Today, it is well known that ambient air pollution exposures may be related with different health outcomes including adverse birth outcomes (for instance, low birth weight and preterm birth). Then, researchers must es...Today, it is well known that ambient air pollution exposures may be related with different health outcomes including adverse birth outcomes (for instance, low birth weight and preterm birth). Then, researchers must estimate exposure to air pollution during different critical windows of exposure across pregnancy. In the literature, the most commonly examined critical windows of exposure are the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, although the entire pregnancy is also studied. In this context, we developed an automatic procedure which estimates individual exposures by trimester. We illustrate usage of the Pregnancy Air Exposure package for all births within the city of Paris in 2011. Nitrogen dioxide data from monitoring stations and data modeled at the census block level were available from the air quality monitoring networks of Ile de France Region. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, has been chosen as an indicator of traffic-generated pollution. Newborn health data are available from the first birth certificate registered by the Maternal and Child Care department of Paris;more specifically, we used the date of birth and the gestational age to individually determine the beginning and the end of each trimester. The Pregnancy Air Exposure R package was created to simplify application of the procedure for non-specialists, and is freely available from the Equit’Area project website: (www.equitarea.org/documents/package_Exposure). The package contains two functions as well as the help files needed to run the procedure and yields air pollution exposure estimates by pregnancy trimester. The two functions can be used successively or independently according to the available input data.展开更多
Heavy metals in different environmental compartments can be hazardous to ecosystems. Budgets of Cd, Pb and Zn in small ecosystems of the Shubra El-Kheima area in Egypt are presented. The budgets are not in steady stat...Heavy metals in different environmental compartments can be hazardous to ecosystems. Budgets of Cd, Pb and Zn in small ecosystems of the Shubra El-Kheima area in Egypt are presented. The budgets are not in steady state because they change with time. So the concentrations of the metals are a function of time. The critical loads of heavy metals to soils can be calculated from an inventory of inputs and outputs of the trace components in the catchment area. Critical time is an important parameter for critical load evaluation because it can indicate which of the heavy metals may be the most acute threat to the soils. Egyptian soil in the Shubra El-Kheima area seems to be in danger of heavy metal pollution by Zn, Cd and Pb. The calculated critical loads and their exceedances are approximate indicators of the hazards in the soil system. The critical time is a warning signal to initiate an environmental evaluation of possible pollution hazards.展开更多
随着点源污染的控制与处理技术日趋完善,非点源污染成为重要的水污染源。武强溪作为流入千岛湖的第二大支流,量化武强溪流域非点源污染负荷,解析非点源污染时空分布特征,提出适合削减武强溪流域污染物的最佳管理措施(best management pr...随着点源污染的控制与处理技术日趋完善,非点源污染成为重要的水污染源。武强溪作为流入千岛湖的第二大支流,量化武强溪流域非点源污染负荷,解析非点源污染时空分布特征,提出适合削减武强溪流域污染物的最佳管理措施(best management practices,BMPs)对千岛湖水污染高效治理至关重要。该研究基于土壤水分评估工具(Soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)分析了武强溪流域径流量、总氮输出负荷量的时空分布特征,探究了不同管理措施及组合的削减效果,提出了武强溪流域非点源污染针对性的治理措施。结果表明:1)SWAT模型对于武强溪流域径流量和总氮输出负荷量的模拟具有较好的适用性,径流量校准期和验证期的决定系数(coefficient of determination,R^(2))分别为0.86、0.97,纳什系数(nash-sutcliffe coefficient,NSE)分别为0.83、0.96,百分比偏差(percent bias,PBIAS)分别为15.8%、-6.3%,总氮校准期和验证期的决定系数分别为0.87、0.74,纳什系数分别为0.63、0.66,百分比偏差分别为31.6%、21.2%;2)该流域径流量和总氮负荷主要集中在3—7月,分别占全年输出量的71.67%和75.76%。综合考虑氮的来源和流失途径,将耕地和林地面积占比大、坡度陡的子流域设置为总氮的关键污染源区。考虑调整化肥施用量/配方、改变耕作方式和设置植被缓冲带等削减非点源污染的手段,进行总氮输出负荷削减效率的情景模拟,表明10 m植被缓冲带是减少总氮输出负荷的最佳单一控制策略,总氮削减率可达到69.90%;实施综合管理措施对总氮的污染削减效果更佳,10 m植被缓冲带与施肥量减少20%可使总氮削减率达到74.79%。研究结果可为千岛湖水质管理与控制提供理论基础。展开更多
文摘Today, it is well known that ambient air pollution exposures may be related with different health outcomes including adverse birth outcomes (for instance, low birth weight and preterm birth). Then, researchers must estimate exposure to air pollution during different critical windows of exposure across pregnancy. In the literature, the most commonly examined critical windows of exposure are the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, although the entire pregnancy is also studied. In this context, we developed an automatic procedure which estimates individual exposures by trimester. We illustrate usage of the Pregnancy Air Exposure package for all births within the city of Paris in 2011. Nitrogen dioxide data from monitoring stations and data modeled at the census block level were available from the air quality monitoring networks of Ile de France Region. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, has been chosen as an indicator of traffic-generated pollution. Newborn health data are available from the first birth certificate registered by the Maternal and Child Care department of Paris;more specifically, we used the date of birth and the gestational age to individually determine the beginning and the end of each trimester. The Pregnancy Air Exposure R package was created to simplify application of the procedure for non-specialists, and is freely available from the Equit’Area project website: (www.equitarea.org/documents/package_Exposure). The package contains two functions as well as the help files needed to run the procedure and yields air pollution exposure estimates by pregnancy trimester. The two functions can be used successively or independently according to the available input data.
文摘Heavy metals in different environmental compartments can be hazardous to ecosystems. Budgets of Cd, Pb and Zn in small ecosystems of the Shubra El-Kheima area in Egypt are presented. The budgets are not in steady state because they change with time. So the concentrations of the metals are a function of time. The critical loads of heavy metals to soils can be calculated from an inventory of inputs and outputs of the trace components in the catchment area. Critical time is an important parameter for critical load evaluation because it can indicate which of the heavy metals may be the most acute threat to the soils. Egyptian soil in the Shubra El-Kheima area seems to be in danger of heavy metal pollution by Zn, Cd and Pb. The calculated critical loads and their exceedances are approximate indicators of the hazards in the soil system. The critical time is a warning signal to initiate an environmental evaluation of possible pollution hazards.
文摘随着点源污染的控制与处理技术日趋完善,非点源污染成为重要的水污染源。武强溪作为流入千岛湖的第二大支流,量化武强溪流域非点源污染负荷,解析非点源污染时空分布特征,提出适合削减武强溪流域污染物的最佳管理措施(best management practices,BMPs)对千岛湖水污染高效治理至关重要。该研究基于土壤水分评估工具(Soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)分析了武强溪流域径流量、总氮输出负荷量的时空分布特征,探究了不同管理措施及组合的削减效果,提出了武强溪流域非点源污染针对性的治理措施。结果表明:1)SWAT模型对于武强溪流域径流量和总氮输出负荷量的模拟具有较好的适用性,径流量校准期和验证期的决定系数(coefficient of determination,R^(2))分别为0.86、0.97,纳什系数(nash-sutcliffe coefficient,NSE)分别为0.83、0.96,百分比偏差(percent bias,PBIAS)分别为15.8%、-6.3%,总氮校准期和验证期的决定系数分别为0.87、0.74,纳什系数分别为0.63、0.66,百分比偏差分别为31.6%、21.2%;2)该流域径流量和总氮负荷主要集中在3—7月,分别占全年输出量的71.67%和75.76%。综合考虑氮的来源和流失途径,将耕地和林地面积占比大、坡度陡的子流域设置为总氮的关键污染源区。考虑调整化肥施用量/配方、改变耕作方式和设置植被缓冲带等削减非点源污染的手段,进行总氮输出负荷削减效率的情景模拟,表明10 m植被缓冲带是减少总氮输出负荷的最佳单一控制策略,总氮削减率可达到69.90%;实施综合管理措施对总氮的污染削减效果更佳,10 m植被缓冲带与施肥量减少20%可使总氮削减率达到74.79%。研究结果可为千岛湖水质管理与控制提供理论基础。
