP神经网络模型,预测精确度有所提高。

基于纵横交叉算法的直流微电网趋优稳定性分析

在直流微电网稳定性分析中,为解决多指标趋优化运行提高系统稳定性问题,提出了一种纵横交叉算法(crisscross optimization algorithm,CSO)求解参数趋优解方法,该算法能够实现全局并行搜索,有效地规避参数局部解对稳定性分析的影响。首先建立多源多负荷直流微电网的小信号模型,利用特征根分析方法计算出系统主导模态,通过参与因子法解耦状态变量对主导模态的影响程度,将主导模态实部作为CSO的目标函数并引入条件约束的惩罚函数进行稳定性分析。通过CSO的搜索优化能力找寻到电源下垂系数趋优解,以此增大阻尼、提高系统稳定性,并利用CSO发现源侧线路采用两长一短输电也可提高系统稳定性。最后,通过仿真分析和实验验证所提控制策略的正确性与有效性。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区固氮微生物群落多样性在生物结皮中的演变规律

生物土壤结皮在黄土高原的水土保持、养分补给等方面发挥着重要生态功能。固氮微生物是固氮过程的关键功能群,影响着土壤氮素平衡,然而黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区严重的水土流失导致土壤养分大量损失,尤其是氮素。该区域生物结皮广泛发育,它们在干旱半干旱区土壤氮素积累过程中起着重要作用。但是该区域生物结皮不同发育阶段中的固氮潜力、固氮微生物群落多样性及其关键环境控制因子尚不清楚。以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区为研究区,三种生物结皮类型和裸地对照为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq平台对nifH基因扩增产物进行生物信息学分析,揭示了固氮潜力及微生物群落多样性的分布规律。结果表明,生物结皮演替显著影响固氮酶活性、nifH基因丰度和固氮微生物α-多样性,各值均在苔藓结皮最高,显著高于其它演替阶段,且生物结皮层高于结皮下层土壤。在固氮微生物群落组成上,裸地以变形菌门的红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目和根瘤菌目为主;而在藻结皮、地衣结皮和藓结皮阶段,均表现为蓝藻门的念珠藻目占绝对优势,是固氮微生物的关键类群,其中Trichormus、念珠藻属是优势固氮物种;与藻结皮、地衣结皮相比,藓结皮中念珠藻目的相对丰度显著降低,而变形菌门的红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目和根瘤菌目的丰度明显上升。除此之外,蓝杆藻属、鱼腥藻属、斯克尔曼氏菌属、瘤胃梭菌属在藻结皮、地衣结皮、藓结皮也占明显优势。念珠藻目以及Trichormus的丰度与固氮酶活性、nifH基因丰度呈显著正相关关系,而与红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目、梭菌目、根瘤菌目呈显著负相关;Trichormus相关的物种在黄土高原生物结皮氮输入过程中可能发挥着关键作用。生物结皮演替通过改变土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、含水量等理化特征而影响了微生境,通过环境筛选和物种重排作用对固氮微生物群落进行综合调控,其中pH与土壤全氮(TN)发挥着关键作用。

狮群算法的性能改进研究

为了研究多种改进策略对狮群算法在函数寻优时性能的影响程度,提出了一种新的改进群体智能优化算法方案。该研究选取了CEC 2014测试函数集中一些不同类型的函数,在维数从低到高的情形下进行实验。利用纵横交叉策略改善个体行走方式,防止算法过早收敛;提出了基于迭代次数的自适应χ^(2)分布变异提升种群的多样性,提高寻优能力。研究的优化性能表现在算法30次求解的最优值、最差值、平均值、标准差和算法的收敛速度,选取CEC2014测试集中的函数进行仿真实验,与其他群体智能算法进行对比,并统计实验结果。结果表明,改进的狮群算法可以在求特定多峰函数全局最优解问题上取得优异性能。

关于柱下独立基础弯矩计算的讨论

柱下独立基础的弯矩计算在国内工程界一直存在争议,一种观点认为应按梯形反力分布计算,另一种观点认为应按矩形反力分布计算。国内外关于此问题的研究成果表明独立基础最不利破坏模式为井形破坏,破坏面为沿柱边截面,底板弯矩应按矩形地基反力分布计算。对两种破坏模式进行了静力分析,得出的基础弯矩计算结果与前述研究相符合。欧美日等国独立基础的弯矩计算均采用矩形反力分布,而我国规范仍在采用梯形反力分布,这在理论上不合理,用于工程设计偏于不安全。